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Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, which contain a DNA transgene packaged into a protein capsid, have shown tremendous therapeutic potential in recent years. An inherent characteristic of the manufacturing process is production of empty capsids that lack the transgene and are therefore unable to provide the intended therapeutic benefit. The effect of empty capsids on clinical outcomes is not well understood, but there are immunogenicity and efficacy concerns, and these empty capsids are considered a product-related impurity. Therefore, empty capsids should be controlled during the manufacturing process and monitored through analytical testing, but there are limited techniques available that are capable of quantifying capsid content and even fewer that are amenable to validation and implementation as registered release tests in a regulated environment. In addition, there is currently not a widely accepted gold standard technique for quantifying capsid content, and the understanding of how the results compare between different orthogonal technologies is limited. The current study utilizes a comprehensive assessment to evaluate diverse analytical techniques for their ability to quantitate capsid content., Graphical abstract, A comprehensive study was performed to evaluate various analytical techniques for their ability to quantify the capsid content of adeno-associated virus vectors.

Compacted bentonite/sand mixture have been considered as possible sealing/backfilling material in the deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive nuclear waste. The swelling pressure of the compacted bentonite/sand mixture is of significance in the design of the geological repository, which requires good consistency between data obtained by laboratory and field measurement. In this work, a series of swelling pressure tests were performed on compacted MX80 bentonite/sand specimens prepared by methods commonly adopted in laboratory (As-compacted, Transferred) and those mimicking the real block manufacturing process (Trimmed, Inserted). Results shown that with identical dry density (especially when the dry density was larger than 1.70 Mg/m3), largest swelling pressure was obtained in specimens prepared by method Inserted, followed by method As-compacted, Transferred and Trimmed. The distinct difference between the swelling pressure could be largely attributed to the effects of residual post-compaction lateral stress. More interestingly, specimens prepared by methods Trimmed and Transferred followed a similar swelling pressure-dry density relationship. From this point of view, method Transferred without causing mass loss, change of bentonite content and possible technological voids effect was recommended in lieu of method Trimmed for specimen preparation in laboratory.

Working group 2 (WG2) of the Asia Partnership Conference of Regenerative Medicine has discussed eligibility of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) as starting cells for the manufacture of cell therapy products, and comparability before and after changes in their manufacturing process. Asian countries and regions have their own regulations on the quality of starting cells, and these regulations are not harmonized. As cell therapy products are being developed across countries and regions, we propose a risk-based approach based on donor location, window period of virus test, and additional virus tests on the master cell bank to fill the gaps in regulation while controlling the risk of viral contamination. Moreover, a standard procedure of comparability assessment after changes in the manufacturing process of MSC-based products does not exist. The WG2 discussed points of comparability assessment specifically for MSC-based products considering the similarities and differences with parallel assessments for protein and polypeptide products, which are within the scope of the International Council for Harmonization Q5E guideline. We also summarize possible characterization procedures for MSC-based products and report our discussion on stability evaluations under accelerated and stress conditions for comparability assessment of cell therapy products., Highlights • Regulations in Cell therapy and Regenerative medicine (WG2 white paper). • A risk-based approach for starting cells to fill gaps in regulation. • Controlling the risk of viral contamination for global development. • Characterization of MSC-based products for comparability assessment. • Stability of MSC-based products under accelerated and stress conditions.

To ensure the safety, efficiency, and consistency of a drug or biological product, pharmaceutical companies are required to obtain regulatory approval legally and conduct clinical investigations prior to the marketing. Chemistry, manufacturing, and controls (CMC) section is an integral part of drug development cycle. The scope of this chapter is not only limited to the commercial batches but is also an essential part of various regulatory applications starting from preclinical to clinical stages of the drug development. The scope of CMC includes complete characterization of drug substance and drug product per se, the manufacturing process involved, stability packaging, and the respective controls. The chapter focuses on the aspects of CMC in all the stages of drug development and gives the detailed requirements of CMC at each stage of drug development, combination products, and medical devices.

