Search

Your search keyword '"L. Chang"' showing total 435 results
Start Over Author "L. Chang" Publisher elsevier
435 results on '"L. Chang"'

1. Polarization-resolved near-field characterization of coupling between a bus waveguide and a ring resonator

Author

V.V. Tkachuk, J.P. Korterik, L. Chang, and H.L. Offerhaus

Subjects
SNOM, NSOM, Evanescent field, Ring resonators, Optics. Light, QC350-467
Abstract

Light propagation in Photonic integrated circuits (PICs), which can nowadays involve complex systems of light-guiding structures, is measured with different approaches(Nuzhdin et al., 2020, Lončar et al., 2002, Hopman et al., 2007, Morichetti et al., 2014, Sapienza et al., 2012, Vesseur et al., 2007). An interferometric polarization-sensitive measurement of the evanescent fields of these structures provides insight in the performance of the circuit detects possible malfunction with sub-wavelength precision(Engelen et al., 2007, Gersen et al., 2005, Barwick et al., 2009). We demonstrate a Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) measurement on coupled ring resonators that shows how the guided modes evolve as they propagate across the optical chip. Analysis of the measurements provides information about intensity distribution of the two polarization components (TE and TM) and their spatial confinement. The data validates our methodology and opens new possibilities for analysis of signal propagation in prototyping and optimization of integrated optical systems. Direct observation of polarization state of the guided modes allows for clear understanding of mode conversion in coupling systems.

Published
2024
Full Text
View/download PDF

3. Measures of pion and kaon structure from generalised parton distributions

Author

J.-L. Zhang, K. Raya, L. Chang, Z.-F. Cui, J.M. Morgado, C.D. Roberts, and J. Rodríguez-Quintero

Subjects
Continuum Schwinger function methods, Emergence of mass, Nambu-Goldstone modes – pions and kaons, Nonperturbative quantum field theory, Parton distributions, Strong interactions in the standard model of particle physics, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Pion and kaon structural properties provide insights into the emergence of mass within the Standard Model and attendant modulations by the Higgs boson. Novel expressions of these effects, in impact parameter space and in mass and pressure profiles, are exposed via π and K generalised parton distributions, built using the overlap representation from light-front wave functions constrained by one-dimensional valence distribution functions that describe available data. Notably, e.g. K pressure profiles are spatially more compact than π profiles and both achieve near-core pressures of similar magnitude to that found in neutron stars.

Published
2021
Full Text
View/download PDF

4. Sketching the pion's valence-quark generalised parton distribution

Author

C. Mezrag, L. Chang, H. Moutarde, C.D. Roberts, J. Rodríguez-Quintero, F. Sabatié, and S.M. Schmidt

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

In order to learn effectively from measurements of generalised parton distributions (GPDs), it is desirable to compute them using a framework that can potentially connect empirical information with basic features of the Standard Model. We sketch an approach to such computations, based upon a rainbow-ladder (RL) truncation of QCD's Dyson–Schwinger equations and exemplified via the pion's valence dressed-quark GPD, Hπv(x,ξ,t). Our analysis focuses primarily on ξ=0, although we also capitalise on the symmetry-preserving nature of the RL truncation by connecting Hπv(x,ξ=±1,t) with the pion's valence-quark parton distribution amplitude. We explain that the impulse-approximation used hitherto to define the pion's valence dressed-quark GPD is generally invalid owing to omission of contributions from the gluons which bind dressed-quarks into the pion. A simple correction enables us to identify a practicable improvement to the approximation for Hπv(x,0,t), expressed as the Radon transform of a single amplitude. Therewith we obtain results for Hπv(x,0,t) and the associated impact-parameter dependent distribution, qπv(x,|b→⊥|), which provide a qualitatively sound picture of the pion's dressed-quark structure at a hadronic scale. We evolve the distributions to a scale ζ=2 GeV, so as to facilitate comparisons in future with results from experiment or other nonperturbative methods. Keywords: Deeply virtual Compton scattering, Dynamical chiral symmetry breaking, Dyson–Schwinger equations, Generalised parton distribution functions, π-meson

Published
2015
Full Text
View/download PDF

6. Plasma Cytokine Profiling to Predict Steroid Resistance in Pediatric Nephrotic Syndrome

Author

Shipra Agrawal, Michael E. Brier, Bryce A. Kerlin, William E. Smoyer, John Mahan, Hiren Patel, Richard F. Ransom, Cynthia Pan, Denis F. Geary, Myra L. Chang, Keisha L. Gibson, Franca M. Iorember, Patrick D. Brophy, Tarak Srivastava, and Larry A. Greenbaum

Subjects
medicine.medical_treatment, 030232 urology & nephrology, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Pathogenesis, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Translational Research, steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome, medicine, glucocorticoids, business.industry, Monocyte, Interleukin, biomarkers, steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome, medicine.disease, cytokines, Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome, Cytokine, medicine.anatomical_structure, Nephrology, Immunology, Tumor necrosis factor alpha, Steroids, business, Nephrotic syndrome, CD8
Abstract

Introduction Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the primary treatment for nephrotic syndrome (NS), although ∼10% to 20% of children develop steroid-resistant NS (SRNS). Unfortunately, there are no validated biomarkers able to predict SRNS at initial disease presentation. We hypothesized that a plasma cytokine panel could predict SRNS at disease presentation, and identify potential pathways regulating SRNS pathogenesis. Methods Paired plasma samples were collected from 26 children with steroid-sensitive NS (SSNS) and 14 with SRNS at NS presentation and after ∼7 weeks of GC therapy, when SSNS versus SRNS was clinically determined. Plasma cytokine profiling was performed with a panel of 27 cytokines. Results We identified 13 cytokines significantly different in Pretreatment SSNS versus SRNS samples. Statistical modeling identified a cytokine panel (interleukin [IL]-7, IL-9, monocyte chemoattractant protein–1 [MCP-1]) able to discriminate between SSNS and SRNS at disease presentation (receiver operating characteristic [ROC] value = 0.846; sensitivity = 0.643; specificity = 0.846). Furthermore, GC treatment resulted in significant decreases in plasma interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF-α), IL-7, IL-13, and IL-5 in both SSNS and SRNS patients. Conclusions These studies suggest that initial GC treatment of NS reduces the plasma cytokines secreted by both CD4+ TH1 cells and TH2 cells, as well as CD8+ T cells. Importantly, a panel of 3 cytokines (IL-7, IL-9, and MCP-1) was able to predict SRNS prior to GC treatment at disease presentation. Although these findings will benefit from validation in a larger cohort, the ability to identify SRNS at disease presentation could greatly benefit patients by enabling both avoidance of unnecessary GC-induced toxicity and earlier transition to more effective alternative treatments., Graphical abstract

Published
2021

7. Phase 1 study of spinal cord constraint relaxation with single session spine stereotactic radiosurgery in the primary management of patients with inoperable, previously irradiated metastatic epidural spinal cord compression

Author

Eric L. Chang, Amol J. Ghia, Tina Marie Briere, Jing Li, MaryFrances McAleer, Paul D. Brown, Nandita Guha-Thakurta, Laurence D. Rhines, Claudio E. Tatsui, Hadley J. Sharp, Stephen H. Settle, Juhee Song, and Peter F. Thall

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Cord, medicine.medical_treatment, Radiography, Phase 1, Metastases, Radiosurgery, Constraint relaxation, Spinal cord compression, Medicine, RC346-429, Orthopedic surgery, SBRT, business.industry, Cord compression, medicine.disease, Spinal cord, Spine, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cohort, Radiology, Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, business, Single session, RD701-811
Abstract

Background Patients with previously irradiated metastatic epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC) who are not surgical candidates are at high risk of neurologic deterioration due to disease in the setting of limited treatment options. We seek to establish the feasibility of using salvage spine stereotactic radiosurgery (SSRS) allowing for spinal cord dose constraint relaxation as the primary management of MESCC in inoperable patients monitoring for radiation related toxicity and radiographic local control (LC). Methods Inoperable patients with previously irradiated MESCC were enrolled on this prospective Phase 1 single institution protocol. Single fraction SSRS was delivered to a prescription dose of 18 Gy. Spinal cord constraint relaxation was performed incrementally from an initial allowable Dmax cohort of 8 Gy to 14 Gy in the final planned cohort. Patients were monitored every 3 months with follow-up visits and MRI scans. Results The trial was closed early due to slow accrual. From 2011 to 2014, 11 patients were enrolled of which 9 patients received SSRS. Five patients were in the 8 Gy cord Dmax cohort and 4 in the 10 Gy cord Dmax cohort. The median overall survival (OS) was 11.9 months (95% CI 7.1, 22 months). Of the 9 patients treated with SSRS, 1 died prior to post-SSRS evaluation. Of the remaining 8 patients, 5 experienced a local failure. Three of the five were treated with surgery while two received systemic therapy. Two of the five failures ultimately resulted in loss of neurologic function. The median LC was 9.1 months (95%CI 4.8, 20.1 months). With a median clinical follow-up of 6.8 months, there were no cases of RM. Conclusions Despite the limited life expectancy in this high-risk cohort of patients, strategies to optimize LC are necessary to prevent neurologic deterioration. Larger prospective trials exploring optimal dose/fractionation and cord constraints are required.

