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Inborn errors of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) result in four types of immunodeficiency disease with varying degrees of impaired STAT1 function: autosomal recessive (AR) complete STAT1 deficiency, AR partial STAT1 deficiency, autosomal dominant (AD) STAT1 deficiency, and AD STAT1 gain-of-function (STAT1-GOF). Of which, the STAT1-GOF mutations promote a clinical syndrome of immune dysregulation characterized by recurrent infections, especially chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) and Talaromyces marneffei infection and predisposition to humoral autoimmunity. STAT1-GOF mutations lead to enhanced phosphorylation of STAT1 (pSTAT1), delayed dephosphorylation, and impaired nuclear dephosphorylation. As a result, the development of T helper (Th) 17 cells is impaired, limiting the production of interleukin (IL)-17, which plays an important role in antifungal immunity. Additionally, mutations can also cause a decrease in the proportion of CD4+, CD8+, and natural killer (NK) cells. Recent research demonstrated that in the absence of overt infection, STAT-GOF mice can disrupt naïve CD4+ T cell homeostasis and promote expansion and differentiation of abnormal T-follicular helper/T-helper 1-like (Tfh/Th1-like) T cells and germinal center-like (GC-like) B cells, and thus reminds us of the complex molecular mechanism of autoimmune disease with/without fungal infection, which may further involve specific clinical treatment including antifungal and anti-autoimmunity therapies. In addition, sex and location of mutation were also associated with the clinical phenotype. Individuals with DNA binding domain (DBD) mutations had a higher prevalence of autoimmunity and aberrant B cell activation. Disrupted CD4+ T cell homeostasis occurred sooner and more robustly in females, highlighting the importance of specific treatment to normalize STAT1 expression and restore immune tolerance in patients with STAT1-GOF syndrome. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of STAT1-GOF aiming to further clarify the regulatory mechanism of cellular and humoral immune deficiency in patients with fungal infection with or without autoimmunity.

Oxide-dispersion-strengthened (ODS) reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels are considered as most promising structural materials for fusion reactors and other advanced nuclear systems due to its excellent irradiation resistance under high dose irradiations. However, the extreme complex synergistic effect between transmuted helium/hydrogen and displacement damage which most seriously affects the structure and mechanical properties of ODS-RAFM steels is very difficult to understand, especially the role of hydrogen still remains unclear. Taking advantage of very sensitive to small vacancy clusters of Positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) method, we conducted irradiation defect study on ODS-RAFM, RAFM and its corresponding model alloy Fe–9Cr and α-Fe to investigate their anti-swelling properties at the early stage of irradiation with hydrogen-helium synergism and the mechanism. Three distinct irradiation schemes including (1) single Fe ion beam, (2) simultaneous Fe and He (named Fe + He) ion beam, (3) subsequent H ion injection after Fe + He (named Fe + He/H) ion beam irradiation were performed. Hydrogen-helium synergistic effects on vacancy evolution within these steels were explored combining the first-principles calculation. The implantation of He was observed to significantly increase defect concentration among all four steels, while H exhibited interestingly complexity on affecting the evolution of helium bubbles. The H post-injection increased defect concentration obviously in the materials with abundant sinks, but improved poorly in ones with rare sinks. Through the systematic study of the interactions between H, He, and vacancies, it was revealed that even at the early irradiation stage, ODS-RAFM steels has already exhibited excellent irradiation resistance compared to other alloys across three irradiation schemes.

Amidst the rapid advancement of Internet of Things (IoT) technology and the burgeoning field of Multimodal Learning Analytics (MMLA), this study employs spatial positioning technology as a case study to investigate the potential of multimodal data in assessing children's social development. This study combines the spatial positioning data of preschool children collected during free play sessions in natural educational settings and the spatial metrics constructed based on observational studies to establish and validate a sociometric status Decision Tree classification model. The findings suggest that the model can overall accurately identify children with three distinct sociometric statuses, albeit with some variability in efficacy across different sociometric groups and age groups. Notably, the model demonstrates a high hitting rate in identifying the potentially neglected children, providing valuable support for educators in understanding and fostering children's developmental needs. This study also highlights the advantages of emerging technology and multimodal data application in child development assessment.