The thermomechanical interactions between the different materials constituting a hybrid laminate make residual stresses arise during the manufacturing process of such laminate. In turn, the residual stresses make the laminate deform as it is extracted from the mould. Cure induced deformation represent a problem for the assembly step, since additional operations are required for allowing the joining of the different components. Therefore, a tool suitable for the calculation of residual stresses and deformation is needed in order to predict them and to implement the necessary remedies. In the present work, a numerical model for the determination of residual stresses is presented and validated through experimental tests. The case study was a notched laminate, in order to emphasize the deformation without altering the thermal cycle experienced in the material. Both numerical and experimental runs highlighted a higher deformation near the vertex of the laminate.

Heavy metals are widely distributed in the environment due to the natural processes and anthropogenic human activities. Their migration into no contaminated areas contributing towards pollution of the ecosystems e.g. soils, plants, water and air. It is recognized that heavy metals due to their toxicity, long persistence in nature can accumulate in the trophic chain and cause organism dysfunction. Although the popularity of herbal medicine is rapidly increasing all over the world heavy metal toxicity has a great impact and importance on herbal plants and consequently affects the quality of herbal raw materials, herbal extracts, the safety and marketability of drugs. Effective control of heavy metal content in herbal plants using in pharmaceutical and food industries has become indispensable. Therefore, this review describes various important factors such as ecological and environmental pollution, cultivation and harvest of herbal plants and manufacturing processes which effects on the quality of herbal plants and then on Chinese herbal medicines which influence human health. This review also proposes possible management strategies to recover environmental sustainability and medication safety. About 276 published studies (1988-2021) are reviewed in this paper.

As the most important complementary medication against a variety of diseases, traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have been extensively applied over thousands of years. Current quality control of herbal medicines, however, is in great dispute. Unlike chemical drugs, which have clear and validated quality standards, the content of only one (or a few) compounds of many herbs and preparations is currently assessed as an indicator of quality, even though the assessed compound(s) is neither closely associated with the efficacy nor representative of the medicine as a whole. Based on the clinical use, compatibility of multiple component prescriptions, and manufacturing process of TCM, the new concept of a TCM quality marker that was proposed in previous work is discussed further here. In addition, practical technological approaches are described for the qualitative analysis and quantification of TCMs including herbs, processed products, and preparations, which lead to the discovery and identification of specific chemicals as quality markers and new quality control patterns. The progress that has been made in TCM quality control is also addressed. This work provides useful information for the quality control of herbal medicines in the future. Keywords: Traditional Chinese medicine, Quality marker, Quality control

For calibration of eddy current testing, artificial defects are commonly used by virtue of its simple production and ease control of geometric parameters. However, such defects are significantly different in terms of geometric aspects from real ones, even with a precise control of the manufacturing process. To ensure reliable calibration results, it is mandatory to establish a relationship between the signals from artificial (machined) and real defects. This work exposes a detailed study correlating eddy current signals from electrical discharge machine notch (EDM notch) and fatigue cracks. To perform the tests an absolute pencil probe was used. Although there is a significant difference between the signals of EDM notch and fatigue cracks, the results show that it is possible to use artificial defects to represent fatigue cracks reliably if a proper correction is implemented. Keywords: Eddy current testing, EDM notches, Fatigue cracks

Additive manufacturing technologies have enabled the development of customised implants for craniomaxillofacial applications using biomaterials such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), porous high-density polyethylene (pHDPE), and titanium mesh. This study aims to report an Australian manufacturer's experience in developing, designing and supplying patient-specific craniomaxillofacial implants over 23 years and summarise feedback received from clinicians. The authors conducted a retrospective review of the manufacturer's implant database of orders placed for custom craniomaxillofacial implants between 1996 and 2019. The variables collected included material, country of order, gender, patient age, and reported complications, which included a measure of custom implant “fit” and adverse events. The development of critical checkpoints in the custom manufacturing process that minimise clinical or logistical non-conformities is highlighted and discussed. A total of 4120 patient-specific implants were supplied, of which 2689 were manufactured from PMMA, 885 from titanium mesh, and 546 from pHDPE. The majority of the implants were used in Australia (2260), United Kingdom (412), Germany (377), and New Zealand (338). PMMA was the preferred material for cranial implants whereas pHDPE was preferred for maxillofacial applications. Age or gender did not influence the material choice. Implant “fit” and adverse outcomes were used as a metric of implant performance. Between 2007 and 2019 there were 37 infections (0.98%) and 164 non-conformities recorded of which 75 (1.8%) were related to implant ‘fit’. Our experience demonstrates a safe, reliable, and clinically streamlined manufacturing process which supports surgeons that require bespoke craniomaxillofacial solutions for reconstruction surgery., Highlights • Implant ‘fit’ may be used to validate clinical and manufacturing processes. • CT integrity determines the quality of the output from the biomodelling process. • Implant design should consider surgical approach and soft-tissue dissection plans. • Operational ‘non-conformities’ should be included in an assessment of implant ‘fit’.

