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1. Synthesis of nickel-boron/reduced graphene oxide for efficient and stable lithium-ion storage

Author: Gahyeon Im, Dami Yun, Hyun Bin Kim, Youn-Mook Lim, Seung-Hwan Oh, Huisu Kim, Byungnam Kim, KwangSup Eom, and Jin-Mun Yun
Subjects: Lithium-ion battery, Anode material, Boron, High capacity, Cyclic stability, Science (General), Q1-390, Social sciences (General), H1-99
Abstract: Electrode material capacities and cycle performances must improve for large-scale applications such as energy storage systems. Numerous investigations have developed cathode materials to improve lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) performance: however, few have examined new anode materials. In this study, we synthesized a Ni-B/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composites via a simple chemical reaction method to enhance the stability of electrodes in LIBs. A well-dispersed B, as a component of Ni-B composite, shortened the diffusion distance of lithium ion and allowed for the reversible storage and release of lithium ions. The incorporation of RGO significantly enhanced the dispersion of the Ni-B particles, preventing aggregation and enhancing the electrochemical performance. The long-term cyclic capacity of Ni-B/RGO reached approximately 1200 mAh g−1 at 400 mA g−1. Moreover, well-dispersed B from the reduction of B2O3 enhanced reactions with Li ions, gradually increasing the capacity. After several cycles, Ni-B/RGO maintained its structure without volume changes and with a uniform dispersion of elements. Therefore, Ni-B/RGO exhibited high stability over long cycles, leading to high reversibility. The combination of these features renders Ni-B/RGO a promising lithium storage material for LIBs.
Published: 2024
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2. BDNF-mediated regulation of GSK-3β and PSD95 phosphorylation in anti-depressive effects of Capsosiphon fulvescens glycoproteins against chronic alcohol exposure

Author: Jeong Hwan Oh and Taek-Jeong Nam
Subjects: Alcohol-induced depression, Glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Postsynaptic density protein 95, Ventral hippocampus, Capsosiphon fulvescens, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, TX341-641
Abstract: Hydrophilic glycoproteins from the alga Capsosiphon fulvescens (Cf-hGP) enhance spatial memory and reduce depression-like behavior in aging rats. However, their effects on ethanol-induced depression-like behavior in adolescent rats and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of Cf-hGP in mitigating depression-like behavior caused by chronic alcohol administration (2 g/kg, 4 weeks) in rats, focusing on molecular changes in the ventral hippocampus. Chronic alcohol exposure increased glucose-regulated protein 78 (an ER stress marker), while decreasing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta (GSK-3β; Ser9) and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95; Ser295). Cf-hGP administration (10 mg/kg/d) reversed these effects, restoring GSK-3β and PSD95 phosphorylation. Blockade of BDNF signaling suppressed Cf-hGP’s effects, confirming its role in BDNF-mediated neuroprotection. Cf-hGP also reduced alcohol-induced depression-like behavior, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for alcohol-induced depression via modulation of ER stress and BDNF signaling pathways.
Published: 2024
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3. Removal of NOx using electron beam process with NaOH spraying

Author: Jae Kyeong Shin, Sang-Hee Jo, Tae-Hun Kim, Yong-Hwan Oh, Seungho Yu, Youn-Suk Son, and Tak-Hyun Kim
Subjects: Electron beam, NOx, Additive, NaOH, NH4OH, Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract: Nitrogen oxides (NOx; NO and NO2) are major air pollutants and can cause harmful effects on the human body. Electron Beam Flue Gas Treatment (EBFGT) is a technology that generates electrons with an energy of 0.5–1 MeV using electron accelerators and effectively processes exhaust gases. In this study, NOx was removed using an electron beam accelerator with spraying additives (NaOH and NH4OH). NO and NO2 were 100% and more than 94% removed, respectively, at an electron beam absorbed dose of 20 kGy and an additive concentration of 0.02 M (mol/L). In most cases, NOx was removed better with lower initial NOx concentrations and higher electron beam absorbed doses. As the irradiation strength (mA) of the electron beam increases, the probability of electron impact on the material accordingly rises, which may lead to increase removal efficiency. The results of the present study show that the continuous electron beam process using additives achieved more effective removal efficiency than either individual process (wet-scrubbing or EB irradiation only).
Published: 2022
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4. Prevalence of Low Back Pain and Associated Risk Factors among Farmers in Jeju

Author: Hyun Jung Lee, Jung-Hwan Oh, Jeong Rae Yoo, Seo Young Ko, Jeong Ho Kang, Sung Kgun Lee, Wooseong Jeong, Gil Myeong Seong, Chul Hoo Kang, and Sung Wook Song
Subjects: Agriculture, Ergonomics, Farmers, Low back pain, Risk factor, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Background: We aimed to investigate the prevalence of low back pain (LBP) and its associated agricultural work-related, biomechanical factors among this population. Methods: We analyzed initial survey data from the Safety for Agricultural Injury of Farmers cohort study involving adult farmers in Jeju Island. The prevalence of LBP was calculated with associated factors. Results: In total, 1,209 participants were included in the analysis. The overall prevalence of LBP was 23.7%. Significant associations for LBP were the type of farming activity, length of farming career, prior agricultural injury within 1 year, and stress levels. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed three biomechanical factors significantly related to LBP: repetitive use of particular body parts; the inappropriate posture of the lower back and neck. Conclusions: Some occupational, and biomechanical risk factors contribute to LBP. Therefore, postural education, injury prevention education, and psychological support will be needed to prevent LBP.
Published: 2021
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5. Evaluation of various large-scale energy storage technologies for flexible operation of existing pressurized water reactors

Author: Jin Young Heo, Jung Hwan Park, Yong Jae Chae, Seung Hwan Oh, So Young Lee, Ju Yeon Lee, Nirmal Gnanapragasam, and Jeong Ik Lee
Subjects: Nuclear plant, Energy storage system, System integration, Thermal energy storage, Liquid air energy storage, Compressed CO2 energy storage, Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract: The lack of plant-side energy storage analysis to support nuclear power plants (NPP), has setup this research endeavor to understand the characteristics and role of specific storage technologies and the integration to an NPP. The paper provides a qualitative review of a wide range of configurations for integrating the energy storage system (ESS) to an operating NPP with pressurized water reactor (PWR). The role of ESS technologies most suitable for large-scale storage are evaluated, including thermal energy storage, compressed gas energy storage, and liquid air energy storage. The methods of integration to the NPP steam cycle are introduced and categorized as electrical, mechanical, and thermal, with a review on developments in the integration of ESS with an operating PWR. By adopting simplified off-design modeling for the steam turbines and heat exchangers, the results show the performance of the PWR steam cycle changes with respect to steam bypass rate for thermal and mechanical storage integration options. Analysis of the integrated system characteristics of proposed concepts for three different ESS suggests that certain storage technologies could support steady operation of an NPP. After having reviewed what have been accomplished through the years, the research team presents a list of possible future works.
Published: 2021
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6. Therapeutic effect of NLRP3 inhibition on hearing loss induced by systemic inflammation in a CAPS-associated mouse model