Published
2021

8. Predicting and Defining Steroid Resistance in Pediatric Nephrotic Syndrome Using Plasma Proteomics

Author

Shipra Agrawal, William E. Smoyer, Adam E. Gaweda, Richard F. Ransom, John D. Mahan, Larry A. Greenbaum, Michael E. Brier, Cynthia G. Pan, Denis F. Geary, Michael L. Merchant, Hiren P. Patel, Jiro Kino, Jessica Gooding, Daniel W. Wilkey, Keisha L. Gibson, Jon B. Klein, Susan Sumner, Myra L. Chang, Melinda A. Chanley, Franca M. Iorember, Patrick D. Brophy, Tarak Srivastava, and Ming Li

Subjects
Oncology, medicine.medical_specialty, Vitamin D-binding protein, 030232 urology & nephrology, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Proteomics, lcsh:RC870-923, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Sex hormone-binding globulin, proteomics, Internal medicine, Translational Research, medicine, Hypoalbuminemia, steroid resistance, Proteinuria, biology, Adiponectin, business.industry, nephrotic syndrome, biomarkers, medicine.disease, lcsh:Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology, 3. Good health, Nephrology, biology.protein, medicine.symptom, business, Nephrotic syndrome, Dyslipidemia
Abstract

Introduction: Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a characterized by massive proteinuria, edema, hypoalbuminemia, and dyslipidemia. Glucocorticoids (GCs), the primary therapy for >60 years, are ineffective in approximately 50% of adults and approximately 20% of children. Unfortunately, there are no validated biomarkers able to predict steroid-resistant NS (SRNS) or to define the pathways regulating SRNS. Methods: We performed proteomic analyses on paired pediatric NS patient plasma samples obtained both at disease presentation before glucocorticoid initiation and after approximately 7 weeks of GC therapy to identify candidate biomarkers able to either predict steroid resistance before treatment or define critical molecular pathways/targets regulating steroid resistance. Results: Proteomic analyses of 15 paired NS patient samples identified 215 prevalent proteins, including 13 candidate biomarkers that predicted SRNS before GC treatment, and 66 candidate biomarkers that mechanistically differentiated steroid-sensitive NS (SSNS) from SRNS. Ingenuity Pathway Analyses and protein networking pathways approaches further identified proteins and pathways associated with SRNS. Validation using 37 NS patient samples (24 SSNS/13 SRNS) confirmed vitamin D binding protein (VDB) and APOL1 as strong predictive candidate biomarkers for SRNS, and VDB, hemopexin (HPX), adiponectin (ADIPOQ), sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG), and APOL1 as strong candidate biomarkers to mechanistically distinguish SRNS from SSNS. Logistic regression analysis identified a candidate biomarker panel (VDB, ADIPOQ, and matrix metalloproteinase 2 [MMP-2]) with significant ability to predict SRNS at disease presentation (P = 0.003; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.78). Conclusion: Plasma proteomic analyses and immunoblotting of serial samples in childhood NS identified a candidate biomarker panel able to predict SRNS at disease presentation, as well as candidate molecular targets/pathways associated with clinical steroid resistance. Keywords: biomarkers, nephrotic syndrome, proteomics, steroid resistance

Published
2019

9. Poly-Target Selection Identifies Broad-Spectrum RNA Aptamers

Author

Jonathan L. Chang, Donald H. Burke, Phuong D.M. Nguyen, Margaret J. Lange, Khalid K. Alam, and Andrew W. Sawyer

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Mutation rate, cross-reactivity, Aptamer, Population, Mutant, selection, Computational biology, Biology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Article, law.invention, Broad spectrum, 03 medical and health sciences, RNA Aptamers, law, Drug Discovery, reverse transcriptase, education, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, drug resistance, 030102 biochemistry & molecular biology, SELEX, lcsh:RM1-950, RNA, aptamer, HIV, bioinformatics, broad-spectrum inhibitors, Phenotype, Reverse transcriptase, 3. Good health, 0104 chemical sciences, 030104 developmental biology, lcsh:Therapeutics. Pharmacology, Viral replication, Recombinant DNA, Molecular Medicine, Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment
Abstract

Aptamer selections often yield distinct subpopulations, each with unique phenotypes that can be leveraged for specialized applications. Although most selections aim to attain ever higher specificity, we sought to identify aptamers that recognize increasingly divergent primate lentiviral reverse transcriptases (RTs). We hypothesized that aptamer subpopulations in libraries pre-enriched against a single RT may exhibit broad-spectrum binding and inhibition, and we devised a multiplexed poly-target selection to elicit those phenotypes against a panel of primate lentiviral RTs. High-throughput sequencing and coenrichment/codepletion analysis of parallel and duplicate selection trajectories rapidly narrowed the list of candidate aptamers by orders of magnitude and identified dozens of priority candidates for further screening. Biochemical characterization validated a novel aptamer motif and several rare and unobserved variants of previously known motifs that inhibited recombinant RTs to varying degrees. These broad-spectrum aptamers also suppressed replication of viral constructs carrying phylogenetically diverse RTs. The poly-target selection and coenrichment/codepletion approach described herein is a generalizable strategy for identifying cross-reactivity among related targets from combinatorial libraries., Graphical Abstract

Published
2018

10. Intraoperative use of indocyanine green and trypan blue mixed with fibrin glue in the excision of periocular cystic lesions

Author

Eli L. Chang and Nariman S. Boyle

Subjects
Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, genetic structures, Case Report, macromolecular substances, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Cystic lesion, 0302 clinical medicine, lcsh:Ophthalmology, otorhinolaryngologic diseases, Medicine, Cyst, Trypan blue, Fibrin glue, GLUE, business.industry, Tissue fibrin glue, technology, industry, and agriculture, medicine.disease, Indocyanin green, Ophthalmology, chemistry, lcsh:RE1-994, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, business, Indocyanine green, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Orbital and periocular cysts
Abstract

Purpose This case series describes the use of tissue fibrin glue mixed with dye to facilitate the excision of eight orbital and periorbital cystic lesions of various complexity. Observations The fibrin glue was colored with indocyanine green dye (ICG) or trypan blue and injected intraoperatively into the lesions. The glue was then allowed to harden, and the lesions were excised. The dyed glue outlined the wall of the cysts, kept them formed and allowed for complete excision with ease. None of the cases had recurrence. As an observation, ICG showed superior delineation than trypan blue. Conclusionsand importance The use of colored fibrin glue is a helpful technique in the delineation and excision of cystic lesions. Delineating the wall of the cyst with the dyed glue simplified the surgery and prevented complications such as injury to surrounding vital structures and reduced the likelihood of recurrence. ICG may be superior to trypan blue but a comparative controlled study is needed to assess the difference.

Published
2020

11. The Technical and Economic Viability of Replacing n-type with p-type Wafers for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells

Author

Nathan L. Chang, Matthew Wright, Renate Egan, and Brett Hallam

Subjects
Materials science, business.industry, Critical factors, p-type, General Engineering, General Physics and Astronomy, General Chemistry, silicon heterojunction, lcsh:QC1-999, Cz silicon, General Energy, Economic viability, cost analysis, Silicon heterojunction, Cost analysis, Optoelectronics, General Materials Science, Wafer, business, uncertainty, Monte Carlo, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

Summary Silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells formed using n-type Cz silicon wafers are attracting increasing industrial interest. Cheaper p-type Cz silicon wafers can also be used to form SHJ cells; however, they achieve lower efficiencies. In this work, a Monte Carlo simulation approach is used to provide a comprehensive commercial comparison between n-type and p-type wafers, considering a wide range of uncertainty in the cost of production, the cost of the wafers, and cell performance. The most critical factors influencing the commercial comparison between wafer types were identified as the difference in cell efficiency, the difference in cost between n-type and p-type wafers, and the SHJ processing costs. The analysis provides a target for p-type SHJ solar cells of being within 0.4% absolute of that obtained with n-type wafers. This work motivates and sets research targets for the development of SHJ solar cells fabricated on p-type wafers.

Published
2020

12. Role of Laser Surgery in Treatment of OSA

Author

Jolie L. Chang and Andrew N. Goldberg

Subjects
Laser surgery, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, medicine, business, Surgery
Published
2020

13. Molecular mechanisms underlying effects of n−3 and n−6 fatty acids in cardiovascular diseases

Author

Chuchun L. Chang, Richard J. Deckelbaum, Hylde Zirpoli, and Denny Joseph Manual Kollareth

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, business.industry, food and beverages, Inflammation, Lipid signaling, Bioinformatics, chemistry, medicine, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Disease prevention, medicine.symptom, business, Adverse effect, Polyunsaturated fatty acid, Cause of death
Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of death worldwide. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly n−3 PUFA, are widely regarded as cardioprotective. We review and compare evidence on the benefits, and in some cases adverse effects, of n−3 and n−6 PUFA in cardiovascular disease prevention, and provide insight into potential molecular mechanisms of these benefits. Hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arrhythmic and anti-aggregatory properties of these fatty acids confer cardiovascular protection. Unresolved inflammation plays an important role in the progression of cardiovascular diseases. Specialized pro-resolving mediators, including resolvins, maresins, protectins, and lipoxins, produced by the oxygenation of n−3 and n−6 PUFA, play an important role in cardiovascular benefits mediated by PUFA. We also review current data on molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of these lipid mediators. Understanding molecular pathways of both n−3 and n−6 PUFA is important for advancing preventive and therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular diseases.

Published
2020

14. List of Contributors

Author

Lee M. Akst, Alexander K. Arrow, Mahmoud Issam Awad, Linda Benoist, Darius Bliznikas, C. Van Den Boer, Lauren Bonzelaar, Kevin Boyd, Scott E. Brietzke, Michel B. Cahali, Kenneth D. Candido, Robson Capasso, Jolie L. Chang, Courtney T. Chou, Nancy Collop, Robert T. Cristel, Stephanie Culver, Kai Desinger, Isaac Eliachar, David N.F. Fairbanks, Michael Friedman, Norman R. Friedman, Dragos M. Galusca, M. Boyd Gillespie, Yau Hong Goh, Andrew N. Goldberg, Katherine K. Green, Christian Guilleminault, Demin Han, Tod C. Huntley, Leh-Kiong Huon, Phillip Huyett, Amal Isaiah, Stacey L. Ishman, Ofer Jacobowitz, Ashutosh Kacker, George P. Katsantonis, Peggy E. Kelley, John Kelly, David Kent, Naomi Ketharanathan, Eric J. Kezirian, Peter J. Koltai, Yosef P. Krespi, Teresa M. Kusper, Hsueh-Yu Li, Yanru Li, Ho-Sheng Lin, Hsin-Ching Lin, Stanley Yung-Chuan Liu, Robert R. Lorenz, J Peter van Maanen, Eric A. Mair, Robert H. Maisel, Mario Mantovani, Joachim T. Maurer, Giuseppe Meccariello, Maria T. Messina-Doucet, Samantha J. Mikals, Samuel A. Mickelson, Ron B. Mitchell, Filippo Montevecchi, Harlan R. Muntz, Kenny P. Pang, Sanjay R. Parikh, Lorenzo Pignataro, Nelson B. Powell, J. Drew Prosser, Holly Rataiczak, Madeline J.L. Ravesloot, Robert W. Riley, Sam Robinson, Brian W. Rotenberg, Anna M. Salapatas, Lee Shangold, Jonathan R. Skirko, Ryan J. Soose, Jeffery T. Steitz, Boris A. Stuck, Erica R. Thaler, Dean M. Toriumi, Robert J. Troell, Mai Thy Troung, Claudio Vicini, David O. Volpi, Nico de Vries, Jun Wang, Tan Winston, B. Tucker Woodson, Kathleen L. Yaremchuk, JingYing Ye, Audrey Jung-Sun Yoon, and Souroush Zaghi

Published
2020

15. Spinal Cord Compression

Author

Chia-Lin Tseng, Mark Niglas, Simon S. Lo, Nicolas Dea, Arjun Sahgal, and Eric L. Chang

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Cancer, Disease, Diagnostic evaluation, medicine.disease, medicine.anatomical_structure, Quality of life, Spinal cord compression, medicine, Spinal canal, Radiology, Spinal metastases, business
Abstract

The spine is a common site of metastatic spread for many types of primary malignancies. Often, spinal metastases can cause significant pain and negative effects on quality of life. Devastating neurologic complications can also result from extension of disease into the spinal canal causing metastatic epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC). Therefore it is imperative that clinicians caring for patients with metastatic cancer be familiar with the clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment paradigms for MESCC. This chapter presents an overview of MESCC and recent evidence-based approaches to its management.