This chapter discusses a sustainable manufacturing strategy for composite materials using an out-of-autoclave (OOA) process. The OOA process is becoming increasing popular, especially in aerospace applications, as the alternative solution to produce structural components compared to using a conventional autoclave process. OOA provides notable advantages in terms of the design for sustainability perspective which reduces the amount of energy consumed during manufacturing and in return reduces greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, OOA also offers economic advantages to produce components at lower cost by enabling a shorter process life cycle time and lower capital as well as tooling investment when compared to an autoclave-based composites manufacturing process. Among the topics included in this chapter are an introduction to the OOA process and review of recent works about the OOA process involving composite materials. Furthermore, a case study on the application of an OOA process to produce an aircraft composite seat pan is also included, to provide a practical example of how the process is applied and its resulting performance toward the mechanical properties of the end product.

Functionally graded additive manufacturing (FGAM) is a layer-by-layer manufacturing technique that allows material composition and organization to be achieved within a single volume to enable variational functionalities. Unlike traditional production methods, FGAM can produce freeform structures with customizable, site-specific properties at strategic locations. Advanced additive manufacturing processes make it possible to control the density and material deposition at different locations within a complex three-dimensional geometry. FGAM enables design freedom, personalized production, and enhanced weight-to-cost ratio with a single-step manufacturing process. This chapter provides an overview of FGAM processes, materials, and its prospective engineering applications.

14th CIRP Conference on Intelligent Computation in Manufacturing Engineering, CIRP ICME ’20, online, 15 Jul 2020 - 17 Jul 2020; Procedia CIRP 99, 220-225 (2021). doi:10.1016/j.procir.2021.03.034 special issue: "14th CIRP Conference on Intelligent Computation in Manufacturing Engineering, 15-17 July 2020 / Edited by Roberto Teti, Doriana D'Addona", Published by Elsevier, Amsterdam [u.a.]

Developed countries have regulatory processes in place to guarantee the safety and efficacy of animal vaccines. Thus it is usual to inspect and regulate the premises used for vaccine production in addition to the manufacturing process, and the labeling and use of vaccines. Label claims must be fully supported by experimental data, including the results of field trials. Rigorous quality assurance controls are imposed on the organisms and antigens, the adjuvants, and excipients used in these products. For example, it is absolutely necessary that extraneous infectious agents be excluded and that genetically modified organisms do not pose an environmental threat.

Polymer science seeks to explain the properties of polymer nanocomposites in terms of nanostructure formation within the polymeric matrix. In this chapter, we consider how the POSS molecules are assembled to form the bulk nanocomposite materials, which must be understood to develop relations between the structure and properties of these materials. In broad terms, we can predict the nanostructure evolution based on the molecular architecture of the POSS molecule; however, several levels of structural arrangement may exist depending on the interactions between POSS-polymer or POSS-POSS molecules. This may result in a complex nanostructure in the electron microscope. The properties of nanocomposites are defined significantly by these interactions operating at every level of the nanocomposite manufacturing process. Here we discuss the influence of the incorporation of POSS into polymer matrices, as affected by surface functional group, and the POSS concentration, on the structure of nanocomposites.

Owing to environmental and renewable concern, the production of high-quality engineering materials using various natural fiber reinforces is increasing day by day over the world. Various types of natural fibers that are being used as reinforcement in composites materials have been discussed in this chapter. The physical and mechanical properties of natural fiber–reinforced composites were also discussed. The important application and many critical issues and suggestions for future work are also discussed. The properties of natural fiber and way of manufacturing process would be added the value addition to enhance its applications.