Author: Ji-Hyun Ma, Eunju Lee, Sung-Hyun Yoon, Hyehyun Min, Jae Hwan Oh, Inhwa Hwang, Yejin Sung, Ju Hee Ryu, Jinwoong Bok, and Je-Wook Yu
Subjects: CAPS, NLRP3 inflammasome, Hearing loss, Cochlear inflammation, Blood-labyrinth barrier disruption, NLRP3 inhibitor, Medicine, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract: Summary: Background: Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) is an inherited autoinflammatory disease caused by a gain-of-function mutation in NLRP3. Although CAPS patients frequently suffer from sensorineural hearing loss, it remains unclear whether CAPS-associated mutation in NLRP3 is associated with the progression of hearing loss. Methods: We generated a mice with conditional expression of CAPS-associated NLRP3 mutant (D301N) in cochlea-resident CX3CR1 macrophages and examined the susceptibility of CAPS mice to inflammation-mediated hearing loss in a local and systemic inflammation context. Findings: Upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection into middle ear cavity, NLRP3 mutant mice exhibited severe cochlear inflammation, inflammasome activation and hearing loss. However, this middle ear injection model induced a considerable hearing loss in control mice and inevitably caused an inflammation-independent hearing loss possibly due to ear tissue damages by injection procedure. Subsequently, we optimized a systemic LPS injection model, which induced a significant hearing loss in NLRP3 mutant mice but not in control mice. Peripheral inflammation induced by a repetitive low dose of LPS injection caused a blood-labyrinth barrier disruption, macrophage infiltration into cochlea and cochlear inflammasome activation in an NLRP3-dependent manner. Interestingly, both cochlea-infiltrating and -resident macrophages contribute to peripheral inflammation-mediated hearing loss of CAPS mice. Furthermore, NLRP3-specific inhibitor, MCC950, as well as an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist significantly alleviated systemic LPS-induced hearing loss and inflammatory phenotypes in NLRP3 mutant mice. Interpretation: Our findings reveal that CAPS-associated NLRP3 mutation is critical for peripheral inflammation-induced hearing loss in our CAPS mice model, and an NLRP3-specific inhibitor can be used to treat inflammation-mediated sensorineural hearing loss. Funding: National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government and the Team Science Award of Yonsei University College of Medicine.
Published: 2022
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7. The flora of the Western Tien Shan: Tajikistan part

Author: Isakul Turakulov, Neimatullo Safarov, Komiljon Tojiboev, Ma’ruf Segizboev, Hikmatullo Suyunkulov, Minsu Park, Nuree Na, Mansur Usmonov, Kae Sun Chang, Seung-Hwan Oh, and Chang-gee Jang
Subjects: Hierarchical analysis, Kurama Range, Mogoltau Mountains, Plant life-forms, Western Tien Shan, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract: The study was devoted to documenting and describing the flora of the part of the western Tien Shan mountain range occurring in Tajikistan. Several field studies were carried out from 2016 to 2019, and more than 20,000 herbarium specimens were also investigated. We identified 547 plant species that were previously not indicated for this region; of these, 407 species were found in the Kurama Range and 140 species in the Mogoltau Mountains. The multivariate hierarchical analysis showed that the general level of floristic similarity among these widely separated areas was relatively low. Among the four floristic zones (the Southwest and Southeast of Kurama Range, Karamazar, and Mountains Mogoltau), the dominant taxa at the family level were Poaceae (78 species belonging to 35 genera), Asteraceae (43 genera and approximately 70 taxa), and Fabaceae (58 taxa belonging to 19 genera), and Brassicaceae (49 taxa in 36 genera). In our species inventory for the Kurama and Mogoltau Mts., 135 species met the criteria for rare species.
Published: 2021
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8. Relationship Between Sleep Duration and Suicidal Ideation Among Farmers: Safety for Agricultural Injuries of Farmers Cohort Study of Jeju, Korea

Author: Jung-Hwan Oh, Jeong Rae Yoo, Seo Young Ko, Jeong Ho Kang, Sung Kgun Lee, Wooseong Jeong, Gil Myeong Seong, Hyun Jung Lee, and Sung Wook Song
Subjects: Farmers, Sleep, Suicide, Thinking, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Background: This study was conducted to identify the association between sleep duration and suicidal ideation among farmers in Korea. Methods: We used Safety for Agricultural Injuries of Farmers cohort data collected from September 2015 to June 2018, which was an agricultural survey on the health and behaviors of adult farmers in Jeju island, Korea. Results: A total of 964 participants were included in the analysis, and 3.7% of them were identified with having suicidal ideation. The frequencies of average daily sleep duration of 8 h (long sleep) were 24.4%, 70%, and 5.6%, respectively. Multivariate analyses revealed that short sleep duration was significantly associated with suicidal ideation compared with normal sleep duration (odds ratio = 2.49, 95% confidence interval = 1.07–5.77). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that short sleep duration in farmers result in higher suicidal ideation. Because individuals who have suicidal ideation often commit suicide, careful monitoring is required to prevent suicide in farmers with short sleep duration.
Published: 2021
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9. Discovery of a trigonalid wasp, Bareogonalos xibeidai (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyidae), reared from nests of Vespula koreensis koreensis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in South Korea

Author: Chang-Jun Kim, Jiang-Li Tan, Bong-Woo Lee, Seung-Hwan Oh, and Moon-Bo Choi
Subjects: Bareogonalos xibeidai, New host record, New record, Parasitoids, Vespula koreensis koreensis, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract: Bareogonalos xibeidai Tan and van Achterberg, 2017 (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyidae) was newly recognized in South Korea. The species was reared from the nest cells of the Korean yellowjacket, Vespula koreensis koreensis Radoszkowski, 1887 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), which is a new host record for the trigonalid species. Diagnoses and images of the species and genus are provided in the present study.
Published: 2020
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10. A taxonomic revision of Ligustrum (Oleaceae) in Korea

Author: Ju Eun Jang, Seung Hwan Oh, Mi Jung Choi, Jung Hyun Lee, Gyu Young Chung, and Hyeok Jae Choi
Subjects: Korea, Ligustrum, Morphological character, Oleaceae, Taxonomic revision, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract: A taxonomic revision of Korean Ligustrum species is presented based on critical observations of wild populations and herbarium specimens. Species delimitations were re-evaluated on the basis of morphological characters, such as plant height, texture and shape of leaf, shape of inflorescence, shape of drupe and seed, and texture of endocarp. From the results, L. leucanthum (= L. acutissimum), being recorded in Korea, is excluded from the Korean flora because it comes from misidentifications of the herbarium specimen, whose identity is L. obtusifolium. We also treated L.obtusifolium subsp. suave and L. obtusifolium subsp. microphyllum as synonyms of L.obtusifolium. Ligustrum quihoui var. latifolium is placed into synonym of L. quihoui. In addition, the record of L. ovalifolium from Korea has proved to be a misidentification of herbarium specimens, the correct identity of which is L. salicinum. Consequently, we recognized the following six Ligustrum species in Korea: L. japonicum, L. lucidum, L. quihoui, L. salicinum, L. foliosum, and L. obtusifolium. Photographs and a key to six species of Ligustrum were provided in addition to complete descriptions including information on nomenclatural types, synonyms, and taxonomic notes.
Published: 2020
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11. Macrofungal diversity of urbanized areas in southern part of Korea

Author: Sung Eun Cho, Young-Nam Kwag, Jong Won Jo, Sang-Kuk Han, Seung Hwan Oh, and Chang Sun Kim
Subjects: Diversity, Genetic resource, Monitoring, Macrofungal composition, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract: Most macrofungi are cosmopolitan, occurring in both tropical and temperate regions. Studies on diversity and distribution of the mushroom flora in Korea are mainly conducted in major national parks and forest, but there are few studies on species distributed in urbanized areas. As part of the Korea National Arboretum project, we investigated the diversity of mushrooms through examining the distribution of mushrooms in Gyeongsang Province from May to September in 2017. In this province, we surveyed urbanized areas comprising three cultural heritage protection zones (Salix chaenomeloides forest, Tongdo Temple, Placenta Chamber of King Sejong's Princes), two urban parks (Duryu and Amnam parks), and 20 legally protected trees (such as Ginko biloba, Pinus densiflora, Quercus acutissima, Salix hallaisanensis, Zelkova serrata and so on). Consequently, 37 species on legally protected trees, 48 species in urban parks, and 84 species in cultural heritage protection zones were confirmed. A total of 37 families, 90 genera, and 139 species were identified. Of those, three species were confirmed for the first time in Korea. This study provides the basic data for the preparation of protection management protocols for macrofungal flora on legally protected trees and in cultural property protection areas.
Published: 2020
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12. Diversity and distribution of the genus Scrophularia L. (Scrophulariaceae) in Uzbekistan