Published
2020

16. Management of Portal Hypertension

Author

Alex L. Chang and Shimul A. Shah

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Cirrhosis, business.industry, Decompression, medicine.medical_treatment, Disease, Liver transplantation, medicine.disease, Natural history, High complexity, Intervention (counseling), medicine, Portal hypertension, Intensive care medicine, business
Abstract

In recent centuries, an increasing understanding of the physiologic changes resulting in clinically significant portal hypertension has led to innumerable advances in the management of these patients. Highly morbid operative decompression has been largely replaced by medical therapy, endoscopic intervention, and endovascular techniques. A number of novel operations to relieve portal hypertension are still occasionally indicated due to the limited availability of liver transplantation. The high complexity of these patients requires a multidisciplinary approach with a clear understanding of both the natural history of cirrhosis and portal hypertension as well as the evolving techniques available to alter the progression of this disease.

Published
2019

17. All Aboard

Author

Deepak Kanojia, Julius W. Kim, Alan L. Chang, Aida Rashidi, Drew A. Spencer, Jason P. Murphy, Maciej S. Lesniak, Jacob S. Young, and Joshua Robert Kane

Subjects
Biodistribution, Stromal cell, biology, Mesenchymal stem cell, Cancer, medicine.disease, Viral vector, Oncolytic virus, Immunology, Cancer research, medicine, biology.protein, Virotherapy, Neutralizing antibody
Abstract

Modern virotherapy for the potential treatment of a wide array of human diseases, including cancer, has been investigated for its capacity to elicit therapeutic benefits by way of alterable genetic modification. And while immediate gains in the field have demonstrated pronounced efficacy in therapeutic potential, endogenous and preexisting neutralizing antibody responses hinder the delivery of these vectors. Even more so in the case of cancer therapeutic potential, limited biodistribution of such viral particles within the bulk of the tumor mass is observed. To circumvent these adversities in the delivery of a viral vector to the site of pathology, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells may be used to avoid immune stimulation with resultant vector clearance, to maximize the effective delivery potential, and to augment biodistribution ability in neoplastic tumor masses.

Published
2017

18. The Role of Regulatory T Cells and Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase in Brain Tumor Immunosuppression

Author

Mahua Dey, Jian Qiao, Maciej S. Lesniak, Jason Miska, and Alan L. Chang

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Brain tumor, hemic and immune systems, Clinical settings, Immunosuppression, Immunotherapy, medicine.disease, Treg depletion, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Glioma, Immunology, medicine, business, Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
Abstract

Malignant glioma induced immunosuppression is one of the major hurdles in the way of designing successful antiglioma therapy. Several factors, such as inhibitory dendritic cells (DCs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), inhibitory enzymes, and cytokines contribute to orchestrate a very redundant and potent immunosuppressive microenvironment. Two of the most influential and hence most studied players associated with glioma immunosuppression are Treg and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme, expressed by glioma cells and inhibitory plasmacytoid DCs. Several preclinical studies have shown that targeting Tregs and IDO is a successful and well-tolerated strategy of inducing potent antiglioma response. Based on these results, strategies of Treg depletion and targeting IDO have been tried in clinical settings. In this chapter, we review the literature summarizing the role of Tregs and IDO in glioma immunosuppression and outline the preclinical works, which led to the development of several successful clinical trials to overcome glioma immunosuppression and boost antiglioma immunotherapy.

Published
2017

19. Contributors

Author

Ali Abbas, Mansurah A. Abdulazeez, Abdulmalik S. Abdullahi, Yousef Abusamra, Gabriel Olaniran Adegoke, Oluyemisi Elizabeth Adelakun, Euloge S. Adjou, M.O. Afolabi, Naveed Ahmad, Nafees Ahmed, Nasir Al Awwad, Ahmed Al-Harrasi, Khalid M. Alkharfy, Abdolamir Allameh, Jackson Roberto Guedes da Silva Almeida, Saeed S. Al-Sokari, Demet Altindal, Nüket Altindal, Sunday J. Ameh, Ahmed M. Amerah, Shabana Y. Ansari, Farooq Anwar, Sirajudheen Anwar, Nor Azah Mohamad Ali, Raúl Avila-Sosa, J.F. Ayala-Zavala, Buniyamin A. Ayinde, Manjeshwar Shrinath Baliga, Arnaldo L. Bandoni, Enrique Barrajón-Catalán, Afshin Akhondzadeh Basti, Alaa El-Din Ahmed Bekhit, Harshith P. Bhat, Sanjib Bhattacharya, Rekha Boloor, J. Bouajila, Nuria Martí Bruñá, Gabriel A. Cardoso-Ugarte, Mahesh Chandra, Natarajan Chandrasekaran, Chiou L. Chang, Amit Chauhan, Qi-Xiong Chen, Eliton Chivandi, Su-Tze Chou, Teresa Soledad Cid-Pérez, Francesco Cimino, Wanjala W. Cornelius, Emmanoel Vilaça Costa, M.R. Cruz-Valenzuela, Rachael Dangarembizi, Kuntal Das, Jairus R.D. David, Manisha DebMandal, Eduardo Dellacassa, Irene Dini, Athula Ekanayake, Heriberto V. Elder, Seyed Ahmad Emami, Lauren A.E. Erland, Kennedy H. Erlwanger, Felix O. Evwiehurhoma, Evandro Fei Fang, H. Ferhout, Caio P. Fernandes, Avelina Franco-Vega, Hassan Gandomi, Gereziher Gebremedhin, Thomas George, Roberta Ghizzoni, Vijayalakshmi Ghosh, Mebrahtom Gibrelibanos, Anwar-ul-Hassan Gilani, María G. Goñi, G.A. González-Aguilar, Ivan R. Green, María S. Guala, Hongwei Guo, K.N. Gurudutt, Sofiane Habibatni, Yousef A. Hanani, Raghavendra Haniadka, D. Ben Hassine, Mohammad K. Hassanzadeh, Ángel Hernández, María Dolores Hernández, Hidayat Hussain, Ramakrishna Pai Jakribettu, Bolanle D. James, Mailina Jamil, Chee Beng Jin, María José Jordán, Rajesh K. Joshi, Asta Judžentienė, Ömer Cem Karakoç, Aman Karim, Ali Khanjari, D. Khlifi, Anastasios Koidis, Adam Kokotkiewicz, Isoko Kuriyama, Matìas O. Lapissonde, J.M. Leyva, Chun Li, Chih-Chien Lin, Qing X. Li, Xiaolin Li, Xiao-Wen Li, Kristina Ložienė, Domingo Saura López, Aurelio López-Malo, Maria Luczkiewicz, Qiu Lu, Soheil S. Mahmoud, José Guilherme S. Maia, Vera Krimer Malešević, G.R. Mallavarapu, Manisha Mandal, Shyamapada Mandal, Abdalbasit Adam Mariod, António Marques, Jing-Kun Miao, Vicente Micol, Yoshiyuki Mizushina, Aranzazu Morales-Soto, Caterina Morcia, María R. Moreira, Rosa Helena V. Mourão, Amitava Mukherjee, Zahra Tayarani Najaran, Maryam Nasery, Addí Rhode Navarro-Cruz, Guadalupe Virginia Nevárez-Moorillón, Tzi Bun Ng, Negin Noori, Maria Leonor Nunes, Trevor T. Nyakudya, Obiageri Obodozie-Ofoegbu, Bosede Folake Olanipekun, L.A. Ortega-Ramirez, Arthur C. Ouwehand, M. Ovando-Martínez, Olusegun James Oyelade, Rajendra Chandra Padalia, Enrique Palou, A.K. Pant, Yong-Lak Park, Ivana Peričin-Starčević, Gomathi Periasamy, Kaan Polatoğlu, Alejandra G. Ponce, Om Prakash, H. Punetha, Lu-ping Qin, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior, Jullyana de Sousa Siqueira Quintans, A.E. Quirós-Sauceda, Suzana Vieira Rabelo, Ljiljana Radulović-Popović, Manoj P. Rai, B.R. Rajeswara Rao, Mohamed F. Ramadan, E.G. Raoelison, Iraj Rasooli, D.S. Rawat, Najeeb U. Rehman, Fatima Reyes-Jurado, José-Luis Ríos, Leandro Rocha, I. Rodriguez-Garcia, Sara I. Roura, Antonella Saija, Ibrahim Sani, Antonio Segura-Carretero, Mađarev-Popovič Senka, Ying Shih, Rui-He Shi, B.A. Silva-Espinoza, Maria E. Sosa-Morales, Jose Antonio Sotomayor, Mohamed M. Soumanou, Antonio Speciale, Alexandros Ch Stratakos, Robert J. Strife, Saranya Sugumar, Yasmina Sultanbawa, K.V. Syamasundar, Jun-Hyung Tak, M.R. Tapia-Rodríguez, Bárbara Teixeira, Valeria Terzi, Andrew Thaliath, Luis Armando Candido Tietbohl, Laura Tomás-Menor, José Vinicio Torres-Muñoz, Giorgio Tumino, Catalina M. van Baren, Žužana Vaštag, F.J. Vazquez-Armenta, G.R. Velderrain-Rodríguez, Petras Rimantas Venskutonis, Ram Swaroop Verma, Mohamed E. Wagih, Jack Ho Wong, Wanzala Wycliffe, Alam Zeb, Gerhard N. Zehentbauer, and Cheng-jian Zheng

Published
2016

20. Detection of Colorectal Adenomas Using a Bioactivatable Probe Specific for Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity

Author

Karthik Devarajan, Wen-Chi L. Chang, Minhhuyen Nguyen, Harvey Hensley, Harry S. Cooper, and Margie L. Clapper

Subjects
Adenoma, Male, Cancer Research, Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Adenomatous polyposis coli, Colonoscopy, Matrix metalloproteinase, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, lcsh:RC254-282, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Animals, Fluorescent Dyes, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, medicine.diagnostic_test, medicine.disease, lcsh:Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, Matrix Metalloproteinases, Molecular Imaging, 3. Good health, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Disease Models, Animal, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, biology.protein, Biomarker (medicine), Immunohistochemistry, Female, Colorectal Neoplasms, Carcinogenesis, Ex vivo, Research Article
Abstract

A significant proportion of colorectal adenomas, in particular those that lack an elevated growth component, continue to escape detection during endoscopic surveillance. Elevation of the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a large family of zinc endopeptidases, in adenomas serves as a biomarker of early tumorigenesis. The goal of this study was to assess the feasibility of using a newly developed near-infrared bioactivatable probe (MMPSense 680) that reports the activity of a broad array of MMP isoforms to detect early colorectal adenomas. Adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc)+/Min-FCCC mice that spontaneously develop multiple colorectal adenomas were injected with MMPSense 680, and the colons were imaged in an IVIS Spectrum system ex vivo. Image analyses were correlated with histopathologic findings for all regions of interest (ROIs). The biochemical basis of fluorescent signal was investigated by immunohistochemical staining of MMP-7 and -9. A strong correlation (Kendall = 0.80) was observed between a positive signal and the presence of pathologically confirmed colonic adenomas; 92.9% of the 350 ROIs evaluated were classified correctly. The correlation between two independent observers was 0.87. MMP-7 expression was localized to epithelial cells of adenomas and microadenomas, whereas staining of MMP-9 was found in infiltrating polymorphonuclear leukocytes within the adenomas. MMPSense 680 identifies colorectal adenomas, both polypoid and nonpolypoid, in Apc+/Min-FCCC mice with high specificity. Use of this fluorescent probe in combination with colonoscopy could aid in preventing colorectal neoplasias by providing new opportunities for early detection and therapeutic intervention.

Published
2011

21. NeuroHIV and Use of Addictive Substances

Author

Ming D Li, Yufeng Wei, Sulie L. Chang, and Kaitlyn P. Connaghan

Subjects
education.field_of_study, business.industry, Addiction, media_common.quotation_subject, Population, virus diseases, Methamphetamine, medicine.disease, Substance abuse, Nicotine, Immunology, medicine, education, business, Viral load, Neurocognitive, Neuroinflammation, media_common, medicine.drug
Abstract

In the past three decades, substance abuse has been identified as a key comorbidity of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. Many studies have found that the use and abuse of addictive substances hastens the progression of HIV-1 infection and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Advances in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the mid-1990s have been successful in limiting the HIV-1 viral load and maintaining a relatively healthy immune response, allowing the life expectancy of patients infected with HIV to approach that of the general population. However, even with HAART, HIV-1 viral proteins are still expressed and eradication of the virus, particularly in the brain, the key reservoir organ, does not occur. In the post-HAART era, the clinical challenge in the treatment of HIV infection is inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS) and its subsequent neurological disorders. To date, various explicit and implicit connections have been identified between the neuronal circuitry involved in immune responses and brain regions affected by and implicated in substance abuse. This chapter discusses past and current medical uses of prototypical substances of abuse, including morphine, alcohol, cocaine, methamphetamine, marijuana, and nicotine, and the evidence that systemic infections, particularly HIV-1 infection, cause neurological dysfunction as a result of inflammation in the CNS, which can increase the risk of substance abuse.

Published
2014

23. Front matter

Author

A. Kotooussov, L. Chang, and L. Ye

Subjects
Engineering, business.industry, International congress, Forensic engineering, Structural integrity, business
Abstract

The APCF/SIF-2014 Congress uniting: Asian-Pacific Conference on Fracture and Strength (APCFS-2014) International Conference on Structural Integrity and Failure (SIF-2014). Darlington Campus, University of Sydney, Australia December 9 - 12, 2014.

Published
2014

24. Foreword

Author

L. Ye, A. Kotousov, and L. Chang

Published
2014

25. Study on load-related dynamic behavior of helical gears

Author

Geng Liu, L. Chang, and Li Yan Wu

Subjects
Engineering, business.industry, Work (physics), Stiffness, Tooth surface, Structural engineering, Contact model, Finite element method, Vibration, medicine, Light load, medicine.symptom, business, ComputingMethodologies_COMPUTERGRAPHICS, Transmission errors
Abstract

This work investigates the influences of manufacturing errors on the vibration of a helical gear pair under different load conditions. A combined finite element and analytical contact model is built to efficiently predict the mesh stiffness and loaded transmission error for gears with arbitrary tooth surface deviations. The proposed equivalent meshing error and mesh stiffness are both introduced as exciting forces to transform the time variant dynamic equations into time-invariant ones. It is found that the actual mesh stiffness will be altered and larger dynamic factors will be brought under light load conditions due to the manufacturing errors.

Published
2014

26. Urine

Author

M.-C. Huang, B.-L. Chang, C.H. Liao, and R.H. Liu

Published
2013

27. Contributors

Author

Folami Akintunji, Tor Austad, Lewis Brown, Harry L. Chang, Birol Dindoruk, Bradley Govreau, Russell T. Johns, S.I. Kam, S. Lee, Brian Marcotte, John M. Putnam, Alan Sheehy, Chonghui Shen, James J. Sheng, Shane Tapper, Krista Town, Bernard Tremblay, Alex Turta, Dongmei Wang, and Bob Zahner

Published
2013

28. ASP Process and Field Results

Author

Harry L. Chang

Subjects
Acid content, Background information, Pulmonary surfactant, Chemistry, Scientific method, Organic chemistry, Crude oil, humanities
Abstract

This chapter covers the alkaline surfactant–polymer (ASP) process and field results. Background information describing the history of alkaline, alkaline surfactant, alkaline polymer, and ASP flooding processes is given, followed by a review of the requirement of high acid content in the crude oil for these processes to be effective.

Published
2013

29. Metastatic Brain Tumors

Author

Frederick F. Lang, Eric L. Chang, Dima Suki, David M. Wildrick, and Raymond Sawaya

Published
2011

30. Treatment of Disseminated Melanoma

Author

Patrick A. Ott, Jason L. Chang, and Anna C. Pavlick

Subjects
business.industry, Melanoma, Cancer research, medicine, medicine.disease, business
Published
2011

32. Contributors

Author

Andrea Abati, Daniel A. Arber, Çiğdem Atayar, Adam Bagg, Barbara J. Bain, Todd S. Barry, Michael J. Borowitz, Pierre Brousset, Russell K. Brynes, Francisca I. Camacho, Elias Campo, Ignacio Chacón, R.S.K. Chaganti, Alexander C.L. Chan, John K.C. Chan, Wing C. (John) Chan, Karen L. Chang, Wah Cheuk, Joseph M. Connors, Fiona E. Craig, Miguel Ángel de la Cruz Mora, Georges Delsol, Miroslav Djokic, Lyn McDivitt Duncan, Kojo S.J. Elenitoba-Johnson, Fabio Facchetti, Falko Fend, Judith A. Ferry, Armando C. Filie, Kathryn Foucar, Juan F. García, Randy D. Gascoyne, Philippe Gaulard, Timothy C. Greiner, Katherine S. Hamilton, Nancy Lee Harris, Robert P. Hasserjian, David R. Head, Amy Heerema-McKenney, Hans-Peter Horny, Jane Houldsworth, Eric D. Hsi, Robert E. Hutchison, Elizabeth Hyjek, Peter G. Isaacson, Elaine S. Jaffe, Ronald Jaffe, Pedro Jares, Dan Jones, Marshall E. Kadin, Young Hyeh Ko, Steven H. Kroft, Shimareet Kumar, Laurence Lamant-Rochaix, Philip E. LeBoit, Laurence de Leval, Megan S. Lim, Robert W. McKenna, L. Jeffrey Medeiros, Manuela Mollejo, Karen Dyer Montgomery, Gouri Nanjangud, Yasodha Natkunam, Beverly P. Nelson, Phuong L. Nguyen, Dennis P. O’Malley, Attilio Orazi, German Ott, Nallasivam Palanisamy, LoAnn C. Peterson, Miguel A. Piris, Stefania Pittaluga, Sibrand Poppema, Anna Porwit, Priv.Doz.Dr. Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez, Frederick Karl Racke, Mark Raffeld, Elisabeth Ralfkiaer, Sherif A. Rezk, Nancy S. Rosenthal, Jonathan Said, Bertram Schnitzer, Reiner Siebert, Karl Sotlar, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, John L. Sullivan, Steven H. Swerdlow, Peter Valent, James W. Vardiman, David S. Viswanatha, Roger A. Warnke, Edward G. Weir, Lawrence M. Weiss, Carla S. Wilson, Bruce A. Woda, Constance M. Yuan, and Fan Zhou

