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The efficacy of treatment of borderline personality disorder in adolescents is an underresearched area. Although increasing research in borderline personality disorder in adolescents has emerged over the last decade there is a paucity of knowledge about how treatment is adequately designed for this group of patients. As a consequence, it is currently difficult to provide evidence-based guidelines and firm recommendations for how to design and implement borderline treatment in adolescence. In this selective review we summarize the most important research findings concerning treatment for adolescents with borderline personality disorder, including a recent mentalisation-based group treatment program. We highlight pivotal developmental obstacles for psychotherapy in adolescence and integrate these into a framework for the understanding and designing of effective treatment of borderline in adolescence., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase is associated with monitoring cholesterol levels. The presence of the single-nucleotide polymorphism rs3846662 introduces alternative splicing at exon 13; the exclusion of this exon leads to a reduction in total cholesterol levels. Lower cholesterol levels are linked to a reduction in Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. The major allele of rs3846662, which encourages the splicing of exon 13, has recently been shown to act as a preventative allele for AD, especially in women. The purpose of our research was to replicate and confirm this finding. Using logistic regressions and survival curves, we found a significant association between AD and rs3846662, with a stronger association in individuals who carry the APOE e4 allele, supporting previously published work. The effect of rs3846662 on women is insignificant in our cohort. We confirmed that rs3846662 is associated with reduced risk for AD without gender differences; however, we failed to detect association between rs3846662 and delayed mild cognitive impairment conversion to AD for either of the APOE e4 allelic groups., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A Levanase, LevB, from Bacillus subtilis 168, was expressed as a His6-tagged protein in Escherichia coli. The enzyme was purified and characterised for its activity and substrate specificity. LevB has a pH optimum of 6.0-6.5 and a maximum observed specific activity of 3 U mg(-1) using levan from Erwinia herbicola as substrate. Hydrolysis products were analysed by HPAEC, TLC, and NMR using chicory root inulin, mixed linkage fructans purified from ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and levan from E. herbicola as substrates. This revealed that LevB is an endolevanase that selectively cleaves the (β-2,6) fructosyl bonds and does not hydrolyse inulin. Ryegrass fructans and bacterial levan was hydrolysed partially releasing oligosaccharides, but together with exoinulinase, LevB hydrolysed both ryegrass fructans and bacterial levan to near completion. We suggest that LevB can be used as a tool to achieve more structural information on complex fructans and to achieve complete degradation and quantification of mixed linkage fructans., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background and Purpose: The purpose of this retrospective study was to examine the association between shortening of the clavicle after a united midshaft fracture and clinical outcome. Second, the purpose was to compare the results obtained by conservative treatment with either a figure-of-eight bandage or a simple sling., Materials and Methods: This study included 136 patients with a united, conservatively treated, midshaft clavicle fracture. Mean age was 35 years (range 15-70 years); mean follow-up time was 55 months (range 24-83 months). The shortening of the clavicle was measured on a radiograph including one antero-posterior view of both clavicles on a single film and defined as the difference between the injured and the contralateral clavicle. The clinical outcome was measured using the Constant-Murley Score., Results: The mean difference in the Constant-Murley Score between the injured and the contralateral shoulder was 7.3, P<0.001 (95% confidence interval (CI) 5.6; 9.1). Mean shortening of the injured shoulder was 11.6mm, P<0.001 (95% CI 10.2; 13.0). A shortening of more than 20mm was not associated with a poorer clinical outcome. The results obtained by conservative treatment with either a figure-of-eight bandage or a simple sling showed no difference in shortening or in the Constant-Murley Score., Conclusions: We found that conservative treatment of midshaft clavicle fractures resulted in final shortening and mild reduction of shoulder function. A shortening of 20mm or more was not associated with a poorer clinical outcome. The figure-of-eight bandage and a simple sling were equal treatments of midshaft clavicle fractures., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Yeast isolates from commercial red wines were characterized with regards to tolerances to molecular SO(2), ethanol, and temperature as well as synthesis of 4-ethyl-phenol/4-ethyl-guaiacol in grape juice or wine. Based on rDNA sequencing, nine of the 11 isolates belonged to Dekkera bruxellensis (B1a, B1b, B2a, E1, F1a, F3, I1a, N2, and P2) while the other two were Candida pararugosa (Q2) and Pichia guilliermondii (Q3). Strains B1b, Q2, and Q3 were much more resistant to molecular SO(2) in comparison to the other strains of Dekkera. These strains were inoculated (10(3)-10(4)cfu/ml) along with lower populations of Saccharomyces (<500 cfu/ml) into red grape juice and red wine incubated at two temperatures, 15 degrees C and 21 degrees C. Although Saccharomyces quickly dominated fermentations in grape juice, B1b and Q2 grew and eventually reached populations >10(5)cfu/ml. In wine, Q3 never entered logarithmic growth and quickly died in contrast to Q2 which survived >40 days after inoculation. B1b grew well in wine incubated at 21 degrees C while slower growth was observed at 15 degrees C. Neither Q2 nor Q3 produced 4-ethyl-phenol or 4-ethyl-guaiacol, unlike B1b. However, lower concentrations of volatile phenols were present in wine incubated at 15 degrees C compared to 21 degrees C.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in stability of the wrist after experimental traumatic triangular fibrocartilage complex lesions., Methods: Sixteen cadaver wrist specimens were included: 8 were fixed in neutral rotation of the forearm, 4 in maximal supination, and 4 in maximal pronation. The specimens were tested in a multiangle and torque measuring instrument. First the intact specimen was tested, second a dorsal arthrotomy was performed, and the third test was with 1 of 4 different experimental lesions according to Palmer's classification of traumatic triangular fibrocartilage complex lesions (1A-1D). Forced radioulnar deviation and internal/external rotation were recorded with a load of 0.75 Nm in the interval -60 degrees to +60 degrees of flexion., Results: We found the 1C lesion to be highly significantly related to wrist stability. Forced radioulnar deviation and forced internal/external rotation were altered significantly in 35 degrees of wrist extension. The other lesions did not alter the stability of the wrist significantly and the rotation of the forearm had no influence on the outcome., Conclusions: The 1A lesion does not alter significantly wrist stability and hence the common treatment by a two-third excision of the central part of the disk will not affect wrist stability. A 1C lesion alters significantly the stability of the wrist. At 35 degrees of wrist extension forced radioulnar deviation and forced internal/external rotation were altered significantly; this might be used in a clinical test for a 1C lesion. The rotation of the forearm has no influence on the outcome.