Author: Komiljon Sh. Tojibaev, Furkat O. Khassanov, Natalya Yu. Beshko, Dilarom M. Tajetdinova, Orzimat T. Turginov, Alexander N. Sennikov, Kae Sun Chang, Seung-Hwan Oh, and Chang-gee Jang
Subjects: Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract: This article presents a new checklist of Scrophularia in Uzbekistan. The synopsis includes 21 species; one of them is national endemic, and seven species were newly recorded for Uzbekistan as a result of field collecting missions, studies, and examination of Tashkent (TASH), St.-Petersburg (LE), Almaty (AA), and Moscow (MW) herbarium collections. The geographical distribution of Scrophularia in Uzbekistan was mapped and analyzed. The identification key, a table of comparative diagnostic characters, nomenclatural types, and ecological data are provided. Keywords: Middle Asia, New records, Scrophularia, Taxonomy, Uzbekistan
Published: 2020
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13. Combined treatment of Taraxaci Herba and R7050 alleviates the symptoms of herpes simplex virus-induced Behçet's disease in rats

Author: Myeounghoon Cha, Minjee Kwon, Misun Park, Jin-Hwan Oh, Kang-Keyng Sung, and Bae Hwan Lee
Subjects: Behçet's disease, Taraxaci herba, R7050, Herpes simplex virus, SCORAD index, Miscellaneous systems and treatments, RZ409.7-999
Abstract: Background: Behçet's disease (BD) is a chronic inflammatory systemic disease that affects multiple organs. The causes of BD are still unknown, but it is primarily characterized by autoimmune reaction in the blood vessels. Current research focuses on treatments that can reduce the non-typical inflammatory responses of BD. Nevertheless, studies on improving the inflammatory effect of BD using inflammation mechanisms are still insufficient. Therefore, we conducted the integrated treatments related to inflammation modulation and achieved alleviation of symptoms in BD mice. Methods: To understand the complex etiology of BD and compare its management, the herpes simplex virus (HSV)-induced BD mouse model was used. In order to alleviate the inflammatory response in BD mice, Taraxaci Herba (TH, herbal medicine), R7050-a TNFα inhibitor, and a mixture of TH and R7050 were injected for 2 weeks repetitively. The SCORAD index was examined to evaluate the cutaneous inflammations. In addition, histological changes and inflammatory factors were analyzed. Results: Repetitive injection of TH and/or R7050 reduced the symptoms of BD and significantly decreased IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα in blood sera. Moreover, this treatment reduced the ulcers and the deterioration of skin. Conclusions: The results of our study showed that the down-regulation of inflammatory factors is related to the control of immune responses in BD models, suggesting that a mixed drug treatment may be more effective in improving the condition of BD.
Published: 2021
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14. Quality of life after sphincter preservation surgery or abdominoperineal resection for low rectal cancer (ASPIRE): A long-term prospective, multicentre, cohort study

Author: Sung-Bum Kang, Jung Rae Cho, Seung-Yong Jeong, Jae Hwan Oh, Soyeon Ahn, Sunkyu Choi, Duck-Woo Kim, Bong Hwa Lee, Eui Gon Youk, Sung Chan Park, Seung Chul Heo, Doo-Seok Lee, Seung-Bum Ryoo, Ji Won Park, Hyoung-Chul Park, Sung-Min Lee, Sung Il Kang, Min Hyun Kim, Heung-Kwon Oh, Rumi Shin, Min Jung Kim, Kyoung Ho Lee, Young-Hoon Kim, Jae-Sung Kim, Keun-Wook Lee, Hye Seung Lee, Hyun Jung Kim, Young Soo Park, Dae Kyung Sohn, and Kyu Joo Park
Subjects: Quality of life, Rectal cancer, Abdominoperineal resection, Sphincter preservation surgery, Sexual function, Urinary function, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Summary: Background: The long-term effects of radical resection on quality of life may influence the treatment selection. The objective of this study was to determine whether abdominoperineal resection has a better effect on the quality of life than sphincter preservation surgery at 3 years after surgery Methods: This prospective, cohort study included patients who underwent radical resection for low rectal cancer. The primary outcomes were European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30 and CR38 quality of life scores 3 years after surgery, which were compared with linear generalised estimating equations, after adjustment for baseline values, a time effect, and an interaction effect between time and treatment. The secondary outcomes included sexual-urinary functions and oncological outcomes. The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01461525). Findings: Between December 2011 and August 2016, 342 patients were enrolled: 268 (78•4%) underwent sphincter preservation surgery and 74 (21•6%) underwent abdominoperineal resection. The global quality of life scores did not differ between sphincter preservation surgery and abdominoperineal resection groups (adjusted mean difference, 4•2 points on a 100-point scale; 95% confidence interval [CI], −1•3 to 9•7, p = 0•1316). Abdominoperineal resection was associated with a worse body image (9•8 points; 95% CI, 2•9 to 16•6, p = 0•0052), micturition symptoms (−8•0 points; 95% CI, -14•1 to −1•8, p = 0•0108), male sexual problems (−19•9 points; 95% CI, -33•1 to -6•7, p = 0•0032), less confidence in getting and maintaining an erection in males (0•5 points on a 5-point scale; 95% CI, 0•1 to 0•8, p = 0•0155), and worse urinary symptoms (−5•4 points on a 35-point scale; 95% CI, −8•0 to −2•7, p
Published: 2021
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15. Activation of BDNF-mediated PKA signaling in the ventral hippocampus by Capsosiphon fulvescens glycoproteins alleviates depressive-like behavior in aged rats

Author: Jeong Hwan Oh, Taek-Jeong Nam, and Youn Hee Choi
Subjects: Aging, Capsosiphon fulvescens, Aging-induced depression, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors, Endoplasmic reticulum stress, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, TX341-641
Abstract: Aging is associated with an increased risk of emotional disorders such as depression. In this study, effects of Capsosiphon fulvescens hydrophilic glycoproteins (Cf-hGP) on depressive-like behavior in aged rats were investigated. Oral administration of Cf-hGP (15 mg/kg/day; 4 weeks) attenuated immobility time of aged rats in forced swimming test by increasing expression of mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the ventral hippocampus. Cf-hGP-induced BDNF-mediated activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels and protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation, which upregulated α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) GluA1 phosphorylation at serine 845. The activation of BDNF-mediated PKA signaling by Cf-hGP also attenuated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the ventral hippocampus. AMPAR blockade or PKA inhibition abolished the Cf-hGP-induced decrease in immobility time. These findings suggest that BDNF-mediated cAMP/PKA signaling in the ventral hippocampus contributes to antidepressant effects of Cf-hGP by regulating AMPAR GluA1 phosphorylation and ER stress.
Published: 2020
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16. A checklist of the geophytes of Fergana Valley, Middle Asia—A monocotyledonous plant and biogeographical analysis