ABTRACT: Hatchability could be quite different among individuals of indigenous chicken breed which might be affected by the egg quality. In this study, hatchability was individually recorded among 800 forty-wk-old Huainan partridge chickens. The chickens were then divided into high and low hatchability groups (HH and LH group) with 50 birds in each group. Egg quality was further determined in the 2 groups. Eight birds from each group were selected for slaughtering and tissue, responsible for egg formation, collection for structure observation by staining and candidate gene expression by transcriptome analysis. The hatchability in HH was 100% and 61.18% in LH. The eggshell thickness and shell strength were significantly lower, while the albumen height and Haugh unit were significantly higher in HH group than those in LH group (P < 0.05). The magnum weight and index, and the expression of polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 9 (GALNT9), which responsible for thick albumen synthesis, in HH group were also significantly higher than that of LH group (P < 0.05). Compared with the LH group, there were 702 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in HH group, of which 402 were up-regulated and 300 were down-regulated. Candidate genes of calbindin 1 (CALB1) and solute carrier family 26 member 9 (SLC26A9), which regulate calcium signaling pathway so as to affect Ca2+ transportation, exhibited significant high and low expression, respectively, in HH group compared to those in LH group (P < 0.05). Therefore, indigenous chicken with high expression of GALNT9 in magnum to form thick albumen to provide more protein for embryo, while high CALB1 and low expression of SLC26A9 to decrease Ca2+ transportation so as to form a thinner eggshell and provide better gas exchange during embryo development.

V-4Cr-4Ti was irradiated by He+ and subsequent V/self-ions at 773 K to simulate the effect of the damages generated under near-service conditions on irradiation hardening. Microstructure observation and hardness test were carried out by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nanoindentation testing. Microstructure analysis showed that bubbles, dislocation loops and precipitates were produced whether samples were irradiated by He+ or He+/V+. Edge dislocation was observed by high-resolution images. The nanoindentation results showed that hardening appeared after irradiation, and hardness increment after He+ irradiation is 4.41 GPa, 6.2 GPa for He+/V+. Meanwhile, based on damage characterization, the irradiation hardening was also analyzed using the dispersion barrier hardening model (DBH), which showed that the main cause of hardening was dislocation loops. In addition, the deviation was discussed between the hardness increment obtained by nanoindentation testing and that calculated based on DBH.

ABSTRACT: Dietary metabolizable energy (ME) level could offer a well production performance through maintaining lipid homeostasis in poultry. In this study, a total of 540 geese (450 females and 90 males) at 64 wk of age with similar body weight (4,600 ± 382) were randomly divided into 5 groups with 3 replicates in each group and 30 females and 6 males (1♂:5♀) in each replicate. After 2 wk adaptation, the 5 groups were designed to provide diet with ME intakes of 9.65, 10.05, 10.70, 11.45, and 11.75 MJ/kg, respectively, according to production requirement. Body weight, egg production, hatchability, blood lipid, and fat deposition were recorded after 6 wk feeding. The expression of lipid synthesis-related genes, lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and fatty acid synthase (FASN), were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Geese fed with high ME diet of 11.75 MJ/kg caused an increased liver and abdominal fat weight and low hatchability of set eggs. The ovarian weight and oviduct length were higher in geese fed dietary energy of 10.7 MJ/kg as compared to the 9.65 MJ/kg groups, whereas no significant difference was observed in geese fed dietary energy of 10.05 MJ/kg. Dietary energy level did not change the concentration of serum lipids at the late egg laying stage. The LPL expression exhibited linear and quadratic effect in response to dietary ME. The FASN expression showed quadratic effect and a relatively higher expression was exhibited in 10.05 and 11.45 MJ/kg than that of the 9.65 and 10.70 MJ/kg ME groups. According to the productivity, reproductive performance, and fat deposition, dietary ME of 10.13 to 10.28 MJ/kg could be suggested for breeding geese at their late laying stage.