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is one of the most widely used 3D printing/additive manufacturing (AM) techniques. Due to the wide adoption of the technique, concern about the environmental impact of FFF is one of the major concerns of users. Increasing demand and use of technologies have resulted in a significant increase in worldwide sales of AM machines, especially FFF machines, due to advantages to users. Failure to identify and address the issues related to life cycle analysis (LCA) of FFF might have a significant impact on the environment in the future. In this chapter, the LCA of FFF is analyzed, compared, and critically reviewed. The chapters presents the LCA of AM in general and later further discussion is made specifically on FFF. There are different types of AM processes which can be classified into several categories. Therefore comparison of the LCA of FFF with other different types of AM is discussed in detail. Based on this study, it can be concluded that FFF consumes higher energy compared with stereolithography and laser sintering. Ultrafine particles emission during FFF is also found to be higher, especially when ABS is used in FFF compared with polylactic acid materials. As FFF is relatively new compared to the traditional manufacturing process, the study serves as a foundation and reference for wide adoption of the FFF process and its impact on the environment.

Textiles and textile-based products have a wide range of application, due to their extensive processing possibilities. Finding the right manufacturing process for a desired product can be very elaborate because of the various input materials, manufacturing processes, and functionalization techniques available for textiles. But it is precisely because of these possibilities that textile technology often acts as an enabler for other key technologies. Therefore, it is an obvious goal to use simulation technologies to obtain a better understanding of the production processes or to reduce development times. In this chapter, an approach to computational fluid dynamics modeling of textiles in general and chemical reactions in carbon fiber manufacturing are presented.

There are many examples of historical rammed earth constructions for which the development of valid methods for evaluation of their conservation state is a major concern for conservation agencies of all around the world. On the other hand, rammed earth is attracting the attention of modern architecture trends because of its outstanding performance from an ecological perspective. Thus, the development of reliable non-destructive tests for the inspection of new and existing rammed constructions is of major interest. Ultrasonic and sonic tests are among the most commonly used. While the former has been the subject of numerous studies in rammed earth soil, sonic tests still requires further experimental development. In general, both tests demand a more precise study of their performance according to different states of loading and damage to evaluate the state of structural degradation. Additionally, the procedure commonly used to apply both tests need to be revised in order to provide a more reliable and precise assessment of the time-of-flight of elastic waves. Therefore, on the one hand, this paper evaluates and compares the sensitivity of both non-destructive inspection techniques to different levels of damage induced on the tested samples and possible heterogeneous properties such as compaction energy distribution during the manufacturing process. On the other hand, an automated procedure for the analysis of the experimental recordings and the identification of the time-of-flight of sonic and ultrasonic waves is developed to facilitate the applicability of these techniques. This new procedure consists of a simple signal analysis algorithm that avoids the time-consuming task of manual inspection of the signals and reduces uncertainty in the final results. The results show that sonic test is a valid a promising tool for the inspection of this type of constructions. It performs better than ultrasonic test, which could also be used in practice with some limitations.

CubeSat design specifications define clearly the main constraints involved in the design of a CubeSat structure. Some components of the satellite should be produced using specific materials, and the overall structure should follow restricted design criteria. Following these criteria, CubeSat structural designers have been able to develop several kinds of structures while also introducing new kinds of materials and new manufacturing technologies. The main aim of this chapter is to provide the reader with an overview of the main steps that should be followed to design an optimized structure adding practical suggestions that the reader may find useful during the CubeSat design and manufacturing process. An overview of new manufacturing technologies and advanced materials adopted in recent missions is provided. The last section is dedicated to an overview of different form factors that can be considered CubeSat derived.

This chapter is an overview of the knowledge of ultrahigh performance concrete (UHPC) manufactured using inert residues as replacement of the different size of its composition. The feasibility of using different types of waste as supplemental cementitious materials is also described. First, the materials and composition of the UHPC are analyzed. The different types of waste used in the different studies consulted are described later. The manufacturing process and curing of the UHPC are also reviewed. Likewise, an analysis of the values corresponding to the most relevant mechanical properties of the UHPC obtained in the different studies is conducted. Finally, the durability of this type of concrete is analyzed. Permeability, porosity, carbonation, chloride ion penetration, the free thaw cycles resistance, and the fire resistance have been assessed.