Man-made vitreous fibers (MMVF) are classified within the European Union (EU) as carcinogenic category 3 (possibly carcinogenic), but criteria exist to exonerate fibers from this classification. The HT stone wool fiber type is a MMVF that fulfills European regulatory requirements for exoneration from classification as a carcinogen based on in vivo testing. The chemical composition of the fibers and the results of the in vivo and in vitro studies that defined the chemical compositional range for a CAS registry number for these fibers are presented and discussed. Results from in vitro dissolution measurements at pH 4.5 of 52 fiber compositions (9-23 wt% Al(2)O(3) and 32-47 wt% SiO(2)) ranging from traditional stone wool to the biosoluble HT fibers are presented. The results are evaluated as a function of the ratio Al/(Al+Si) in the glass network and as a function of the fraction of Si-O-Si linkages in the glass. It is suggested that the dissolution mechanism for these fibers relates to the density of the surface silica layer on dissolving fibers and that the fraction of Si-O-Si linkages influences this., ((c) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).)

MCAF (MCP-1) a member of the chemokine-beta-family known to be chemotactic for monocytes is believed to play a significant role in several inflammatory processes, both immuno-pathological disorders, such as atherosclerosis, psoriasis, chronic inflammatory diseases of the liver and lungs, and during the normal immune response against microorganisms. This chemokine is produced spontaneously by monocytes, and in the present article we also demonstrate that MCAF induces its own production in monocytes. The methods used are two dimensional SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis. Western-blotting and ELISA quantification of supernatant from monocyte cultures stimulated with MCAF (1, 10, 100 ng ml). Also, we found that this process is regulated by IL-10 (100 ng ml). Our results suggest that monocytes migrating to a site of inflammation due to the local production of the chemokine MCAF/MCP-1 further enhance the focal accumulation of monocytes by producing and releasing bioactive MCAF MCP-1.