This work aims at exploring the irradiation resistance of oxide-dispersion-strengthened reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic (ODS-RAFM) steel prepared by a rapid and cost-efficient method, wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). WAAM ODS-RAFM steel and RAFM steel were prepared using flux cored wires with and without addition of Y2O3, respectively. Both specimens were irradiated with 2.5 MeV Fe ions at 450 °C to a fluence of 1.84 × 1016 ions cm−2, corresponding to a peak damage dose of 20 dpa. The microstructure, hardness and defect structure of WAAM ODS-RAFM steel before and after irradiation were investigated and compared with RAFM steel. It is found that nano-Y2Ti2O7 particles with a high number density (∼10 nm, 1022/m3) are formed in WAAM ODS-RAFM steel, which pin grain boundary and dislocations motion, thus rendering a stable matrix structure after irradiation. The particle size of the stable nano-Y2Ti2O7 slightly increases to ∼ 15 nm while its number density is still high (1022/m3) after irradiation. The grain boundaries, dislocations and nano-Y2Ti2O7 interfaces act as defect sinks to absorb irradiation-induced defects such as self-interstitial atoms and vacancies. Therefore, small dislocation loops (3.6 nm) are found to be the main irradiation defects while no voids are observed. As a result of the inhibited formation and growth of defects, the irradiation hardening is insignificant (ΔH0 = 0.16 GPa), showing great promises of WAAM ODS-RAFM steel as structural components in future fusion reactors.

Viral infection-induced cell death has long been considered as a double-edged sword in the inhibition or exacerbation of viral infections. Patients with severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) are characterized by multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and cytokine storm, which may result from SARS-CoV-2-induced cell death. Previous studies have observed enhanced ROS level and signs of ferroptosis in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells or specimens of patients with COVID-19, but the exact mechanism is not clear yet. Here, we find SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a sensitizes cells to ferroptosis via Keap1-NRF2 axis. SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a promotes the degradation of NRF2 through recruiting Keap1, thereby attenuating cellular resistance to oxidative stress and facilitated cells to ferroptotic cell death. Our study uncovers that SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a functions as a positive regulator of ferroptosis, which might explain SARS-CoV-2-induced damage in multiple organs in COVID-19 patients and imply the potential of ferroptosis inhibition in COVID-19 treatment.

In this study, microwave pretreatment and grinding treatment were used to enhance sulforaphane formation, then ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) was applied to extract sulforaphane using simultaneous hydrolysis and extraction method. The effects of various parameters, which were ultrasonic time, ultrasonic power, solid-water ratio and solid-ethyl acetate ratio on the extraction rate of sulforaphane were investigated. The results showed that microwave pretreatment enhanced sulforaphane formation. Excessive size reduction did not increase or even reduced extraction rate of sulforaphane. Simultaneous hydrolysis and extraction significantly increased extraction rate of sulforaphane compared to hydrolysis followed by extraction. UAE accelerated mass transfer and the solubilization of the targeted compounds due to the acoustic cavitation effect, thus enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of glucoraphanin and the extraction rate of sulforaphane. The extraction rate of sulforaphane using UAE with simultaneous hydrolysis and extraction was 4.07-fold of the conventional extraction method. UAE was an effective method to extract sulforaphane from broccoli seeds since it led to higher yield of sulforaphane in a much shorter extraction time.

This study aimed to improve the nutritional quality of Harbin dry sausages using natural plant-based Jerusalem artichoke powder (JAP) and olive oil as animal fat replacers. Low-fat Harbin dry sausages were manufactured with 2 different formulations containing JAP and olive oil as pork fat replacers. The texture, rheological properties, microstructure, water holding capacity, muscle protein structure, physicochemical indices, microbiological characteristics, and sensory evaluation of the sausages were analyzed. The result showed that Harbin dry sausages with JAP and olive oil were healthier than control sausages based on the lower fat content and improved fatty acid composition. Scanning electron microscopy showed gel network formation in sausages with a high JAP content. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance illustrated that the water-holding capacity of the modified sausages was improved, suggesting that the replacers enhanced protein gel formation by changes in C–H stretching and bending vibrations, a reduction in α-helixes, and increases in β-sheets and random coils accompanying the exposure of reactive groups and microenvironment of the tertiary structure. Dynamic rheological and texture tests indicated that the replacers improved the elasticity of sausages. The reduction of fat and addition of replacers significantly enhanced lipid oxidative resistance. Overall, JAP and olive oil improved the fatty acid composition, gel structure, lipid oxidative resistance, and sensory quality of the sausages. These results may contribute to the development of healthy meat products to further reduce animal fat.