Author: Komiljon Tojibaev, Farkhod Karimov, Byoung-Un Oh, Seung Hwan Oh, and Chang-gee Jang
Subjects: Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract: The composition of monocotyledonous geophytes of the Fergana Valley, one of the most densely populated regions of Middle Asia, consisting of 206 species, 27 genera, and 10 families was documented. Among them, four species were detected for the first time in the Uzbekistan flora and eight species were added to the composition of the mountain ridges surrounding the valley. The major families are Amaryllidaceae (84; 40.77%), Liliaceae (63; 30.58%), Iridaceae (22; 10.67%), and Asphodelaceae (13; 6.46%). The flora is dominated by the Mountain Middle Asian elements—136 species that are 67% of all monocotyledonous geophytes of the Fergana Valley. Forty-five species are endemic or subendemic species of the Fergana Valley. Twenty-two species of them are included in The Red Data Book of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Keywords: Flora, Geophytes, Fergana Valley, Mountain Central Asia, Endemic
Published: 2018
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17. A waterborne outbreak of multiple diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli infections associated with drinking water at a school camp

Author: Jungsun Park, Jin Seok Kim, Soojin Kim, Eunkyung Shin, Kyung-Hwan Oh, Yonghoon Kim, Cheon Hyeon Kim, Min Ah Hwang, Chan Mun Jin, Kyoungin Na, Jin Lee, Enhi Cho, Byung-Hak Kang, Hyo-Sun Kwak, Won Keun Seong, and Junyoung Kim
Subjects: Outbreak, Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli, Drinking water, O103:H2, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: Background: In June 2015, a local public health laboratory was notified that students had developed gastroenteritis symptoms after attending a camp. An outbreak investigation was conducted to determine the extent and cause of the outbreak. Method: A retrospective cohort study was conducted to determine the correlations between the illness and specific exposures at the school camp. All attendees were interviewed with a standard questionnaire that addressed clinical symptoms, food consumption, and environmental exposures. Clinical specimens were cultured using standard microbiological methods for bacterial and viral pathogens. The genetic relationships of all isolates were determined using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results: A total 188 patients with symptoms of diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and nausea were identified. The completed questionnaires suggested that the consumption of drinking water was likely to be linked to this outbreak. Using microbiological methods, enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli, enteropathogenic E. coli, and enteroaggregative E. coli were isolated, and the isolates from both patient stool and environmental water samples displayed indistinguishable XbaI-PFGE patterns. The water system in the camp used groundwater drawn from a private underground reservoir for cooking and drinking. The environmental investigation revealed some problems with the water supply system, such as the use of inappropriate filters in the water purifier and a defect in the pipeline between the reservoir and the chlorination device. Conclusions: This outbreak points to the importance of drinking water quality management in group facilities where underground water is used and emphasizes the need for periodic sanitation and inspection to prevent possible waterborne outbreaks.
Published: 2018
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18. A new species of genus Gagea Salisb. (Liliaceae) from Kyrgyz Republic (Western Tian Shan, Chatkal Range, Sary-Chelek Nature Reserve)

Author: Igor G. Levichev, Chang-gee Jang, Seung Hwan Oh, and Georgii A. Lazkov
Subjects: Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract: A new white-flowered species of Gagea is described from the Sary-Chelek Nature Reserve (Chatkal Range, Kyrgyzstan), which grows at a relatively low elevation in shallow shady niches on gorge walls formed by conglomerates. In its habit and flower color, this species resembles G. delicatula but differs from the latter mainly in the number and location of bulbils in generative and vegetative individuals. Keywords: Chatkal Range, Gagea Salisb., Liliaceae, Sary-Chelek Reserve, Western Tian Shan
Published: 2019
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19. Hydrophilic compartments of Capsosiphon fulvescens protein alleviate impaired spatial memory by regulating BDNF-mediated ER stress against chronic ethanol exposure

Author: Eun-Young Kim, Taek-Jeong Nam, and Jeong Hwan Oh
Subjects: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Capsosiphon fulvescens protein, Chronic ethanol administration, Dorsal hippocampus, Endoplasmic reticulum stress, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, TX341-641
Abstract: Seaweed-derived antioxidative proteins can protect brain against ethanol-induced oxidative stress. This study was to investigate whether Capsosiphon fulvescens crude proteins (Cf-CP) alleviates the impairment in spatial memory by regulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress against chronic ethanol exposure. Oral administration of Cf-CP for 14 consecutive days increased mature BDNF (mBDNF) levels and phosphorylation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in rat dorsal hippocampus. The latency to platform was decreased and an increase in mBDNF was maintained until the withdrawal at 35 days in Cf-CP treatment. In rats treated with ethanol for four weeks, the ethanol-induced impairment in spatial memory was reduced by co-administration of Cf-CP. This treatment prevented the decrease in mBDNF and the increase in both of ER stress response protein, glucose-regulated protein 78, and protein kinase C delta phosphorylation. These findings suggest that Cf-CP administration improve cognitive functions by regulating BDNF-mediated ER stress response in the dorsal hippocampus.
Published: 2017
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20. Genus Eumasia Chrétien (Lepidoptera: Psychidae: Eumasiinae) new to Korea with E. muscella

Author: Seung Jin Roh, Seung-Hwan Oh, and Bong-Kyu Byun
Subjects: Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract: Genus Eumasia Chrétien in Psychidae was newly recognized from Korea with an unrecorded species, E. muscella Saigusa and Sugimoto. Larva and male genitalia of the species were described, and DNA barcode for precise identification of the species was also provided. Keywords: Bagworms, Eumasia, Eumasiinae, Korea, Psychidae
Published: 2018
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21. Synthesis and characterization of visible active Fe grafted ZnO nanocomposites for NBB degradation in water

Author: Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencia de los Materiales y del Transporte, Universidad de Sevilla. TEP973: Tecnología de Polvos y Corrosión, Balu, Krishnakumar, Ramasundaram, Subramaniyan, Sepúlveda Ferrer, Ranier Enrique, Chicardi Augusto, Ernesto, Kumaravel, Sakthivel, Josphin Mini, J., Hwan Oh, Tae, Avula, Balakrishna, Sobral, Abilio J.F.N., Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencia de los Materiales y del Transporte, Universidad de Sevilla. TEP973: Tecnología de Polvos y Corrosión, Balu, Krishnakumar, Ramasundaram, Subramaniyan, Sepúlveda Ferrer, Ranier Enrique, Chicardi Augusto, Ernesto, Kumaravel, Sakthivel, Josphin Mini, J., Hwan Oh, Tae, Avula, Balakrishna, and Sobral, Abilio J.F.N.
Abstract: Photocatalysis embraces prodigious ability as an efficient and sustainable oxidation technology for application in wastewater treatment. In general, a good photocatalytic material should have chemical stability, low production cost, and especially environment-friendliness characteristics. The present study involves the development of visible light active semiconductors by surface-grafted Fe(III) ions and bulk metal oxide. Fe-grafted ZnO nanocomposites were synthesized at two different temperatures. Initially, the precipitation-decomposition method was adopted for the ZnO preparation; later, surface of ZnO was grafted with Fe3+ ions at two different temperatures under basic condition. The prepared materials have been characterized by various characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), High-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) and Photoluminescence (PL) study. The degree of electron-hole recombination decreased in Fe-modified ZnOs as evidenced by PL measurements. The prepared materials used for naphthol blue black (NBB) dye destruction under visible light, and found that Fe modification slightly enhances the degradation ability of the ZnO. DRS measurements confirm the higher absorbance at the visible region in Fe/ZnOs materials. The catalyst was found to be reusable. A suitable degradation mechanism is proposed for the destruction of Naphthol Blue Black (NBB) dye by Fe-grafted ZnO nanocomposites under visible light.
Published: 2023

22. Risk assessment and regulatory decision-making for nanomaterial use in agriculture

Author: Ramachandran Chelliah, Inamu lHasan Madar, Ghazala Sultan, Mahamuda Begum, Bandana Pahi, Iftikhar Aslam Tayubi, Vijayalakshmi Selvakumar, and Deog Hwan Oh
Published: 2023
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23. Contributors