Published
2011

33. Contributors

Author

Bizhan Aarabi, Rick Abbott, Saleem I. Abdulrauf, Frank L. Acosta, John R. Adler, Nzhde Agazaryan, Manish Aghi, Edward S. Ahn, Ali Alaraj, Gregory W. Albert, Leland Albright, Felipe C. Albuquerque, Tord D. Alden, Michael J. Alexander, Andrei V. Alexandrov, Ossama Al-Mefty, Ron L. Alterman, Lázaro Álvarez, Nduka M. Amankulor, Peter S. Amenta, Christopher P. Ames, Sepideh Amin-Hanjani, Mario Ammirati, Carryn Anderson, Richard C.E. Anderson, William S. Anderson, Peter D. Angevine, Hiba Arif, Jeffrey E. Arle, Rocco Armonda, Paul M. Arnold, Kaveh Asadi-Moghaddam, Ferhan A. Asghar, William W. Ashley, Sabri Aydin, Nafi Aygun, Joachim M. Baehring, Jacob H. Bagley, Diaa Bahgat, Julian E. Bailes, Jonathon R. Ball, Gordon H. Baltuch, Nicholas C. Bambakidis, Scott C. Baraban, Igor J. Barani, Nicholas M. Barbaro, Frederick G. Barker, Gene H. Barnett, Stanley L. Barnwell, Constance M. Barone, Daniel L. Barrow, Fabrice Bartolomei, Juan Bartolomei, Tracy T. Batchelor, H. Hunt Batjer, Andrew M. Bauer, Joel A. Bauman, Thomas K. Baumann, James E. Baumgartner, John Bayouth, Andrew Beaumont, Joshua B. Bederson, Rudolf Beisse, Randy S. Bell, Allan Belzberg, Alim Louis Benabid, Eduardo E. Benarroch, Abdelhamid Benazzouz, Bernard R. Bendok, Edward C. Benzel, Alejandro Berenstein, Mitchel S. Berger, Marvin Bergsneider, Helmut Bertalanffy, Tarun Bhalla, Dani S. Bidros, José Biller, Mark H. Bilsky, Devin K. Binder, William Bingaman, Rolfe Birch, Allen T. Bishop, Peter M. Black, Jeffrey P. Blount, Peter C. Blumbergs, Leif-Erik Bohman, Zackary E. Boomsaad, Frederick A. Boop, Pascal Bou-Haidar, Daniel R. Boué, Blaise F.D. Bourgeois, Robin M. Bowman, Oliver Bozinov, Helen M. Bramlett, Henry Brem, Steven Brem, Gavin W. Britz, Douglas L. Brockmeyer, David J. Brooks, Samuel R. Browd, Paul D. Brown, Robert D. Brown, Jeffrey N. Bruce, Janice E. Brunstrom-Hernandez, John Buatti, M. Ross Bullock, Kim J. Burchiel, Peter C. Burger, Marc R. Bussière, Mohamad Bydon, Richard W. Byrne, Maria Elisa Calcagnotto, Victoria A. Campbell, William Campbell, George M. Cannon, Louis P. Caragine, Benjamin S. Carson, Gregory D. Cascino, Ethan Cascio, Frédéric Castinetti, C. Michael Cawley, Justin S. Cetas, Stéphan Chabardès, Edward F. Chang, Eric C. Chang, Eric L. Chang, Steven D. Chang, Steven W. Chang, Susan M. Chang, Kevin Chao, Paul H. Chapman, Fady T. Charbel, Patrick Chauvel, Grace Chen, Boyle C. Cheng, Joseph S. Cheng, Joshua J. Chern, E. Antonio Chiocca, Ondrej Choutka, Shakeel A. Chowdhry, Cindy W. Christian, Kathy Chuang, Jan Claassen, Richard E. Clatterbuck, Elizabeth B. Claus, Daniel R. Cleary, Robert J. Coffey, Alan R. Cohen, Andrew J. Cole, E. Sander Connolly, Patrick J. Connolly, Anne G. Copay, Jeroen R. Coppens, James J. Corbett, Daniel M. Corcos, Domagoj Coric, Garth Rees Cosgrove, William T. Couldwell, Stirling Craig, Neil R. Crawford, Peter B. Crino, R. Webster Crowley, Bradford A. Curt, Marek Czosnyka, Zofia Czosnyka, Vladimir Y. Dadashev, Andrew T. Dailey, Deepa Danan, Shabbar F. Danish, Shervin R. Dashti, Carlos A. David, David J. David, Arthur L. Day, Antonio A.F. De Salles, Amir R. Dehdashti, Oscar H. Del Brutto, Johnny B. Delashaw, Bradley Delman, Mahlon R. DeLong, Franco DeMonte, Sanjay S. Dhall, Mark S. Dias, Curtis A. Dickman, W. Dalton Dietrich, Michael L. DiLuna, Francesco Di Meco, Peter Dirks, C. Edward Dixon, Jacob A. Donoghue, Ian G. Dorward, Amish H. Doshi, James Drake, Dan Drzymalski, Rose Du, Andrew Ducruet, Ann-Christine Duhaime, Aaron S. Dumont, Christopher D. Duntsch, Joshua R. Dusick, Suzan Dyve, James Eberwine, Paula Eboli, Robert D. Ecker, Richard J. Edwards, Marc E. Eichler, Doortje C. Engel, Nancy E. Epstein, Matthew G. Ewend, Hamad Farhat, Christopher J. Farrell, Michael G. Fehlings, Iman Feiz-Erfan, Neil A. Feldstein, Richard G. Fessler, Juan J. Figueroa, Aaron G. Filler, J. Max Findlay, Michael A. Finn, David J. Fiorella, James L. Fisher, Robert S. Fisher, Eugene S. Flamm, James D. Fleck, Kelly D. Flemming, John C. Flickinger, Laura Flores-Sarnat, Kenneth A. Follett, Kelly D. Foote, Daryl R. Fourney, Valerie Fraix, James L. Frazier, Itzhak Fried, Allan H. Friedman, William A. Friedman, Gerhard M. Friehs, Donald E. Fry, Gregory N. Fuller, Hector H. Garcia, Paul A. Gardner, Mark Garrett, Hugh Garton, Cormac G. Gavin, Alisa D. Gean, Thomas A. Gennarelli, Venelin Gerganov, Anand V. Germanwala, Massimo Gerosa, Elizabeth R. Gerstner, Peter C. Gerszten, Saadi Ghatan, Samer Ghostine, Steven Giannotta, Paul R. Gigante, Frank Gilliam, Holly Gilmer-Hill, Albert Gjedde, Roberta P. Glick, Ziya L. Gokaslan, Yakov Gologorsky, Kiarash Golshani, Nestor R. Gonzalez, James Tait Goodrich, Tessa Gordon, Alessandra A. Gorgulho, Liliana C. Goumnerova, M. Sean Grady, Jordan Grafman, Sylvie Grand, Gerald A. Grant, Gregory P. Graziano, Benjamin Greenberg, James Guest, Abhijit Guha, Murat Günel, Gaurav Gupta, Nalin Gupta, Jorge Guridi, Barton L. Guthrie, Georges F. Haddad, Michael M. Haglund, Regis W. Haid, Stephen J. Haines, Clement Hamani, Bronwyn E. Hamilton, D. Kojo Hamilton, Todd C. Hankinson, Leo T. Happel, Ihtsham Ul Haq, Raqeeb Haque, Robert E. Harbaugh, Ciara D. Harraher, Leo Harris, James S. Harrop, Wael Hassaneen, Cynthia Hawkins, Gregory W.J. Hawryluk, Neal G. Haynes, Robert F. Heary, Amy B. Heimberger, Mary M. Heinricher, Thomas M. Hemmen, Jaimie M. Henderson, Roberto C. Heros, Karl Herrup, Shawn L. Hervey-Jumper, Gregory G. Heuer, Lawrence J. Hirsch, Robert Hirschl, Brian L. Hoh, Daniel J. Hoh, Eric C. Holland, Paul E. Holtzheimer, L. Nelson Hopkins, Philip J. Horner, David A. Hovda, Matthew A. Howard, Patrick Hsieh, Yin C. Hu, Sherwin E. Hua, Jason H. Huang, Judy Huang, Samuel A. Hughes, Thierry A.G.M. Huisman, Matthew A. Hunt, R. John Hurlbert, Robert W. Hurst, Anita Huttner, Steven W. Hwang, Ioannis U. Isaias, Bermans J. Iskandar, Arun Jacob, Kurt A. Jaeckle, Jay Jagannathan, Regina I. Jakacki, George I. Jallo, John A. Jane, Ryan Janicki, Damir Janigro, N u Owase Jeelani, Kurt A. Jellinger, Arthur L. Jenkins, Sarah Jernigan, David F. Jimenez, Conrad E. Johanson, J. Patrick Johnson, Matthew D. Johnson, G. Alexander Jones, Rajni K. Jutla, Koijan Singh Kainth, Michael G. Kaiser, U. Kumar Kakarla, Iain H. Kalfas, Aleksandrs Uldis Kalnins, Hideyuki Kano, Yucel Kanpolat, Adam S. Kanter, Reza J. Karimi, Amin B. Kassam, Bruce A. Kaufman, Christian B. Kaufman, Hiroto Kawasaki, Brian C. Kelley, Christopher P. Kellner, Nicole C. Keong, John R.W. Kestle, Alexander A. Khalessi, Nadia Khan, Vini G. Khurana, Daniel H. Kim, Dong Gyu Kim, Dong H. Kim, Jong Hyun Kim, Louis J. Kim, Paul K. Kim, Thomas Aquinas Kim, Won Kim, James A.J. King, Ryan S. Kitagawa, Neil D. Kitchen, Paul Klimo, David G. Kline, Kazutaka Kobayashi, Patrick M. Kochanek, Douglas Kondziolka, Paul N. Kongkham, Tyler R. Koski, Thomas Kosztowski, Paul Krack, Joachim K. Krauss, Michael A. Kraut, Niklaus Krayenbühl, Thomas Kretschmer, Ajit Krishnaney, Charles Kuntz, Jeffrey V. Kuo, Brian K. Kwon, Nadia N. Issa Laack, Shivanand P. Lad, Alim M. Ladha, Amos K. Ladouceur, Arthur M. Lam, Frederick F. Lang, Giuseppe Lanzino, Sean D. Lavine, Edward R. Laws, Michael T. Lawton, Adrian W. Laxton, Tuong H. Le, Jean François LeBas, Brett D. Lebed, Richard L. Lebow, Amy Lee, Ian Lee, Seon-Kyu Lee, Emily Lehmann, James W. Leiphart, Gregory P. Lekovic, Frederick A. Lenz, Jeffrey R. Leonard, Peter D. LeRoux, Marc Lévêque, Allan D. Levi, Elad I. Levy, Linda M. Liau, Jason Liauw, Roger Lichtenbaum, Terry Lichtor, David D. Limbrick, Hester Lingsma, Michael J. Link, Mark E. Linskey, Brian Litt, Zachary N. Litvack, James K.C. Liu, Kenneth C. Liu, Jay S. Loeffler, Christopher M. Loftus, Russell R. Lonser, Angeliki Louvi, Andres M. Lozano, Daniel C. Lu, Rimas V. Lukas, L. Dade Lunsford, Neal Luther, Pedro Lylyk, Andrew I.R. Maas, R. Loch Macdonald, Andre Machado, Raul Macias, Robert J. Maciunas, Brian N. Maddux, Pierre Magistretti, Martijn J.A. Malessy, Neil R. Malhotra, Donald A. Malone, Adam N. Mamelak, Christopher E. Mandigo, Francesco T. Mangano, Allen H. Maniker, Geoffrey T. Manley, Daniel Marchac, Anthony Marmarou, Joseph C. Maroon, Lawrence F. Marshall, Neil A. Martin, Timothy J. Martin, Alexander M. Mason, Marlon S. Mathews, Helen S. Mayberg, James P. McAllister, J. Gordon McComb, Paul C. McCormick, Ian E. McCutcheon, Michael W. McDermott, Cameron G. McDougall, Matthew McGehee, Cameron C. McIntyre, Guy M. McKhann, M. Sean McKisic, David F. Meaney, Minesh P. Mehta, Vivek Mehta, William P. Melega, Arnold H. Menezes, Patrick Mertens, Fredric B. Meyer, Scott A. Meyer, Philip M. Meyers, Costas Michaelides, Karine Michaud, Rajiv Midha, Vincent J. Miele, Jonathan Miller, Matthew L. Miller, Neil R. Miller, John Mitrofanis, Kevin Y. Miyashiro, J. Mocco, Michael T. Modic, Parham Moftakhar, Avinash Mohan, Stephen J. Monteith, Jacques J. Morcos, Michael Morgan, David E. Morris, S. David Moss, J. Paul Muizelaar, Karim Mukhida, Praveen V. Mummaneni, Gregory J.A. Murad, Karin Muraszko, Antônio C.M. Mussi, Imad Najm, Peter Nakaji, Sandra Narayanan, David W. Newell, M. Kelly Nicholas, Yasunari Niimi, Shahid M. Nimjee, Ajay Niranjan, Richard B. North, Josef Novotny, Turo Nurmikko, Samuel E. Nutt, W. Jerry Oakes, José A. Obeso, Alfred T. Ogden, Lissa Ogieglo, Christopher S. Ogilvy, David O. Okonkwo, Michael S. Okun, Edward H. Oldfield, Alessandro Olivi, Stephen E. Olvey, David Omahen, Brent O'Neill, Rod J. Oskouian, Robert Owen, Koray Özduman, Ali Kemal Ozturk, M. Necmettin Pamir, Dachling Pang, Jamie Pardini, Andrew D. Parent, T.S. Park, Michael D. Partington, Aman B. Patel, Parag G. Patil, Nicola Pavese, Richard D. Penn, Noel I. Perin, John A. Persing, Erika A. Petersen, Anthony L. Petraglia, Brigitte Piallat, Joseph H. Piatt, John D. Pickard, Joseph M. Piepmeier, Webster H. Pilcher, José Pineda, Joseph D. Pinter, Mary L. Pisculli, Thomas Pittman, Ian F. Pollack, Pierre Pollak, Bruce E. Pollock, Francisco A. Ponce, Alyx B. Porter, Randall W. Porter, Kalmon D. Post, Alexander K. Powers, Mark R. Proctor, Robert W. Prost, Jeffrey Pugh, Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa, Corey Raffel, Sharad Rajpal, Leonardo Rangel-Castilla, Ganesh Rao, Ahmed Raslan, Peter A. Rasmussen, Dibyendu K. Ray, Shaan M. Raza, Davis L. Reames, Chandan G. Reddy, Andy J. Redmond, Jean Régis, Peter L. Reilly, Dominique Renier, Daniel K. Resnick, Renee Reynolds, Ali R. Rezai, Laurence D. Rhines, Albert L. Rhoton, Teresa Ribalta, R. Mark Richardson, Daniele Rigamonti, Gregory J. Riggins, Jay Riva-Cambrin, Paolo Rizzo, David W. Roberts, Claudia Robertson, Lawrence Robinson, Shenandoah Robinson, Pierre-Hugues Roche, Mark A. Rockoff, Gerald E. Rodts, Pantaleo Romanelli, Mark L. Rosenblum, Joshua M. Rosenow, Michael K. Rosner, Eric S. Rovner, Christina L. Runge-Samuelson, Stephen M. Russell, James T. Rutka, Oren Sagher, Eric G. St. Clair, Madjid Samii, Prakash Sampath, Srinath Samudrala, Nader Sanai, Robert A. Sanford, Paul Santiago, Teresa Santiago-Sim, Harvey B. Sarnat, Raymond Sawaya, W. Michael Scheld, Wouter I. Shirzadi, Nicholas D. Schiff, Clemens M. Schirmer, David Schlesinger, Meic H. Schmidt, Joost W. Schouten, Johannes Schramm, Thomas C. Schuler, James M. Schuster, Theodore H. Schwartz, Judith A. Schwartzbaum, Patrick M. Schweder, R. Michael Scott, Eric Seigneuret, Nathan R. Selden, Warren R. Selman, Christopher I. Shaffrey, Manish N. Shah, Kiarash Shahlaie, William R. Shapiro, Deepak Sharma, Jason P. Sheehan, Jonas M. Sheehan, Arun K. Sherma, James M. Shiflett, Helen A. Shih, Jay L. Shils, Alexander Y. Shin, Ali Shirzadi, Adnan H. Siddiqui, Marc Sindou, Konstantin V. Slavin, Edward R. Smith, Justin S. Smith, Yoland Smith, Matthew D. Smyth, Penny K. Sneed, Brian J. Snyder, Kenneth V. Snyder, Robert A. Solomon, Volker K.H. Sonntag, Leif Sørensen, Sulpicio G. Soriano, Mark M. Souweidane, Julian Spears, David Spencer, Dennis D. Spencer, Robert F. Spetzler, Robert J. Spinner, Brett R. Stacey, William C. Stacey, Robert M. Starke, Philip A. Starr, Gary K. Steinberg, Frederick L. Stephens, Barney J. Stern, Charles B. Stevenson, Eric Stiner, Scellig Stone, Nicole L. Stroud, Robert Morgan Stuart, Brian R. Subach, Patrick A. Sugrue, Dima Suki, Wale A.R. Sulaiman, Daniel L. Surdell, William W. Sutherling, Leslie N. Sutton, Omar N. Syed, Michele Tagliati, Yasushi Takagi, Rafael J. Tamargo, Caroline C. Tan, Nitin Tandon, Marcos Tatagiba, Michael D. Taylor, Steven A. Telian, Charles Teo, Jeffrey M. Tessier, Khoi D. Than, Kamal Thapar, Nicholas Theodore, B. Gregory Thompson, Robert Tiel, Tarik Tihan, Ann Tilton, Shelly D. Timmons, Maria Toledo, Tadanori Tomita, Nestor D. Tomycz, Napoleon Torres, Charles P. Toussaint, Bruce D. Trapp, Vincent C. Traynelis, R. Shane Tubbs, Luis M. Tumialán, Allan R. Tunkel, Atsushi Umemura, Alexander R. Vaccaro, Koen van Besien, Jerrold L. Vitek, Kenneth P. Vives, Timothy W. Vogel, Michael A. Vogelbaum, Dennis G. Vollmer, Gretchen K. Von Allmen, Kajetan L. von Eckardstein, P. Ashley Wackym, Mark Wainwright, Ben Waldau, Marion L. Walker, M. Christopher Wallace, Brian Walsh, Huan Wang, Michael Y. Wang, Vincent Y. Wang, Ronald E. Warnick, Sharon Webb, Ralf Weigel, Robert J. Weil, Jon D. Weingart, Bryce Weir, Martin Weiss, Nirit Weiss, William C. Welch, John C. Wellons, Hung Tzu Wen, Christian Wess, G. Alexander West, Nicholas M. Wetjen, Robert G. Whitmore, Louis A. Whitworth, Thomas Wichmann, Joseph L. Wiemels, Eelco F.M. Wijdicks, Adam C. Wilberger, Jack Wilberger, David M. Wildrick, Jason Wilson, Christopher J. Winfree, H. Richard Winn, Christopher Wolfla, Eric T. Wong, Peter J. Wormald, Margaret Wrensch, Neill M. Wright, Zachary Wright, David Yam, Shinya Yamada, Yoshiya Yamada, Isaac Yang, Victor X.D. Yang, Tom Yao, Chun-Po Yen, H. Kwang Yeoh, Yasuhiro Yonekawa, Alice Yoo, David M. Yousem, Eric C. Yuen, Joseph M. Zabramski, Andrew C. Zacest, J. Christopher Zacko, Gabriel Zada, Ross Zafonte, Eric L. Zager, Hasan A. Zaidi, Hekmat Zarzour, Vasilios A. Zerris, Justin A. Zivin, John G. Zovickian, Alexander Y. Zubkov, and Marike Zwienenberg-Lee