In recent years, there has been a demand for developing bioartificial organs/tissues, drug delivery systems, and medical devices. The primary challenge toward clinical applications is difficult to scale up to complex, biologically effective tissues and organs to the size relevant for humans. The conventional fabrication process has been used to generate engineered scaffolds of foam-like internal structure with a random architecture and limited control of scale. However, in tissue engineering, there is a requirement for structures that can bond cell growth and also support the physiological environment such as geometrical, topographical, and physical features of the targeted applications. Even though such processing techniques are fast, scalable, and economical, they have their limitations such as dimensional control on microarchitectures such as pore size and geometry and their interconnections and distributions with the structures. To conquer these difficulties in developing three-dimension structures for medical necessities, recently, the researchers propelled toward 3D printing as a rapid prototyping technique to fabricate controlled meso- and microlevel porous structures of any desired complexities. This chapter presents a state-of-the-art of biocompatible polymers and polymer-based composites by additive manufacturing process to the manufacturing of biomedical applications and then listing the current biomaterials used in these composites and the mixing process. Finally, we report the future development of producing medical devices and implants using 3D printing technology.

The great challenge for the widespread acceptance of additive manufacturing (AM) is the accreditation of the parts produced, especially where the part geometry and surface characteristics are critical, such as in the aerospace industry. To guarantee a defect-free product, manufacturers integrate process monitoring and control during part manufacturing. Unlike conventional metal-cutting processes, where in-process gauging and adaptive control are well established, such technologies in the AM process are still growing. Researchers have explored adopting new monitoring techniques and control strategies to enhance product quality when producing AM components. Melt pool monitoring and defect identification during the AM process is an emerging area of research. Several approaches such as computer vision, acoustics, and spectroscopy are being adopted to study the melt pool dynamics. This chapter focuses on the state-of-the-art process monitoring tools, inspection techniques, and control methodologies available for metal AM. It also covers how they are being deployed to identify typical defects and new avenues for research for future generations of AM systems.

Finding new technologies for enhance the sustainable confectionery production is desirable. In this context the cold-set gelation emerges as potential tool for the jelly candy industry. This study evaluated sustainability aspects of alginate/pectin cold-set gelation technique in the jelly candy manufacturing process and its impacts in sensory quality of the obtained products. The energy requirement and the CO2 emissions of cold-set jelly candy processing were measured, comparing to the conventional jelly candy manufacturing process. The produced candies were evaluated in relation to the bioactive compounds content (ascorbic acid, total phenolic and total anthocyanin compounds) and sensorially evaluated in acceptance tests wherein healthy and environmental sustainability labeling were put to the test. A questionnaire of purchase behavior was also applied to voluntary consumers. The results indicated the cold-set processing had lower energy demand (99 times lower) and gas emission (300 times lower) compared to the conventional manufacturing. Cold-set jellies showed about 3.3 times more phenolic compounds and 1.22 times more acid ascorbic content than pectin jellies. The consumer informed high interest and willing to pay more in jelly candy with sustainability labeling, however they showed low knowledge and frequency of consumption of these products. Results from the sensory acceptance test showed no significant difference (p ​

Recycling of metal waste for feedstock material in additive manufacturing (AM) is typically carried out through energy extensive melting and solidification processing techniques. However, in austere environments, energy production can be limited and thus melting down scrap into powder through an atomization process is not a viable approach to producing feedstock from reclaimed waste. However, advancements in solid-state material processing has led to a novel additive manufacturing process that uses solid, macroscale structural feed-rods that allow for high deposition rates with wrought-like mechanical properties. This process, additive friction stir deposition (AFS-D), leverages friction between the rotating feed-rod and the substrate (or previous deposition layer) to soften and promote material flow that creates a plasticized and metallurgically bonded material layer. As such, the AFS-D approach is ideally suited to directly process metal waste with minimal material preparation. To illustrate this concept, we demonstrate AM builds with refined microstructure and wrought-like properties made using loose machines chips. The results of this study demonstrate the potential to recycle metal machine chips by feeding them directly into the AFS-D process and produce structurally sound depositions that can be used for Point-of-Need manufacturing within austere environments.