Author: Nadeesh M. Adassooriya, Javed Ahmad, Madhusudhan Alle, null Amna, Rajkumar Bandi, Mahamuda Begum, Bhupal Bhattacharya, Sarmistha Bhattacharya, Jayeeta Chattopadhyay, Anirudha Chattopadhyay, Ramachandran Chelliah, Anuj Choudhary, Ramakrishna Dadigala, Tahir Farooq, Sandra Gonçalves, Leila Hakimi, Amjad Hameed, Arruje Hameed, Yuxiong Huang, Azamal Husen, Claudio Inostroza-Blancheteau, Suchisree Jha, Harmanjot Kaur, Tanzila Khalid, Farin Khatoon, Esmail Khosropour, Antul Kumar, Mahantesh Kurjogi, Atul Loyal, Inamu lHasan Madar, Arvind Malik, Amit Kumar Mandal, Inês Mansinhos, Kanika Mehta, Sahil Mehta, null Nida, Deog Hwan Oh, Bandana Pahi, S.K. Pahuja, Biresh Prasad, Prachi Priyanka, Sadia Qamar, Muhammad Abdul Qayyum, Mohammad Irfan Qureshi, Gonzalo Recio, Zed Rengel, Marjorie Reyes-Díaz, Anabela Romano, Priya Roy, Muhammad Jawwad Saif, Salem S. Salem, Chanaka Sandaruwan, Seema Sangwan, Vijayalakshmi Selvakumar, Pankaj Sharma, Yuxian Shi, Nimmy Srivastava, Rakesh K. Srivastava, Ghazala Sultan, Iftikhar Aslam Tayubi, Ricardo Tighe-Neira, Anne Nilukshi Tissera, Amruta Uppar, Gulamnabi Vanti, J.U. Vinay, Leela Wati, Weria Weisany, Ashok Yadav, and Rubina Yasmine
Published: 2023
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24. Flora of Jeokgeunsan Mountain in the Civilian Control Zone, Gangwon-do, South Korea

Author: Jun-Gi Byeon, Ju-Eun Yun, Su-Young Jung, Seong-Jin Ji, and Seung-Hwan Oh
Subjects: demilitarized zone, endemic plants, naturalized plants, rare plants, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract: The flora of Jeokgeunsan Mountain forest genetic resources protection zone was identified and the major flora distribution examined. From May 2011 to September 2012, the flora was made up of taxonomic groups including 84 families, 283 genera, 432 species, four subspecies, 59 varieties, and six forma. Eleven families and 16 taxonomic groups were endemic plants to Korea, and 13 taxonomic groups were rare flora of Korea designated by the National Forest Service. Eight families and 24 taxonomic groups for naturalized plants were confirmed and the naturalization rate was 4.8%. Out of 501 taxonomic groups, 404 were resource plants of which 208 (41.5%) were edible plants, 152 (30.3%) were medicinal plants, 199 (39.7%) were herbaceous plants, and 55 (11.0%) were ornamental plants.
Published: 2014
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25. The flora of the Western Tien Shan: Tajikistan part

Author: Komiljon Tojiboev, Kae Sun Chang, Mansur Usmonov, Seung-Hwan Oh, Ma`ruf Segizboev, Neimatullo Safarov, Hikmatullo Suyunkulov, Isakul Turakulov, Chang-gee Jang, Nuree Na, and Minsu Park
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Flora, Plant life-forms, Range (biology), Rare species, 010607 zoology, Plant Science, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Floristics, Hierarchical analysis, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, QH540-549.5, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Western Tien Shan, Fabaceae, Geography, Herbarium, Taxon, Insect Science, Mogoltau Mountains, Animal Science and Zoology, Kurama Range, Mountain range
Abstract: The study was devoted to documenting and describing the flora of the part of the western Tien Shan mountain range occurring in Tajikistan. Several field studies were carried out from 2016 to 2019, and more than 20,000 herbarium specimens were also investigated. We identified 547 plant species that were previously not indicated for this region; of these, 407 species were found in the Kurama Range and 140 species in the Mogoltau Mountains. The multivariate hierarchical analysis showed that the general level of floristic similarity among these widely separated areas was relatively low. Among the four floristic zones (the Southwest and Southeast of Kurama Range, Karamazar, and Mountains Mogoltau), the dominant taxa at the family level were Poaceae (78 species belonging to 35 genera), Asteraceae (43 genera and approximately 70 taxa), and Fabaceae (58 taxa belonging to 19 genera), and Brassicaceae (49 taxa in 36 genera). In our species inventory for the Kurama and Mogoltau Mts., 135 species met the criteria for rare species.
Published: 2021

26. A taxonomic revision of Ligustrum (Oleaceae) in Korea

Author: Jung-Hyun Lee, Hyeok Jae Choi, Ju Eun Jang, Mi Jung Choi, Gyu Young Chung, and Seung Hwan Oh
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Flora, Synonym, Oleaceae, Ligustrum, 010607 zoology, Plant Science, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Taxonomic revision, Ligustrum quihoui, lcsh:QH540-549.5, Botany, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Drupe, Korea, Ecology, biology, biology.organism_classification, Herbarium, Inflorescence, Insect Science, Key (lock), Animal Science and Zoology, Morphological character, lcsh:Ecology
Abstract: A taxonomic revision of Korean Ligustrum species is presented based on critical observations of wild populations and herbarium specimens. Species delimitations were re-evaluated on the basis of morphological characters, such as plant height, texture and shape of leaf, shape of inflorescence, shape of drupe and seed, and texture of endocarp. From the results, L. leucanthum (= L. acutissimum), being recorded in Korea, is excluded from the Korean flora because it comes from misidentifications of the herbarium specimen, whose identity is L. obtusifolium. We also treated L.obtusifolium subsp. suave and L. obtusifolium subsp. microphyllum as synonyms of L.obtusifolium. Ligustrum quihoui var. latifolium is placed into synonym of L. quihoui. In addition, the record of L. ovalifolium from Korea has proved to be a misidentification of herbarium specimens, the correct identity of which is L. salicinum. Consequently, we recognized the following six Ligustrum species in Korea: L. japonicum, L. lucidum, L. quihoui, L. salicinum, L. foliosum, and L. obtusifolium. Photographs and a key to six species of Ligustrum were provided in addition to complete descriptions including information on nomenclatural types, synonyms, and taxonomic notes.
Published: 2020

27. Diversity and distribution of the genus Scrophularia L. (Scrophulariaceae) in Uzbekistan

Author: Natalya Yu. Beshko, Seung-Hwan Oh, Chang-gee Jang, Alexander N. Sennikov, Orzimat T. Turginov, Dilarom M. Tajetdinova, Kae Sun Chang, Komiljon Tojibaev, Furkat O. Khassanov, and Botany
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Scrophularia, Scrophulariaceae, Middle asia, 010607 zoology, Identification key, Ecological data, Plant Science, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QH540-549.5, Botany, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Taxonomy, Middle Asia, Ecology, biology, New records, Uzbekistan, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Geography, Herbarium, Insect Science, 1181 Ecology, evolutionary biology, Animal Science and Zoology, Taxonomy (biology), lcsh:Ecology
Abstract: This article presents a new checklist of Scrophularia in Uzbekistan. The synopsis includes 21 species; one of them is national endemic, and seven species were newly recorded for Uzbekistan as a result of field collecting missions, studies, and examination of Tashkent (TASH), St.-Petersburg (LE), Almaty (AA), and Moscow (MW) herbarium collections. The geographical distribution of Scrophularia in Uzbekistan was mapped and analyzed. The identification key, a table of comparative diagnostic characters, nomenclatural types, and ecological data are provided. (C) 2019 National Science Museum of Korea (NSMK) and Korea National Arboretum (KNA), Publishing Services by Elsevier.
Published: 2020

