Search

Increasing renewable penetration and grid modernization initiatives are having a significant impact on the operating and fault characteristics of distribution systems. As a result, protection systems need to account for the changing nuances in systems transient response to disturbances and the resulting voltage and/or current to ensure safe and reliable operation. The approaches for modeling and analyzing power systems also need to evolve accordingly, based on the choice of protection system. Therefore, this paper reviews the state-of-the-art and evolving approaches for the protection of future energy systems. The approaches are categorized based on operating principles and variations in the underlying mathematical formulation – to present a comprehensive overview on fault detection and recommendations for future research. The evolving nature of distribution systems, interconnection requirements and standards, and system automation is also discussed in view of the need for higher fidelity models and/or limitations from current approaches. Finally, the protection algorhithms are compared based on their associated challenges with reliability, protection, and communication/design needs.

Summary: Plant metabolism is broadly reprogrammed during acclimation to abiotic changes. Most previous studies have focused on transitions from standard to single stressful conditions. Here, we systematically analyze acclimation processes to levels of light, heat, and cold stress that subtly alter physiological parameters and assess their reversibility during de-acclimation. Metabolome and transcriptome changes were monitored at 11 different time points. Unlike transcriptome changes, most alterations in metabolite levels did not readily return to baseline values, except in the case of cold acclimation. Similar regulatory networks operate during (de-)acclimation to high light and cold, whereas heat and high-light responses exhibit similar dynamics, as determined by surprisal and conditional network analyses. In all acclimation models tested here, super-hubs in conditional transcriptome networks are enriched for components involved in translation, particularly ribosomes. Hence, we suggest that the ribosome serves as a common central hub for the control of three different (de-)acclimation responses.

To solve the heat diffusion problem in electronic packaging, a novel kind of irregularly shaped hybrid filler, boron nitride@copper (BN@Cu), was successfully assembled via reduction of Cu2+. BN@Cu hybrid fillers composed of different mass ratios between BN and Cu have been prepared and characterized. A specific BN@Cu hybrid filler (mBN:mCu = 100:2), labeled as BN@2Cu, exhibited remarkable ability in enhancing the thermal conductivity of polybenzoxazine (PBz) composites fabricated through ball milling followed by hot pressing. With 25 wt% of BN@2Cu hybrid fillers, the thermal conductivity of PBz composites reaches 1.049 W m−1 K−1. Dielectric properties, electrical conductivity, and curing behavior of the composites were also investigated. In addition, Foygel's thermal conduction model was employed to demonstrate the mechanism of BN@2Cu hybrid filler in improving thermal conductivity.