This present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of chitosan (CS) on carcass composition and meat quality in growing Huoyan geese. A total of 320 (28-day-old) growing Huoyan geese (sex balance) with similar body weight were randomly divided into the following 4 main groups: basal diet (control), basal diet + 100 mg/kg CS (CS100), basal diet + 200 mg/kg CS (CS200), and basal diet + 400 mg/kg CS (CS400) groups. Each group includes 4 replicates with 20 geese per replicate, and the feeding trail lasted for 4 wk. The results showed that the geese in CS200 group had lower abdominal fat percentage, b∗ value, shear force, crude fat content, and drip loss of breast and thigh muscle than those in the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, the CS200 group had higher glutamic acid, glycine, lysine, valine, total nonessential amino acids, total essential amino acids, total amino acids, C22:0, C16:1, C18:1, C20:1, C20:2, C20:5, total monounsaturated fatty acids concentration and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and saturated fatty acids (SFA) ratio and lower total SFA, total PUFA concentration, and total n-6:n-3 ratio in breast muscle than the control group (P < 0.05). Taken together, these results indicated that addition of 200 mg/kg CS improved meat quality in growing Huoyan geese through altering slaughter performance, meat traits, amino acids, and fatty acids composition.

ABSTRACT: This present experiment was performed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of chitosan (CS) on immune function in growing Huoyan geese. A total of 320 28-day-old healthy growing Huoyan geese (sex balance) with similar body weight were randomly allotted into control, CS100, CS200, and CS400 groups. Each group includes 4 replicates with 20 geese per replicate, and the feeding trial lasted for 4 wk. The 4 diets contained 0, 100, 200, and 400 mg CS per kg feed, respectively. The results showed that compared with the control group, the relative weight of thymus, serum concentrations of IGF-I, INS, GH, T3, T4, IgM, IgG, IgA, complement C3, and IL-2 in CS200 group were significantly higher at both 42 and 56 D of age, respectively (P < 0.05). In addition, relative weight of bursa of fabricius (BF), spleen, serum complement C4, and TNF-a concentrations in CS200 group were higher at 56 D of age (P < 0.05), no differences were observed at 42 D of age (P > 0.05). These results indicated that addition of 200 mg/kg CS enhanced immune organs weight, serum concentrations of immunoglobulins, complements, hormone, as well as cytokines, and improved immune function of growing Huoyan geese.

Coupling vegetation cover pattern with soil erosion and runoff generation positions a multi-discipline hotspot. Due to the widely occurred patchy vegetation cover and water-limited environment, regulation of vegetation cover pattern on runoff and soil erosion in arid and semiarid environment was addressed widely. In tropical and subtropical environment, patchy vegetation cover pattern also widely occurred in human-dominated landscapes. However, the effect of vegetation cover pattern on runoff generation and sediment yield and its dependence on rainfall characteristics attract little attention, and are unclear. Correspondingly, this study addresses two relevant issues: (1) the rainfall-dependent capacity of vegetation cover pattern to mitigate runoff and soil erosion; (2) rainfall-runoff and rainfall-erosion regimes mitigated by vegetation cover pattern. Eighteen 10 m-by-5 m plots were constructed for the three-year (2015–2017) observation in a humid and red-soil-covered environment in southern China. The results show that vegetation cover pattern affected the response of runoff generation and soil erosion to rainfall. The soil loss was more readily to be regulated by the fraction and spatial pattern of vegetation cover than runoff; the potential of the fraction of vegetation cover in regulating soil loss positively response to rainfall depth and rainfall intensity; and rising rainfall depth led to a weakened relationship between vegetation coverage and runoff volume. Our results illustrated that the increased rainfall intensity promotes the regression relationship between vegetation coverage and runoff volume. In this humid environment, vegetation cover pattern regulates the response of runoff and sediment discharge to rainfall characteristics; and the effectiveness of vegetation cover pattern on regulation runoff and sediment discharge was rainfall-dependent. This study indicates that including connectivity parameters in quantifying the spatial pattern of vegetation may lead to different understanding of the effectiveness of vegetation cover on hydrology and soil erosion.