Published
2011

34. Lymph Nodes

Author

Daniel A. Arber, Karen L. Chang, and Lawrence M. Weiss

Subjects
Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Medicine, Lymph, business
Published
2009

35. Contributors

Author

Charles A. Amezcua, Mahul B. Amin, Daniel A. Arber, Sylvia L. Asa, James B. Atkinson, Paul L. Auclair, Michael J. Becich, David G. Bostwick, Thomas W. Bouldin, Allen Burke, R. Tucker Burks, Norman J. Carr, John K.C. Chan, Karen L. Chang, Liang Cheng, Richard J. Cote, Antonio L. Cubilla, David J. Dabbs, Stephen J. DeArmond, John N. Eble, Gary L. Ellis, Robert A. Erlandson, Juan C. Felix, Wendy L. Frankel, Noriyoshi Fukushima, David A. Gaskin, John R. Gilbertson, William C. Gross, Farnaz Hasteh, Debra Hawes, David R. Hinton, Ralph H. Hruban, Mahlon D. Johnson, Cynthia G. Kaplan, Michael N. Koss, Michael Kyriakos, Sean K. Lau, David Lewin, Klaus J. Lewin, Grace Lin, Kurt Matthews, Isabelle Meiers, Martin C. Mihm, Anirban P. Mitra, Cesar A. Moran, Christopher A. Moskaluk, Lucien E. Nochomovitz, David A. Owen, Anil V. Parwani, Zdena Pavlova, Michael Peterson, Robert E. Petras, José Antonio Plaza, Victor G. Prieto, Mahendra Ranchod, Narsing A. Rao, Joseph A. Regezi, Mary Richardson, Robert R. Rickert, William B. Ross, Sharda G. Sabnis, Eric Schubert, Shan-Rong Shi, Jeffrey P. Simko, Leslie H. Sobin, Somsiri Sukavatcharin, Saul Suster, Pheroze Tamboli, Clive R. Taylor, Lester D.R. Thompson, Satish K. Tickoo, Thomas A. Tousseyn, David B. Troxel, Loretta L.Y. Tse, Renu Virmani, M. Kay Washington, Noel Weidner, Lawrence M. Weiss, Bruce M. Wenig, William O. Whetsell, Sharon P. Wilczynski, Robb E. Wilentz, Tai-Yuen Wong, and Thomas C. Wright