28. The study of distribution characteristics of vascular and naturalized plants in Dokdo, South Korea

Author: Su-Young Jung, Jun-Gi Byun, Soo-Hyun Park, Seung-Hwan Oh, Jong-Cheol Yang, Jeong-Won Jang, Kae-Sun Chang, and You-Mi Lee
Subjects: Dokdo, Dongdo, Naturalized plants, Seodo, Vascular plants, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract: This study was performed to investigate the distribution of vascular plants and the characteristics of naturalized plants in Dokdo Island, South Korea. The survey was conducted a total of 5 times from June 2012 to September 2013. The number of plants confirmed in this study was 60 taxa in total: 29 families, 49 genera, 55 species, 2 subspecies and 3 varieties. To classify them by regional groups, 53 taxa were confirmed in the Dongdo and 38 taxa were confirmed in the Seodo. Among them, the distribution of Stellaria neglecta Weihe and Puccinellia nipponica Ohwi was first discovered in this study. The naturalized plants distributed in Dokdo was 7 taxa: Chenopodium album L., Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, Sonchus oleraceus L., Ipomoea purpurea Roth, Brassica juncea (L.) Czern., etc. Overall, concerns over the naturalized plants in Dokdo are high regardless of the scale of their distribution and the appearance frequency.
Published: 2014
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29. Distribution characteristics of plants in the Ungseokbong Mountain, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea

Author: Hee-Suk Hwang, Su-Young Jung, Jeong-Won Jang, Jun-Gi Byeon, Kae-Sun Chang, Seung-Hwan Oh, and Jong-Cheol Yang
Subjects: Rare plants, Endemic plants, Specific plants designated by the Ministry of Environment, Naturalized plants, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract: This study was conducted 13 surveys from 2007 through 2012. The surveys on the entire plants distribution in the Ungseokbong Mountain found 491 taxa in total: 99 families, 290 genera, 419 species, 3 subspecies, 61 varieties, and 8 forms. 1,211 specimens were secured as evidence. In particular, 11 taxa of the rare plants which were designated by the Korea Forest Service were confirmed, and 12 taxa of the endemic plants were confirmed in this study. Those plants above Class III of the specific plants designated by the Ministry of Environment were confirmed 19 taxa. Among them, in particular, it was confirmed that Kirengeshoma koreana Nakai has a new habitat in the Unseokbong. Naturalized plants included 34 taxa accounting for 6.9% were representatively confirmed.
Published: 2014
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30. Distribution of vascular plants along the altitudinal gradient of Gyebangsan (Mt.) in Korea

Author: Jong-Cheol Yang, Hee-Suk Hwang, Hye-Jeong Lee, Su-Young Jung, Seong-Jin Ji, Seung-Hwan Oh, and You-Mi Lee
Subjects: Gyebangsan (Mt.) altitude, Distribution, Korea endemic plant, Gyebangsan (Mt.), Rare plants, Vascular plants, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract: This study was conducted to examine the distribution of vascular plants along the altitudinal gradient and investigation routes of Gyebangsan (Mt.) in Korea. The total number of flora of Gyebangsan (Mt.) was 510 taxa in total, comprising 83 families, 283 genera, 449 species, four subspecies, 52 varieties and five forms. In the flora of this area, 14 taxa were Korean endemic plants and 17 taxa were rare plants. Naturalized plants in Korea numbered 27 taxa. The number of vascular plants monotonically decreased with increasing altitude. In contrast, the rare plants mostly increased with increasing altitude. The endemic plants of Korea did not show any special pattern by altitude gradient. The naturalized plants were mainly distributed at the open area below 1000 m.
Published: 2014
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31. The distribution of vascular plants in Banronsan (Mt.) at Jeongseon Gangwon-do, Korea

Author: Jeong-Won Jang, Jong-Cheol Yang, Su-Young Jung, Hye-Jeong Lee, Ju-Eun Yun, Chin Chang, Hee-Suk Hwang, Kae-Sun Chang, Seung-Hwan Oh, and You-Mi Lee
Subjects: Endemic plants, Banronsan (Mt.), Naturalized plants, Rare and endangered plants, Vascular plants, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract: To study the distribution of vascular plants in Banronsan (Mt.) located in Jeongseon-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea. The vascular flora in Banronsan (Mt.) were surveyed a total of four times-three times from May 2010 to October 2010, and once in August 2012. This result revealed 447 taxa in total: 89 families, 278 genera, 390 species, four subspecies, 47 varieties, and six form. In the flora of this area, 15 taxa were Korean endemic plants including Aconitum pseudolaeve Nakai, Lysimachia coreana Nakai, and Saussurea macrolepis (Nakai) Kitam., and 17 taxa were rare and endangered plants of Korea including Astragalus koraiensis Y.N. Lee, Pseudostellaria japonica Pax, and Paeonia japonica (Makino) Miyabe and Takeda. Three taxa were found as a special forest conservation species designated by the Korea Forest Service including Delphinium maackianum Regel and Daphne pseudomezereum var. koreana (Nakai) Hamaya. Besides, 76 taxa were found to be specific floristic plants designated by the Ministry of Environment, whereas naturalized plants in this area were 32 taxa. Resource plants were categorized by usage into eight groups: 189 edible, four fiber, 127 medical, 48 ornamental, 150 pasturing, three industrial, 10 dyeing, and eight timber plants.
Published: 2014
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32. A Newly Recorded Plant of South Korea: Eragrostis aquatica Honda (Poaceae)

Author: Su-Young Jung, Soo-Hyun Park, Jin Jang, Jong-Cheol Yang, Seung-Hwan Oh, Kae-Sun Chang, Yang-Hoon Cho, and Jong-Hwan Kim
Subjects: Eragrostis aquatica, Japanese endemic, Native plant, Poaceae, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract: A newly reported species of Poaceae, Eragrostis aquatica, is reported from South Korea, which was collected from Naejang and Sucheong reservoir, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do. E. aquatica is known to be an endemic plant in Japan, but its distribution in South Korea was confirmed in the present study. It can be distinguished from Eragrostis pilosa and Eragrostis multicaulis by its habit and morphological characteristics, with perennial and spikelets 1.5-2.0 mm wide.
Published: 2014
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33. POS-332 QUALITY OF LIFE IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY: FINDINGS FROM THE KNOW-CKD (KOREAN COHORT STUDY FOR OUTCOME IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE) COHORT

Author: Hyo Jin Kim, Jongmin Lee, S.H. Kim, J.W. Yoon, G.H. Choi, and Kook Hwan Oh
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, medicine.disease, Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology, Diabetic nephropathy, Quality of life, Nephrology, Internal medicine, Cohort, medicine, In patient, RC870-923, business, Cohort study, Kidney disease
Published: 2021

34. Combined treatment of Taraxaci Herba and R7050 alleviates the symptoms of herpes simplex virus-induced Behçet's disease in rats