There is a continuous search for better and more complete in vitro models with mechanical properties closer to in vivo conditions. In this work a manufacturing process, based on a lost core casting technique, is herein reported to produce aneurysm biomodels to perform experimental hemodynamic studies. By using real artery images combined with a lost core casting technique, three materials were tested: paraffin, beeswax and glycerin-based soap. All in vitro biomodels were compared according to their transparency and final structure. Additionally, comparisons between experimental and numerical flow studies were also performed. The results have shown that the biomodels produced with beeswax and glycerine-based soap were the most suitable in vitro models to perform direct flow visualizations of particulate blood analogue fluids. The biomodels proposed in this works, have the potential to provide further insights into the complex blood flow phenomena happening at different kinds of pathologies and answer to important hemodynamics questions that otherwise cannot be tackled with the existing in vitro models, FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia within the R&D Units Project Scope: UIDB/00319/2020, UIDB/04077/2020, UIDB/00690/2020 and NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-030171, funded by COMPETE2020, NORTE 2020, PORTUGAL 2020 and FEDER, R.A and C.F.acknowledge the support of Junta de Extremadura through Grants GR18175 and IB16119 (partially financed by FEDER) This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 798014. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 828835

Owing to the unique layer-wise production method, additive manufacturing technologies have been widely adopted in rapid prototyping and tooling areas, which often require superior mechanical properties such as tensile strength and hardness. In current literature, most mechanical property studies focusing on additive manufactured materials mainly adopt experimental or simulation-based approaches, and therefore cannot be directly used to accurately estimate and predict the achieved mechanical properties. In addition, information regarding the mechanical properties of photosensitive liquid resin used in the Stereolithography additive manufacturing process is limited. Hence, in this paper, mathematical models are established to quantify the tensile strength and hardness of Stereolithography fabricated materials by estimating the solidification levels of both green parts and Ultraviolet post-cured parts. The established degree of cure model is shown to have an average prediction accuracy of around 94%. In addition, the mechanical property models have an average accuracy of 88% and 90% for tensile strength prediction, and 98% and 95% for hardness prediction of green parts and post-cured parts, respectively. It is also observed that the Ultraviolet post-curing process has the capability of significantly enhancing the studied mechanical properties. Keywords: Additive manufacturing, Photosensitive liquid resin, Mechanical property, Tensile strength, Hardness, Degree of cure

Mycelium composites are an emerging class of cheap and environmentally sustainable materials experiencing increasing research interest and commercialisation in the EU and USA for construction applications. These materials utilise natural fungal growth as a low energy bio-fabrication method to upcycle abundant agricultural by-products and wastes into more sustainable alternatives to energy intensive synthetic construction materials. Mycelium composites have customisable material properties based on their composition and manufacturing process and can replace foams, timber and plastics for applications, such as insulation, door cores, panelling, flooring, cabinetry and other furnishings. Due to their low thermal conductivity, high acoustic absorption and fire safety properties outperforming traditional construction materials, such as synthetic foams and engineered woods, they show particular promise as thermal and acoustic insulation foams. However, limitations stemming from their typically foam-like mechanical properties, high water absorption and many gaps in material property documentation necessitate the use of mycelium composites as non- or semi-structural supplements to traditional construction materials for specific, suitable applications, including insulation, panelling and furnishings. Nonetheless, useful material properties in addition to the low costs, simplicity of manufacture and environmental sustainability of these materials suggest that they will play a significant role in the future of green construction. Keywords: Fungal mycelium, Mechanical performance, Insulation properties, Fire safety, Water and termite resistance

3D printing provides the advantage of the capability to manufacture a wide range of geometric models without constraint and using various materials. Owing to the recent rapid development of 3D printing technologies, manufacturing accuracy has also been improved. Precisely 3D-printed parts are used in various industries such as medical, robotics, and manufacturing industries. In this study, the friction performance of 3D printed ball bearing is evaluated to verify its feasibility as an engineering part. Multi-jet printing (MJP) method is utilized to prepare the ball bearing specimen as it provides the advantages of straightforward manufacturing process and high surface quality. The test rig is designed and constructed to evaluate the friction performance under various rotating speed and radial load conditions. From the experiments, the friction performance and feasibility of 3D printed ball bearings are evaluated, and effective operating conditions of 3D printed bearings are recommended. The results in this study can be used as a reference to design ball bearings using 3D printing method. Keywords: Multi-jet printing, 3D printed bearing, Ball bearing, Friction performance

This paper reports the current potentials of cold gas dynamic spraying (CGDS). CGDS has been significantly developed to produce several functional solutions categorized as follows: deposits with a single powder nature, composites-based deposits, nanotechnological deposits and hybrid coating/substrate assemblies. CGDS process has improved in proficiency and is still gaining attention from scientists and industry. Covering a wide range of materials, both standard and advanced, this additive manufacturing process offers substantial applications for surface functionalization, structural or dimensional restoration, bulk production providing specific material properties, and art/decoration. Progress in terms of material processing capabilities and applications are ongoing. CGDS brings opportunities of better materials and innovative solutions. This review also indicates some recent challenges of cold spraying. Those represent future research directions to increase the enactment of CGDS as a proven viable innovative additive manufacturing method. Keywords: Cold spraying, Capabilities, Advanced materials, Potential applications