Background: The pharmacokinetics and appropriate dose regimens of favipiravir are unknown in hospitalized influenza patients; such data are also needed to determine dosage selection for favipiravir trials in COVID-19. Methods: In this dose-escalating study, favipiravir pharmacokinetics and tolerability were assessed in critically ill influenza patients. Participants received one of two dosing regimens; Japan licensed dose (1600 mg BID on day 1 and 600 mg BID on the following days) and the higher dose (1800 mg/800 mg BID) trialed in uncomplicated influenza. The primary pharmacokinetic endpoint was the proportion of patients with a minimum observed plasma trough concentration (Ctrough) ≥20 mg/L at all measured time points after the second dose. Results: Sixteen patients were enrolled into the low dose group and 19 patients into the high dose group of the study. Favipiravir Ctrough decreased significantly over time in both groups (p 80% of the duration of treatment of the two dose regimens evaluated (18.8% and 42.1% of patients for low and high dose regimen, respectively). Increasing the favipravir dosage predicted a higher proportion of patients reaching this threshold of 20 mg/L, suggesting that dosing regimens of ≥3600/2600 mg might be required for adequate concentrations. The two dosing regimens were well-tolerated in critical ill patients with influenza. Conclusion: The two dosing regimens proposed for uncomplicated influenza did not achieve our pre-defined treatment threshold.

Cellulose acetate (CA) is the acetate ester of cellulose produced from cellulose via the process of acetylation. Currently, electrospinning has become a widely used technique to produce CA nanofibers for potential applications such as filtration, medical dressings, and food packaging. Being biodegradable and biocompatible, CA nanofibers bring additional advantages for these applications, e.g., high surface area, high porosity, and light weight. The quality of the CA nanofibers, which can be characterized by the prevalence of fiber defects, pore size, and fiber diameter, directly affects their performance. Fiber quality is, in turn, directly determined by the electrospinning process parameters. Therefore, in this project, we aimed to investigate the effect of electrospinning parameters, including CA concentration, voltage, and spinning distance, on the electrospinnability of CA nanofibers and fiber diameter, using process optimization principles and response surface methodology. Certain process parameters, including solvent (acetone), needle diameter (gauge 22, inner diameter 0.413 mm), temperature (20 °C), and feed rate (2 mL/h), were kept constant throughout the experiment. Preliminary experiments were conducted to determine the extreme conditions of each parameter and to define a working boundary. Then, trials of electrospinning CA nanofibers were conducted following a 3-factor, 3-level Box-Behnken design within the predetermined range. CA nanofibers morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and ImageJ software to obtain their mean diameter. The mean electrospun fiber diameters fell into the range from 404 to 1346 nm and increased with increasing CA concentration. The fiber diameter was impacted less significantly by the other two parameters, i.e., voltage and spinning distance.

Five kinds of iron-chromium-aluminum (FeCrAl) alloy samples with different contents of aluminum (Al)—Fe-12Cr, Fe-12Cr-2Al, Fe-12Cr-4Al, Fe-12Cr-6Al, and Fe-12Cr-8Al—were designed and prepared. All samples were then irradiated with 200 keV argon ions (Ar2+) to the fluence of 9.3 × 1014 ions cm−2 at 330°C. The formations of dislocation loops induced by Ar2+ irradiation in these alloys were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Both of a/2 and a dislocation loops were generated in all samples. The sizes of both a/2 and a dislocation loops decreased and total volume number densities increased with increasing Al content of the samples. The proportion of a/2 dislocation loops decreased first and then increased with Al content, and the ratio of a/2 to a average loop size increased first and then decreased with Al content. The experiment results indicate that the increase of Al content in alloys can enhance the nucleation and inhibit the growth of dislocation loops, the interaction between a/2 and a dislocation loops is affected by the Al content in alloys as well. The difference in dislocation loops in FeCrAl alloys with different Al contents after Ar2+ irradiation can be explained by the pinning of dislocation loops by the Al atoms. Keywords: FeCrAl alloy, Dislocation loops, Radiation damage, Accident tolerant fuel cladding