Author: Bae Hwan Lee, Myeounghoon Cha, Misun Park, Kang-Keyng Sung, Jin-Hwan Oh, and Minjee Kwon
Subjects: Systemic disease, Scorad index, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Inflammation, 02 engineering and technology, Disease, Behcet's disease, Herpes simplex virus, medicine.disease_cause, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Combined treatment, SCORAD index, 021105 building & construction, R7050, medicine, Miscellaneous systems and treatments, Behçet's disease, business.industry, RZ409.7-999, Taraxaci herba, medicine.disease, 030205 complementary & alternative medicine, Complementary and alternative medicine, Immunology, Original Article, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract: Background: Behçet's disease (BD) is a chronic inflammatory systemic disease that affects multiple organs. The causes of BD are still unknown, but it is primarily characterized by autoimmune reaction in the blood vessels. Current research focuses on treatments that can reduce the non-typical inflammatory responses of BD. Nevertheless, studies on improving the inflammatory effect of BD using inflammation mechanisms are still insufficient. Therefore, we conducted the integrated treatments related to inflammation modulation and achieved alleviation of symptoms in BD mice. Methods: To understand the complex etiology of BD and compare its management, the herpes simplex virus (HSV)-induced BD mouse model was used. In order to alleviate the inflammatory response in BD mice, Taraxaci Herba (TH, herbal medicine), R7050-a TNFα inhibitor, and a mixture of TH and R7050 were injected for 2 weeks repetitively. The SCORAD index was examined to evaluate the cutaneous inflammations. In addition, histological changes and inflammatory factors were analyzed. Results: Repetitive injection of TH and/or R7050 reduced the symptoms of BD and significantly decreased IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα in blood sera. Moreover, this treatment reduced the ulcers and the deterioration of skin. Conclusions: The results of our study showed that the down-regulation of inflammatory factors is related to the control of immune responses in BD models, suggesting that a mixed drug treatment may be more effective in improving the condition of BD.
Published: 2021

35. Probiotics, Diet, and Gut Microbiome Modulation in Metabolic Syndromes Prevention

Author: Dylis-Judith Fafa Mensah, Byong-Hoon Lee, Eric Banan-Mwine Daliri, Deog-Hwan Oh, and Fred Kwame Ofosu
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, biology, business.industry, Public health, Adipose tissue, Inflammation, Gut flora, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Bioinformatics, law.invention, Probiotic, Insulin resistance, law, medicine, Etiology, medicine.symptom, Metabolic syndrome, business
Abstract: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is presently an alarming public health problem globally. Although its etiology is not fully understood, MetS is postulated to be correlated with adipose tissue dysfunction, insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, genetic factors, and gut microbiota (GM). Among the several therapeutic approaches explored to alter and improve the metabolic indicators of MetS, dietary intervention specifically probiotic consumption has shown promising health benefits in the prevention and management of the malady. This work highlights the role of diet and focuses on the efficacy of probiotic consumption on the prevention of MetS and modulation of the GM.
Published: 2021
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36. List of contributors

Author: Buzuayehu Abebe, S.K. Ajithaa, N.S. Alfia, Abuzer Amir, Embalil Mathachan Aneesh, A. Archana, R. Arulvel, Sangeetha Arunachalam, null Ashish, Jose Gnanaleela Aswin Jeno, Sthita Pragnya Behera, B. Bharathiraja, Pooja Bhardwaj, Nilutpal Bhuyan, Parameswaran Binod, Neelam Bora, Arghya Chakravorty, Ramachandran Chelliah, Sivasankaran Chozhavendhan, Patitapaban Dash, Flávio A. de Freitas, Ponnuswamy Renuka Devi, Vivek Dhand, Balaji Dhandapani, Lakshman Kumar Dogiparthi, Anurag Dutta, Rajalakshmanan Eshwaramoorthy, T. Gajendran, Lekshmi Gangadhar, Sujay Ghosh, G. Gowshikaa, Neeraj Gupta, R.V. Hemavathy, J. Jayabharathi, Mani Jayakumar, R. Jayasree, S. Jeevanantham, Senthilkumar Kandasamy, A. Karthic, Guruviah Karthigadevi, S. Karthikadevi, M. Karthikeyan, Rupam Kataki, Imran Khan, V. Kirubakaran, Jayachandran Krishna, Suresh Kumar Krishnan, Kannaiyan Sathish Kumar, Madhava Anil Kumar, Naresh Kumar, P. Senthil Kumar, Pratyush Kumar Das, Manonmani Kumaraguruparaswami, S. Chaitanya Kumari, Dibyajit Lahiri, Jaya Lakkakula, Márcia S.F. Lira, G. Carlin Geor Malar, Anurag Malik, Prasad Mandade, Naveen Kumar Manickam, S. Manikandan, Bishwambhar Mishra, Rajkamal Mohan, Gokilam Mohankumar, H.C. Ananda Murthy, K. Muthukumar, Moupriya Nag, Senthil Nagappan, Ekambaram Nakkeeran, Abhishek Nalluri, M. Narmatha, Vinod Kumar Nathan, Francisco X. Nobre, Deog-Hwan Oh, P. Naga Padma, Ashok Pandey, Sherly A. Paul, Aditya Amrut Pawar, Ayyappasamy Sudalaiyadum Perumal, Wanison A.G. Pessoa, N. Prabhu, Venkatesa Prabhu S, Minakshi Prasad, K.M. Prasannakumaran, Bidyut Prava Das, N. Praveen, R. Praveen Kumar, D. Premkumar, Himani Punia, S. Rachel, Murgan Rajamehala, Selvarasu Ranganathan, Gulzar Ahmed Rather, Sathish Raam Ravichandran, Rina Rani Ray, Sharrel Rebello, C. Nagendranatha Reddy, R. Reshmy, Huria Rizvi, S. Samraj, Siva Sankar Sana, S. Sangeetha Gandhi, C. Sanjay Kumar, A. Saravanan, Muthulingam Seenuvasan, I. Aberna Ebenezer Selvakumari, G. Adaikala Selvan, Mothil Sengottian, Parvati Sharma, S. Sharvari, Raveendran Sindhu, Bharati Singh, M. Vijay Pradhap Singh, R. Subbaiya, Kavitha Subbiah, Rajaram Sundaramoorthy, Caroline Mercy Andrew Swamidoss, Mitsuo L. Takeno, Deepa Thomas, Anitha Thulasisingh, Belachew Zegale Tizazu, Jayanti Tokas, Rajamanickam Usha, V.L. Vasantha, Kamini Velhal, Chidambaram Kulandaisamy Venil, M. Venkata Ratnam, Chitra Devi Venkatachalam, Krishnan Vignesh, Y. Vineetha, Ravichandran Viveka, Shuai Wei, P.R. Yaashikaa, and Rajasri Yadavalli
Published: 2021
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37. Contributors

Author: Pınar Şanlibaba, Naseer Ahmad Bhat, Mudasir Ahmed Shagoo, Mustafa Akçelik, Nefise Akçelik, Gazalla Akhtar, V. Ambikapathy, Marimuthu Anandharaj, A. Anbukumaran, J. Anita Christie, S. Babu, Karthiyayini Balakrishnan, Eric Banan-Mwine Daliri, Jeenatara Begum, Sonia Calligaris, María Chávarri, Tamalika Chakraborty, Peng Chen, Nilanjana Das, Nabendu Debnath, Didem Deliorman Orhan, Dharumadurai Dhanasekaran, Lucía Diez-Gutiérrez, Dylis-Judith Fafa Mensah, Sabina Fijan, Adil Gani, Loganathan Gayathri, S. Geet Andrea, S. Gomathi, Vinothini Gopal, Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar, Ifra Hassan, Nadia Innocente, Romee Jan, Luis Javier R. Barron, Arumugam Kamaladevi, G. Kanimozhi, Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian, Anusha Kokkiligadda, Vinothini Krishnaraj, Athirathinam Krubha, Ashok Kumar Yadav, Manorama Kumari, Fred Kwame Ofosu, Mangala Lakshmi Ragavan, Byong-Hoon Lee, S. Madhana, Michela Maifreni, Dipanjan Mandal, Muthuselvam Manickam, Natesan Manoharan, Izaskun Marañón, Marilena Marino, F.A. Masoodi, Sofia Melchior, Mohamed Yousuff Mohamed Imran, Manickasamy Mukesh Kumar, Gangatharan Muralitharan, T. Muthu Kumar, Khalid Muzaffar, Govindan Nadar Rajivgandhi, Deog-Hwan Oh, A. Panneerselvam, Rizwana Parveen Rani, Govindan Ramachandran, K. Ramanathan, Thirumurugan Ramasamy, Manas Ranjan Swain, Nazar Reehana, Vimala RTV, Alwarappan Sankaranarayanan, Charles Santhanaraju Vairappan, T. Savitha, Abhijit Sengupta, G. Senthilkumar, A.S. Shijila Rani, Jessica A. ter Haar, Nooruddin Thajuddin, Ashish Tyagi, Zanoor Ul Ashraf, Başar Uymaz Tezel, László Varga, and S. Veeramani
Published: 2021
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38. Use of Metabotyping for Targeted Nutrition