Wood-wool cement boards (WWCB) are a type of cement/fibre composite using wood strands as reinforcement. When lignocellulosic materials such as wood are mixed with cement, polysaccharides can leach out and negatively affect the cement hydration. Thus, the WWCB industry has to face those problems, which can cause significant problems during the manufacturing process. This study aims to identify the parameters that can influence the quality of wood and thus the WWCB. The investigation focuses on the potential differences between these two wood samples, by analysing the cement/wood compatibility, the mechanical properties of the wood strands, the microstructure and the chemical composition of the leachates. Two similar spruce wood samples, which have been grown and harvested under the same conditions are compared to each other. When mixed with cement, one sample performed up to expectation in WWCB whereas the second one shows chemical and mechanical problems, resulting in weak WWCBs that cannot fulfil the standards. A comparison two wood samples shows not only different properties of WWCB. Cement-fibre compatibility for one of the sample is below the limit to be used in composite and tensile strength shows a similar behaviour.

Due to inherently greater risks of nonsterility, aseptic processes are considered inferior to terminal sterilization processes from a Sterility Assurance perspective. However, post aseptic fill sterilization and post aseptic lethal treatment processes can be performed as the terminal step of the manufacturing process to significantly reduce the risks of nonsterility for aseptic processes. Accordingly, incremental beneficial considerations could be achievable for these products and processes, including a reduction in environmental monitoring, a reduction in aseptic process simulation frequency, and/or a reduction or elimination of the finished product sterility test. Full compliance with current parametric release requirements would be a prerequisite to support the reduction or elimination of the finished product sterility test.

Serpa is a PDO cheese considered one of most popular and relevant traditional Portuguese cheeses due to its unique aroma and flavour, which are very much-appreciated characteristics. The special and recognised sensorial attributes of Serpa cheese are a result of the ingredients used, coupled with the manufacturing process, specifically raw ovine milk and extracts of Cynara cardunculus L. as coagulant, without addition of any starter culture or milk pasteurisation. Serpa quality and safety issues, linked to the high susceptibility and heterogeneity of its final sensorial attributes fosters the importance of large-scale studies focused on biochemical and microbial aspects. Despite the scientific relevance of this traditional product, Serpa studies are still very scarce and limited with the cheesemaking procedure lacking in regulation. Accordingly, the present work emphasises the current knowledge on Serpa PDO cheese, giving an overview and critical analysis of existing studies and discussing Serpa technological process.

53rd CIRP Conference on Manufacturing Systems, CIRP CMS 2020, online, 1 Jul 2020 - 3 Jul 2020; Procedia CIRP 93, 1520-1525 (2020). doi:10.1016/j.procir.2020.03.083 special issue: "53rd CIRP Conference on Manufacturing Systems 2020 / Edited by Robert X. Gao, Kornel Ehmann", Published by Elsevier, Amsterdam [u.a.]

Scientific modeling can be used to conceptualize, test, understand, and direct complex natural systems. The ability to create accurate models of three-dimensional (3D), functioning tissues is a growing reality. Benchtop tissue models, that is, tissue test systems, have many potential advantages over current modeling technologies, including two-dimensional (2D) cell culture and animal models, for biomedical research. Three-dimensional fabricated tissues are more representative of natural tissues than 2D cell cultures; are easier to control, replicate, and discern than animal models; and are potentially cost saving for biomedical research. Tissue models can be used to investigate tissue function and disease progression, discover new pharmaceuticals, teach, and personalize treatments for patients. Biofabrication is an additive manufacturing process offering control over cell distribution, biomolecule deposition, and biomaterial geometries and surfaces. At the confluence of tissue modeling and tissue fabrication is the design process for creating 3D tissue test systems to support biological discovery, personalized medicine, teaching, and in vitro testing.