Published
2009

36. Vertebral Metastases and Spinal Cord Compression

Author

Deborah A. Kuban, Eric L. Chang, Ian E. McCutcheon, Prajnan Das, George H. Perkins, Nora A. Janjan, Edward H. Lin, and Sunil Krishnan

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Spinal cord compression, Medicine, Radiology, business, medicine.disease
Published
2009

37. CONTRIBUTORS

Author

Judith A. Aberg, Amy P. Abernethy, Janet L. Abrahm, Michael Adolph, Michael Aherne, K. Allsopp, Rogelio Altisent, Carmen Fernandez Alvarez, Pablo Amigo, Wendy G. Anderson, Sik Kim Ang, Tiziana Antonelli, John Armstrong, Wendy S. Armstrong, Robert M. Arnold, Pilar Arranz, Koen Augustyns, Isabel Barreiro-Meiro Sáenz-Diez, Pilar Barreto, Debra Barton, Ursula Bates, Maria B. Fernandez-Creuchet Santos, Jacinto Bátiz, Costantino Benedetti, Nabila Bennani-Baiti, Michael I. Bennett, Kevin Berger, Mamta Bhatnagar, Lesley Bicanovsky, Lynda Blue, Barton Bobb, Jean-Jacques Body, Gian Domenico Borasio, Claudia Borreani, Federico Bozzetti, Valentina Bozzetti, Jason Braybrooke, William Breitbart, Barry Bresnihan, Bert Broeckaert, Eduardo Bruera, Kay Brune, Bradley Buckhout, Phyllis N. Butow, Ira Byock, Anthony Byrne, Clare Byrne, Beryl E. Cable-Williams, Sarah E. Callin, David Casarett, David Casper, Eric J. Cassell, Barrie Cassileth, Emanuele Castagno, Carlos Centeno, Walter Ceranski, Lucas Ceulemans, Meghna Chadha, Bruce H. Chamberlain, Eric L. Chang, Victor T. Chang, Harvey Max Chochinov, Edward Chow, Grace Christ, Katherine Clark, Stephen Clarke, Josephine M. Clayton, James F. Cleary, Lawrence J. Clein, Katri Elina Clemens, Libby Clemens, Robert Colebunders, Steven R. Connor, Viviane Conraads, Colm Cooney, Massimo Costantini, Azucena Couceiro, Holly Covington, John D. Cowan, Patrick Coyne, Garnet Crawford, Brian Creedon, Hilary Cronin, Garret Cullen, Jennifer E. Cummings, David C. Currow, Paul J. Daeninck, Pamela Dalinis, Prajnan Das, Mellar P. Davis, Sara N. Davison, Catherine Deamant, Liliana de Lima, Conor P. Delany, Peter Demeulenaere, Lena Dergham, Noël Derycke, Rajeev Dhupar, Mario Dicato, Edwin D. Dickerson, Andrew Dickman, Maria Dietrich, Pamela Dixon, Philip C. Dodd, James T. D'Olimpio, Per Dombernowsky, Michael Dooley, Deborah Dudgeon, Geoffrey P. Dunn, David Dunwoodie, Jane Eades, Badi El Osta, Katja Elbert-Avila, John Ellershaw, Bassam Estfan, Louise Exton, Alysa Fairchild, Matthew Farrelly, Konrad Fassbender, Jason Faulhaber, Kenneth C.H. Fearon, Lynda E. Fenelon, Peter F. Ferson, Petra Feyer, Marilene Filbet, Pam Firth, Susan F. FitzGerald, Hugh D. Flood, Francesca Crippa Floriani, Paul J. Ford, Barry Fortner, Darlene Foth, Bridget Fowler, Karen Frame, Thomas G. Fraser, Fred Frost, Michael J. Fulham, Pierre R. Gagnon, Lisa M. Gallagher, Maureen Gambles, Subhasis K. Giri, Paul Glare, Cynthia R. Goh, Xavier Gómez-Batiste, Leah Gramlich, Luigi Grassi, Phyllis A. Grauer, Claire Green, Gareth Griffiths, Yvona Griffo, Hunter Groninger, David A. Gruenewald, Jyothirmai Gubili, Terence L. Gutgsell, Elizabeth Gwyther, Paul S. Haber, Achiel Haemers, Mindi C. Haley, Mazen A. Hanna, Janet R. Hardy, Jodie Haselkorn, Katherine Hauser, Cathy Heaven, Michael Herman, Jørn Herrstedt, Stephen Higgins, Irene J. Higginson, Joanne M. Hilden, Kathryn L. Hillenbrand, Burkhard Hinz, Jade Homsi, Kerry Hood, Juliet Y. Hou, Guy Hubens, Peter Hudson, John G. Hughes, John Hunt, Craig A. Hurwitz, James Ibinson, Nora Janjan, Birgit Jaspers, Thomas Jehser, A. Mark Joffe, Laurence John, Jennie Johnstone, J. Stephen Jones, Javier R. Kane, Matthew T. Karafa, Andrew P. Keaveny, Dorothy M.K. Keefe, Catherine McVearry Kelso, Rose Anne Kenny, Martina Kern, Dilara Seyidova Khoshknabi, Jordanka Kirkova, Kenneth L. Kirsh, David W. Kissane, Eberhard Klaschik, Seref Komurcu, Kandice Kottke-Marchant, Kathryn M. Kozell, Sunil Krishnan, Deborah Kuban, Damian A. Laber, Ruth L. Lagman, Rajesh V. Lalla, Deforia Lane, Philip J. Larkin, Wael Lasheen, Peter Lawlor, Susan B. LeGrand, Vincent Lens, Dona Leskuski, Pamela Levack, Marcia Levetown, Jeanne G. Lewandowski, William R. Lewis, S. Lawrence Librach, Wendy G. Lichtenthal, J. Norelle Lickiss, Stefano Lijoi, Edward Lin, Arthur G. Lipman, Jean-Michel Livrozet, Mari Lloyd-Williams, Richard M. Logan, Francisco López-Lara Martín, Charles L. Loprinzi, John Loughnane, Michael Lucey, Laurie Lyckholm, Carol Macmillan, Frances Mair, Stephen N. Makoni, Bushra Malik, Kevin Malone, Marco Maltoni, Aruna Mani, Lucille R. Marchand, Darren P. Mareiniss, Anna L. Marsland, Joan Marston, Julia Romero Martinez, Isabel Martínez de Ubago, Lina M. Martins, Timothy S. Maughan, Catriona Mayland, Susan E. McClement, Ian McCutcheon, Michael F. McGee, Neil McGill, Stephen McNamara, Mary Lynn McPherson, Henry McQuay, Regina McQuillan, Robert E. McQuown, Michelle Meiring, Sebastiano Mercadante, Elaine C. Meyer, Randy D. Miller, Yvonne Millerick, Roberto Miniero, Armin Mohamed, Busi Mooka, Helen M. Morrison, J. Cameron Muir, Fiona Mulcahy, Hugh E. Mulcahy, Monica Muller, H. Christof Müller-Busch, Scott A. Murray, Friedemann Nauck, Katherine Neasham, Busisiwe Nkosi, Simon Noble, Antonio Noguera, Anna K. Nowak, Juan Nuñez-Olarte, Eugenie A.M.T. Obbens, Tony O'Brien, Megan Olden, Norma O'Leary, David Oliver, David Oliviere, Aurelius G. Omlin, Kaci Osenga, Diarmuid O'Shea, Christophe Ostgathe, Faith D. Ottery, Michel Ouellette, Edgar Turner Overton, Moné Palacios, Robert Palmer, Teresa Palmer, Carmen Paradis, Armida G. Parala, Antonio Pascual-López, Steven D. Passik, Timothy M. Pawlik, Malcolm Payne, Sheila Payne, Silvia Paz, José Pereira, George Perkins, Karin Peschardt, Hayley Pessin, Douglas E. Peterson, Vinod K. Podichetty, Robin Pollens, Eliza Pontifex, Susan Poole, Josep Porta-Sales, Graeme Poston, Ruth D. Powazki, William Powderly, Leopoldo Pozuelo, Eric Prommer, Christina M. Puchalski, Lukas Radbruch, David F.J. Raes, Jane Read, Anantha Reddy, Steven I. Reger, Susan J. Rehm, Stephen G. Reich, Javier Rocafort, Adam Rosenblatt, Cynda Hylton Rushton, K. Mitchell Russell, Karen Ryan, Lisa A. Rybicki, Paola Sacerdote, Vinod Sahgal, Mary Ann Sammon, Dirk Sandrock, Mark Sands, Denise L. Schilling, Valerie Nocent Schulz, Lisa N. Schum, Peter Selwyn, Joshua Shadd, Charles L. Shapiro, Aktham Sharif, Helen M. Sharp, Kirk V. Shepard, J. Timothy Sherwood, Nabin K. Shrestha, Richard J.E. Skipworth, Howard S. Smith, Mildred Z. Solomon, Diego Soto de Prado Otero, Denise Wells Spencer, Ron Spice, David Spiegel, Manish Srivastava, John N. Staffurth, Randall Starling, Grant D. Stewart, Jan Stjernswärd, Florian Strasser, Edna Strauss, Imke Strohscheer, Brett Taylor Summey, Graham Sutton, Nigel P. Sykes, Alan J. Taege, Marcello Tamburini, Yoko Tarumi, Davide Tassinari, Martin H.N. Tattersall, Karl S. Theil, Keri Thomas, Adrian Tookman, María P. Torrubia, Anna Towers, Daphne Tsoi, Rodney O. Tucker, James A. Tulsky, Rachel A. Tunick, Claire Turner, Martha L. Twaddle, Marie Twomey, Christina Ullrich, Catherine E. Urch, Mary L.S. Vachon, Bart Van den Eynden, Antonio Vigano, Erika Vlieghe, Angelo E. Volandes, Raymond Voltz, Paul W. Walker, Sharon Watanabe, Michael A. Weber, Elizabeth Weinstein, Sharon M. Weinstein, Kathryn L. Weise, Sherri Weisenfluh, John Welsh, Clare White, Donna M. Wilson, Joanne Wolfe, Tugba Yavuzsen, Albert J.M. Yee, Lisa M. Yerian, and Elena Zucchetti

Published
2009

38. Device Architecture

Author

Mark L. Chang

Subjects
Digital electronics, Exploit, Computer science, business.industry, Computation, Task (computing), Computer architecture, Gate array, Lookup table, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Hardware_ARITHMETICANDLOGICSTRUCTURES, Routing (electronic design automation), Field-programmable gate array, business, Hardware_LOGICDESIGN
Abstract

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the basic hardware elements that make up a typical field-programmable gate array (FPGA). It discusses how computation happens in an FPGA—from the blocks that do the computation to the interconnect that shuttles data from one place to another. It focuses on how these building blocks fit together in terms of FPGA architecture. It also discusses the architectures of some commercially available FPGAs. Programmable routing resources are the natural counterparts to the logic resources in an FPGA. Where the logic performs the arithmetic and logical computations, the interconnection fabric takes the results output from logic blocks and routes them as inputs to other logic blocks. By tiling logic blocks together and connecting them through a series of programmable interconnects, an FPGA can implement complex digital circuits. The true nature of spatial computing is realized by spreading the computation across the physical area of an FPGA. Modern commercially available FPGAs provide a rich variety of basic computational building blocks. With much more than simple lookup tables, the task for the FPGA architect is to decide in what proportion to provide these resources and how they should be connected. The task of the hardware designer is then to fully understand the capabilities of the target FPGAs to create designs that exploit their potential.