As an important regulator of epigenetics, histone lysine methyltransferase 2C (KMT2C), is frequently mutated in multiple human cancers and is considered to be crucial for the occurrence and development of numerous cancers. However, the relationship between KMT2C mutation and clinicopathological characteristics in patients with breast cancer is unclear. In the present study, we performed next-generation sequencing to investigate the mutation status of KMT2C in 411 treatment-naive Chinese patients with breast cancer at Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (GDPH), and further compared the results to those of patients with breast cancer from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA, n = 981) and Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC, n = 1454) cohorts. The KMT2C mutation rate was 8.0% (33/411) in the GDPH cohort, whereas that in the TCGA and the METABRIC cohorts was 7.0% (69/981) and 14.5% (211/1454), respectively. Nineteen novel mutations were observed in the GDPH cohort. KMT2C mutations were found to be significantly associated with patients older than 50 years (GDPH: p = 0.007; TCGA: p = 0.005; METABRIC: p = 0.015). The KMT2C mutation rate in HR+/HER2- breast cancer patients was higher than that in the other subtypes (GDPH: p = 0.047; TCGA: p = 0.032; METABRIC: p = 0.046). In addition, KMT2C mutations in the GDPH cohort were observed in invasive lobular breast cancer (ILC) at 30.8% (4/13). Further, KMT2C mutation was not found to be an independent risk factor in the prognosis of patients with breast cancer [TCGA: hazard ratio (HR), 1.71; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.88–3.31; p = 0.111; METABRIC: HR, 2.03; 95% CI, 0.45–3.08; p = 0.419]. This is the first study to preliminarily elucidate the role of KMT2C mutations in Chinese patients with breast cancer and further identified significant KMT2C mutation differences according to race and ethnicity. KMT2C might be a susceptibility gene of Chinese patients with ILC that would help define high-risk groups that could benefit from adapted, personalized screening strategies.

The effects of CaCl2 on metabolism of glucosinolates (GLs) and formation of isothiocyanates (ITCs), as well as the antioxidant capacity of broccoli sprouts, were investigated. The results showed that CaCl2 treatment enhanced BrST5b (sulfotransferase 5b) and limited AOP2 (2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase 2) expression, which increased GLs biosynthesis. CaCl2 also promoted the gene expression of myrosinase (MYR) and its activity, and thus increased ITCs formation. Three ITCs and two nitriles were found in the hydrolysate of broccoli sprouts. CaCl2 treatment increased the content of 1-isothiocyanato butane significantly. Then, CaCl2 increased the formation of ITCs by regulating gene expression and enzyme activity. After CaCl2 treatment, the antioxidant capacity of sprouts increased and the formed ITCs mainly contributed to total antioxidant capacity and DPPH• scavenging capacity.

Broccoli sprouts have attracted much attention in recent years for their abundant phytochemicals such as glucosinolates and sulforaphane. In this study, zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) as a sulphur (S)-source was compared with potassium sulphate (K2SO4) and methionine (Met), significantly increased glucosinolates content and stimulated sulforaphane formation by enhancing myrosinase activity and gene expressions related to glucoraphanin biosynthesis and sulforaphane formation in broccoli sprouts. However, it resulted in a stress effect on sprout growth. Thus, ZnSO4 is a suitable S-source to improve sulforaphane formation in broccoli sprouts via its stress effect.

The effect of growth temperature on glucoraphanin, sulforaphane and myrosinase activity in germinating broccoli sprouts was firstly evaluated, and then their distributions in the cotyledon, hypocotyl and root at the optimum temperature were investigated. The profiles of isothiocyanates and nitrile in seeds, sprouts and different organs were also analyzed. Glucoraphanin content and sulforaphane formation declined with sprouts growth. Myrosinase activity in sprouts, stable for the first 3 days of germination, slowly increased threefold by day 7. The highest levels of glucoraphanin and sulforaphane were recorded in non-germinated seeds. Sprouts grown at 25 °C had higher glucoraphanin content and sulforaphane formation than that grown at 20 and 30 °C. In addition, cotyledon had significantly higher glucoraphanin content and sulforaphane formation than hypocotyl and root. Glucoraphanin and sulforaphane were barely detectable in root, despite its high myrosinase activity. The most abundant hydrolysis product in seeds and sprouts, cotyledon and hypocotyl was sulforaphane.