Debonding between the skins and the core in a sandwich structure is a critical failure mode in automotive applications; once debonding occurs, the load carrying capacity of a sandwich structure drastically decreases. In the present paper, the effect of using three core materials, with different cell characteristics, on the interfacial strength between the foam cores and a CFRP skin is investigated through mechanical testing and numerical modelling. A key finding is that foams with a coarse cellular structure favour a high resin uptake at the interface during the manufacturing process, which results in a stronger interfacial bonding between the foam and the CFRP. During Mode I loading, the thick resin layer at the interface postpones crack initiation and kinking in the core, whilst under Mode II, this resin layer delays the collapse in compression of foam cells under the crack tip. Thus, the importance of including this thick resin layer in the FE modelling was demonstrated. Finally, as the CZM was shown to be unable to predict the unstable crack propagation within the core, an alternative approach has been suggested which has the significant benefit of not requiring experimental testing of the interface between the skin and the core. Keywords: Debonding, Interface, FEA, Sandwich structures, Foam core

This chapter describes the methods and material used to produce carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-reinforced multiscale composites. It also includes material selection, manufacturing process, and specimen preparation. Dry CNTs transfer technique is the primary approach adopted here to manufacture the CNT-based multiscale composites. This chapter is concerned with the experimental work carried out to determine the influence of CNTs on the interlaminar fracture toughness (ILFT) of the woven carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) prepreg laminates. The mode-I and mode-II studies were performed to quantify the ILFT for present material system. A detailed quantitative analysis of fiber bridging and CNTs effect on ILFT was executed. Based on ILFT test results, the fiber bridging and CNTs effect on ILFT were calculated.

23rd International Conference on Material Forming, ESAFORM, Cottbus, Germany, 4 May 2020 - 6 May 2020; Procedia manufacturing 47, 649-655 (2020). doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.201 special issue: "23rd International Conference on Material Forming / edited by Markus Bambach", Published by Elsevier, Amsterdam [u.a.]

A review of the applications of fractal theory in modern manufacturing is presented in this chapter. A brief conceptual foundation, typical examples, and methods of computing fractals are summarized. The most common methods of computing fractal dimensions include box-counting, area-based measurements, and fractional Brownian motion (fBm) methods and have been briefly discussed along with the proposed improvements in the literature. It is noted that there are concerted efforts to improve on the known methods to enhance their accuracy and application in various fields. Finally, applications of fractals in thin films, laser processing, machining, and friction stir processes/welding are illustrated based on the published data. It is derived that fractal analysis is important in (1) understanding the growth of structures during different manufacturing processes (and parameters) and (2) developing fractal-like structures for enhanced performance in various engineering applications. Directions for future research and applications of fractal theory in manufacturing and their potentials are described in respective sections of the chapter. The chapter is a useful resource for academic and industry in studying, developing, and manufacturing of fractal-like engineering components and the interrelationships among the manufacturing process, parameters, and fractal characteristics of the engineering product.

The continuous advances in smart and multifunctional materials and the corresponding growth of the Internet of Things require novel battery concepts with improved integration in different substrates and devices, leading to more efficient energy storage devices with higher power and energy density. These new batteries can be obtained through printing technologies, as they present interesting characteristics such as being thin, flexible, low cost and eco-friendlier, for an increasing number of applications such as smart cards, radio-frequency identification, portable medical diagnostic systems and sensors, among others. Further, printing technologies allow simple and low-cost up-scaling and, therefore, rapid technology transfer. The present review summarizes the recent advances in 2D and 3D printed batteries. 2D and 3D printing technologies are summarized and the state of the art on printed batteries is presented, divided by lithium batteries, Zn/MnO2 batteries, and other battery types. In recent years, printed batteries are being intensively developed by 3D printing technologies, where further developments in ink properties, compatibility with the manufacturing process and integration with devices are still required. In this context, the future challenges in the area of printed batteries are also presented and discussed., The authors thank the FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia) for financial support under the framework of Strategic Funding grants UID/FIS/04650/2019, UID/EEA/04436/2019 and UID/QUI/0686/2019; and project PTDC/FISMAC/28157/2017. The authors also thank the FCT for financial support under grants SFRH/BPD/112547/2015 (C.M.C.) and Investigator FCT Contract CEECIND/00833/2017 (R.G.) as well POCH and European Union. Financial support from the Basque Government Industry and Education Departments under the ELKARTEK, HAZITEK and PIBA (PIBA-2018-06) programs, respectively, is also acknowledged.