Objective: To investigate the occurrence of compartment syndrome and the results of fasciotomy in vascular surgical patients., Design: Retrospective study of case records from 1980-1994., Materials: Fifty-seven limbs in 53 patients had fasciotomies following surgical revascularisation. Fifty-three (93%) limbs were acutely ischaemic, while four (7%) had undergone elective vascular surgery. Forty-four (77%) limbs had signs of compartment syndrome, while 13 (23%) fasciotomies were prophylactic., Methods: The fasciotomies were done as subcutaneous procedures (n = 40), as double-incision fasciotomies (n = 11), or by an unknown method (n = 6). The skin incisions were closed primarily in 26 (46%) cases, delayed primarily in 11 (19%) cases, and by skin grafting in eight cases (14%)., Results: Five (13%) subcutaneous fasciotomies required revision. Surgical debridement was required in four (7%) limbs. At discharge, 36 (68%) patients had kept their limbs, 11 (21%) patients were amputated, and six (11%) had died. No complications relating to the fasciotomies were observed., Conclusions: Compartment syndrome is usually related to acute ischaemia and rarely following elective vascular surgery. Subcutaneous fasciotomy does not always ensure sufficient decompression of all four lower leg compartments. Complications related to fasciotomy are rare.

The neutrophil and T cell chemotactic factor interleukin 8 (IL-8) is believed to play a pathophysiological role in the development of various inflammatory disorders. So far no other effects of IL-8 on T cells have been observed. We observed that purified CD4+ T cells in particular, but also CD8+ T cells, spontaneously synthesize IL-8 mRNA and secrete IL-8 protein. The culture supernatants of CD4+ T cells contained T cell chemotactic activity as well as IL-8 protein. In addition, we confirmed the ability of CD4+ T cells to produce IL-8 by double immunofluorescence staining and by the demonstration of IL-8 mRNA expression. Further, IL-8 induced its own production in CD4+ T cells, while its synthesis by CD8+ T cells was low and not always auto-stimulatory. Both the spontaneous, as well as the IL-8 induced IL-8 production, could be inhibited in the presence of human interleukin 10 (100 ng/ml). This observation suggests that IL-10 plays a homeostatic role in regulating the IL-8 circuit in CD4+ T cells.

60 patients with first-episode perianal condylomata acuminata were randomly assigned to podophyllin application or surgical excision. 58% of the male patients were homosexual and 33% of the female patients regularly had anal intercourse. Podophyllin completely cleared warts from 23 of 30 (76.6%) patients compared with 28 of 30 (93.3%) for surgical excision. After wart clearance the cumulative recurrence rates were 18% for surgical excision and 43% for podophyllin at 3 months (p less than 0.05), 22% and 56% at 6 months (p less than 0.01), 26% and 56% at 9 months (p less than 0.01), and 29% and 65% at 12 months (p less than 0.01). All patients were treated as outpatients and all surgical procedures were carried out under local anaesthesia. Both regimens were well tolerated.

The first case of a tumour producing somatostatin-like immunoreactivity and bioactivity is presented. The pancreatic tumour was composed of cells indistinguishable from islet D cells. Radioimmunoassay of blood-samples obtained by tumour-vein catheterisation revealed very high levels of somatostatin immunoreactivity. On gel chromatography tumour extracts were found to contain at least 4 different immunoreactive components, one of which eluted in the position of synthetic somatostatin. Extracts from the tumour were potent in inhibiting insulin and glucagon secretion from isolated perfused porcine pancreas. Clinical abnormalities included hypochlorhydria, steatorrhoea, and diabetic glucose tolerance. Conceivably some of these abnormalities may be related to somatostatin hypersecretion from the pancreatic tumour.

The aminoterminal propeptide of type III collagen was monitored in serum during liver transplantation in nine pigs. The aim was to investigate whether removal of the liver causes any changes in the serum concentration of the propeptide. Another connective tissue component, hyaluronan, a glycosaminoglycan known to be degraded in the liver endothelial cells, was also measured. Removal of the liver caused a significant increase in the concentration of the intact propeptide as well as of hyaluronan. Gel filtration confirmed the increase in the amount of intact propeptide. However, another large propeptide-related antigen, eluted near the void volume, appeared in the antigen profile during the anhepatic phase. This peak probably represents the propeptide still attached to the collagen molecule (pN collagen). The findings indicate that the liver is involved in the degradation of the propeptide and of larger propeptide-holding proteins.