Published
2008

39. List of Contributors

Author

K.J.S. Anand, V.P. Bakshi, R. Bandler, J.J. Barrell, L. Chang, N. Clerc, O. Devinsky, G. Devroede, D.L. Diehl, D. Eisenberg, A. Ericsson, D.L. Felten, H.L. Fields, R.D. Foreman, J.B. Furness, J.M. Fuster, T.L. Gruenewald, H.-J. Häbler, R.L. Huot, W. Jänig, R. Jessum, D.H. Johnson, N.H. Kalin, K.A. Keay, M.E. Kemeny, S.G. Khasar, C.O. Ladd, J.D. Levine, H.-Y. Li, T.J. Maher, D.J. Mayer, E.A. Mayer, B.S. McEwen, M.J. Meaney, F.J.-P. Miao, M.A. Mittleman, J. Munakata, D.L. Musselman, B.D. Naliboff, C.B. Nemeroff, P.M. Plotsky, D.D. Price, J.L. Price, L. Rapgay, N.W. Read, V.L. Rinpoche, C.B. Saper, P.E. Sawchenko, S.E. Shelton, R.W. Sikes, G.P. Smith, D.S. Sobel, R. Sovik, E.M. Sternberg, K.V. Thrivikraman, D. Tranel, R.L. Verrier, and B.A. Vogt

Published
2000

40. DRUGS OF ABUSE | Urine

Author

C.-H. Liao, M.-C. Huang, B.-L Chang, and R.H. Liu

Subjects
Drugs of abuse, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Internal medicine, Medicine, Urine, business
Published
2000

42. Preface

Author

W SLIKERJR and L CHANG

Published
1998

44. R-phase formation and self-accomodation in sputtered thin films of thermoelastic Ti(Ni+Cu)

Author

D.S. Grummont and L. Chang

Subjects
Crystallography, Materials science, Morphology (linguistics), Transmission electron microscopy, Martensite, R-Phase, Lamellar structure, Sputter deposition, Thin film, Monoclinic crystal system
Abstract

Direct observation of the self-accommodation morphology for R-phase transformations in Ti49.2Ni44.8Cu6.0 thin films has been accomplished by transmission electron microscopy of very fine grained (~2μm) material prepared by triode magnetron sputtering. The films were observed to undergo an R-phase transformation on cooling, prior to the formation of a monoclinic martensite, after the films had been annealed at 823 K for one hour. Individual crystallographic variants for the R-phase had a thin plate morphology, bounded by {100}B2 or {110}B2 twin planes. Self-accommodation was accomplished by pairs of these plate-like variants alternating to form a lamellar structure with a period of approximately 40 nm. Single domains typically contained from ten to thirty lamellae, and within a single austenite grain, as many as three such domains were observed, whose lamellar variants were oriented in different directions. In addition, R-phase domains were observed in which paired variants, having identical crystallographic orientations but mutually conjugate twin planes, grew along perpendicular habit planes to form a labyrinth-like structure. Unlike the four-variant self-accommodation combination observed in bulk NiTi alloys, the total distortion matrix for the observed two-variant complex is not unity. This appaerent tolerance for unaccomodated shear may be related to the low-dimensional constraint inherent in the thin-film geometry of the specimens.

Published
1994

45. Advisory Committee

Author

Steven P. Beaumont, Alec N. Broers, Federico Capasso, Leroy L. Chang, Larry R. Cooper, Harold G. Craighead, Supriyo Datta, Laurence Eaves, Karl Hess, Henk van Houten, Klaus v. Klitzing, Jorg P. Kotthaus, Rolf W. Landauer, Anthony J. Leggett, Venkatesh Narayanamurti, Daniel Prober, and Michael A. Stroscio

Published
1992

46. Hydraulic Fracturing to Improve Nutrient and Oxygen Delivery for In Situ Bioreclamation

Author

Wendy J. Davis-Hoover, Lawrence C. Murdoch, Stephen J. Vesper, Herbert R. Pahren, Omar L. Sprocket, Ching L. Chang, Ajax Hussain, and W.A. Ritschel

Subjects
Remedial action, Nutrient, Hydraulic fracturing, Land reclamation, Soil water, Borehole, Environmental science, Geotechnical engineering, Soil contamination, Waste disposal
Abstract

A serious problem in the implementation of in situ bioreclamation is the delivery of nutrients and oxygen to soil of low permeability. The problem commonly requires contaminated soil to be excavated for bioreclamation, resulting in increased exposure to toxic materials, liability and cost. The authors demonstrated that is feasible to create hydraulic fractures at shallow depths (several m) in silty clay till. Fractures created during a recent field test were flat-lying and roughly equant in plan with a maximum dimension of 8 m. Coarse sand was pumped into the fractures to hold them open. The sand was an average of 1.1 cm in maximum thickness. As many as four fractures were created from the same borehole, stacked at vertical spacing of 15 or 30 cm. The technique will be used to deliver slow-releasing granules of nutrients and encapsulated oxygen compounds in an effort to enhance in situ bioreclamation of contaminated soil.

Published
1991

47. Terazosin

Author

Zui L. Chang and John F. Bauer

Published
1991

48. Ligands for Cholecystokinin A and Cholecystokinin B/Gastrin Receptors

Author

Victor J. Lotti and Raymond S. L. Chang

Subjects
Chemistry, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, Pharmacology, digestive system, Cholecystokinin receptor, Guinea pig, Biochemistry, In vivo, Binding site, Receptor, hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists, Acetylcholine receptor, Gastrin, Cholecystokinin
Abstract

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the radioligand binding assay methods used to identify and characterize the interaction of agents with the cholecystokinin-A (CCK-A) and CCK-B/gastrin receptor subtypes. The chapter also discusses the biochemical and pharmacological properties of nonpeptide CCK-A and CCK-B/gastrin antagonists, and their utility as radioligands. Rat pancreas and guinea pig cerebral cortex are frequently used as sources for CCK-A and CCK-B receptors, respectively. In a study described in the chapter, CCK-B/gastrin receptor antagonism was examined in vivo using the in situ perfused stomach preparation. The results of the study suggested that, as proposed for the cholinergic receptor or other receptor systems, the CCK-A receptor may have either two classes of binding sites or two conformational states that have different affinities for agonists but the same affinities for antagonists. The CCK receptor agonists, including CCK-8, CCK-8 desulfate, gastrin, and CCK-4, are also effective in inhibiting specific [ 3 H]L-365,260 binding to guinea pig brain membranes. Removal of MgCl 2 or addition of the guanyl nucleotide GppNHP results in a selective reduction of [ 125 I]CCK-8 binding and [ 3 H]L-365,260 binding differently.

Published
1991

49. Purification of glycerol dialkyl nonitol tetraether from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius

Author

C E Montague, S L Lo, and E L Chang

Subjects
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, Chromatography, Cell Biology, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, QD415-436, Mass spectrometry, Biochemistry, Hydrolysis, chemistry.chemical_compound, Residue (chemistry), Endocrinology, chemistry, Glycerol, Organic chemistry, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Trichloroacetic acid, Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Abstract

A modified procedure for extraction and purification of hydrolyzed archaebacterial lipids is described. Lipids were extracted from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius using a Soxhlet extraction procedure followed by trichloroacetic acid solvent-extraction of the residue. The yield of total extractable material by this protocol was 14% which, after a two-phase wash, yielded 10% lipid. Modifications to the published steps for purifying the subsequently hydrolyzed lipids were developed to purify glycerol dialkyl nonitol tetraether (GDNT). The nearly colorless final macrocyclic product was characterized by TLC, IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry.

Published
1989

50. Sodium Valproate and Valproic Acid

Author

Zui L. Chang

Subjects
Valproic Acid, Potassium bromide, Sodium, Inorganic chemistry, Oxide, chemistry.chemical_element, Mass spectrometry, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Deuterium, medicine, Mass spectrum, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Tetramethylsilane, medicine.drug
Abstract

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the nomenclature, physical properties, synthesis, and methods of analysis of sodium valproate and valproic acid. Sodium valproate is sodium 2-propylpentanoate. It is also known as sodium dipropylacetic acid, sodium 2-propylvalerate, sodium dipropylacetate, sodium di-n-propylacetate, and by many slight variations of the particular nomenclature. Sodium valproate is a white crystalline powder with a very slight characteristic odor of valproic acid. Valproic acid is 2-propylpentanoic acid. It is also known as n-dipropylacetic acid, 2-propylvaleric acid, DPA, and by many slight variations of the particular nomenclature. Valproic acid is a colorless slightly viscous liquid, and has a characteristic odor of valproic acid. The infrared spectrum of sodium valproate is presented in the chapter. The spectrum has been measured in the solid state as a potassium bromide dispersion. The nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of sodium valproate, shown in the chapter, has been obtained on a Varian Associates T-60 NMR Spectrometer in deuterium oxide containing tetramethylsilane as the internal standard. Sodium valproate is not sufficiently volatile for mass spectral analysis. The mass spectrum of valproic acid has been obtained using an Associated Electrical Industries Model MS-902 Mass Spectrometer with the ionization electron beam energy at 70 eV. High-resolution data have been compiled and tabulated with the aid of an on-line PDP-11 Computer.

Published
1979

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources
See catalog results