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Although the hemostatically efficacious nature of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) is well established, data regarding their hemostatic performance in large animal systems and safety toward human skin cells, which are critical factors for clinical translation, are lacking. This study evaluated the clinical potential of CNF-coated gauze by testing its hemostatic efficacy in rats, rabbits, and pigs, and assessing its safety in human primary cells through differential gene expression (DEG) analysis. In-vitro studies using rabbit blood revealed that the CNF-coated gauze exhibited a significantly lower blood clotting index (BCI) value than gauze coated with chitosan, a commonly used hemostatic agent, indicating superior blood clotting. In-vivo tests on bleeding-induced pig livers revealed that the CNF-coated gauze delivered a four-fold higher hemostatic success rate reduced bleeding volume compared to regular gauze. Moreover, a rat wound-healing model revealed improved healing with CNF-coated gauze. DEG analysis of human dermal fibroblast primary cells showed no statistically significant differences between the CNF and control groups, indicating its human safety. Overall, our results suggest that CNF-coated hemostatic gauze absorbs blood rapidly, delivers superior hemostatic performance compared to regular gauze, is safe from both histological and DEG perspectives, and is therefore suitable for use in healthcare and clinical settings.

Coccinia grandis (C. grandis) is a perennial plant belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family. It is primarily native to Southeast Asia but has recently been cultivated domestically in Korea due to climate change. In this study, immature fruits of C. grandis, which are rich in bioactive substances, were processed into acidified pickles and stored for 15–55 days to investigate changes in their phytochemicals. The individual components of the phytochemicals in C. grandis were identified using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography system, and the main substances that were identified in this step then quantified using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The qualitative analysis tentatively identified a total of 30 compounds (fourteen hydroxycinnamic acids, one hydroxybenzoic acids, thirteen flavonols and two triterpenes) in C. grandis pickles. Quantification of the phytochemicals showed that the major polyphenols—which included ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, rutin and kaempferol—were highest on day 25 of aging and gradually decreased thereafter. Moreover, triterpenes decreased rapidly as the fruit was processed into pickles, and they further decreased with increasing time in aging. These results therefore indicate that C. grandis fruit has various bioactive substances that make it suitable for use in functional food development through pickle production.