Author: Byong-Hoon Lee, Fred Kwame Ofosu, Deog-Hwan Oh, and Eric Banan-Mwine Daliri
Published: 2021
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39. Synthesis of nanomaterials for biofuel and bioenergy applications

Author: Shuai Wei, Imran Khan, Ramachandran Chelliah, B. Bharathiraja, Deog-Hwan Oh, Jayachandran Krishna, Caroline Mercy Andrew Swamidoss, and Ayyappasamy Sudalaiyadum Perumal
Subjects: Biodiesel, Lead (geology), Biogas, business.industry, Biofuel, Bioenergy, Fossil fuel, Environmental science, Biohydrogen, Biochemical engineering, business, Renewable resource
Abstract: Biofuel and bioenergy production are envisioned as a promising future to meet the dramatically growing global energy demands. Fossil fuels played a significant role in meeting the energy needs in the last century, only to start becoming depleted around the turn of this century. However useful, burning fossil fuels comes with a heftier price-tag, namely the associated environmental deterioration, fast-changing climatic conditions, and hence a global socioeconomic burden. Bioenergy forms like bioethanol, biodiesel, biohydrogen, and biogas are an alternative, due to their clean energy properties and the use of renewable resources in their production. Many of the known alternative forms of bioenergy productions are the results of interdisciplinary research facades of chemical engineering, bioengineering, and biotechnology. One such recent development is the use of nanomaterials in biofuel and bioenergy production. Due to their high surface to volume ratio, larger surface areas for catalysis, and the feasibility to synthesize hybrids, composite nanomaterials lead to extensive research into the use of nanoparticles for bioenergy production. Additionally, synthetic and natural composite nanomaterials could be used as a support material in biofuel reactors. In this chapter, a detailed account of various reported approaches and techniques, namely physical, chemical, and biological methods in synthesizing nanoparticles for biofuel production are discussed. This chapter also contains an in-depth analysis of the recent trends and feasibility of green nanoparticles for biofuel applications. The chapter further discusses the reported methods of synthesizing new types of hybrid nanoparticles and biocomposite nanomaterials.
Published: 2021
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40. Quality of life after sphincter preservation surgery or abdominoperineal resection for low rectal cancer (ASPIRE): A long-term prospective, multicentre, cohort study

Author: Sung-Min Lee, Doo Seok Lee, Jae Sung Kim, Heung Kwon Oh, Sunkyu Choi, Sung Il Kang, Soyeon Ahn, Keun-Wook Lee, Sung Chan Park, H.S. Lee, Kyu Joo Park, Hyun Jung Kim, Ji Won Park, Dae Kyung Sohn, Seung-Bum Ryoo, Min Hyun Kim, Bong Hwa Lee, Young Soo Park, Jae Hwan Oh, Hyoung-Chul Park, Eui Gon Youk, Duck-Woo Kim, Jung Rae Cho, Kyoung Ho Lee, Seung-Yong Jeong, Min Jung Kim, Seung Chul Heo, Rumi Shin, Young Hoon Kim, and Sung-Bum Kang
Subjects: Quality of life, medicine.medical_specialty, Urinary function, Colorectal cancer, media_common.quotation_subject, Sexual function, Urination, Internal Medicine, medicine, Abdominoperineal resection, Rectal cancer, Prospective cohort study, media_common, business.industry, Health Policy, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Hazard ratio, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Obstetrics and Gynecology, lcsh:RA1-1270, Sphincter preservation surgery, medicine.disease, Surgery, Psychiatry and Mental health, Infectious Diseases, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Geriatrics and Gerontology, business, Cohort study, Research Paper, Oncological outcome
Abstract: Summary: Background: The long-term effects of radical resection on quality of life may influence the treatment selection. The objective of this study was to determine whether abdominoperineal resection has a better effect on the quality of life than sphincter preservation surgery at 3 years after surgery Methods: This prospective, cohort study included patients who underwent radical resection for low rectal cancer. The primary outcomes were European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30 and CR38 quality of life scores 3 years after surgery, which were compared with linear generalised estimating equations, after adjustment for baseline values, a time effect, and an interaction effect between time and treatment. The secondary outcomes included sexual-urinary functions and oncological outcomes. The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01461525). Findings: Between December 2011 and August 2016, 342 patients were enrolled: 268 (78•4%) underwent sphincter preservation surgery and 74 (21•6%) underwent abdominoperineal resection. The global quality of life scores did not differ between sphincter preservation surgery and abdominoperineal resection groups (adjusted mean difference, 4•2 points on a 100-point scale; 95% confidence interval [CI], −1•3 to 9•7, p = 0•1316). Abdominoperineal resection was associated with a worse body image (9•8 points; 95% CI, 2•9 to 16•6, p = 0•0052), micturition symptoms (−8•0 points; 95% CI, -14•1 to −1•8, p = 0•0108), male sexual problems (−19•9 points; 95% CI, -33•1 to -6•7, p = 0•0032), less confidence in getting and maintaining an erection in males (0•5 points on a 5-point scale; 95% CI, 0•1 to 0•8, p = 0•0155), and worse urinary symptoms (−5•4 points on a 35-point scale; 95% CI, −8•0 to −2•7, p
Published: 2020

41. Two-Dimensional Near-Atom-Thickness Materials for Emerging Neuromorphic Devices and Applications

Author: Gwan Hyoung Lee, Adithi Krishnaprasad, Emmanuel Okogbue, Kyu Hwan Oh, Mashiyat Sumaiya Shawkat, Molla Manjurul Islam, Tae-Jun Ko, Sang Sub Han, Hao Li, Durjoy Dev, Yongjun Shin, Changhyeon Yoo, Yeonwoong Jung, Sohrab Alex Mofid, and Tania Roy
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Materials science, Materials Science, Nanotechnology, Hexagonal boron nitride, 02 engineering and technology, Review, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, Robustness (computer science), law, lcsh:Science, Electronic Engineering, Multidisciplinary, Graphene, Heterojunction, computer.file_format, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 030104 developmental biology, Neuromorphic engineering, Material quality, Atom (standard), Scalability, lcsh:Q, Electrical Property, 0210 nano-technology, computer
Abstract: Summary Two-dimensional (2D) layered materials and their heterostructures have recently been recognized as promising building blocks for futuristic brain-like neuromorphic computing devices. They exhibit unique properties such as near-atomic thickness, dangling-bond-free surfaces, high mechanical robustness, and electrical/optical tunability. Such attributes unattainable with traditional electronic materials are particularly promising for high-performance artificial neurons and synapses, enabling energy-efficient operation, high integration density, and excellent scalability. In this review, diverse 2D materials explored for neuromorphic applications, including graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, hexagonal boron nitride, and black phosphorous, are comprehensively overviewed. Their promise for neuromorphic applications are fully discussed in terms of material property suitability and device operation principles. Furthermore, up-to-date demonstrations of neuromorphic devices based on 2D materials or their heterostructures are presented. Lastly, the challenges associated with the successful implementation of 2D materials into large-scale devices and their material quality control will be outlined along with the future prospect of these emergent materials., Graphical Abstract, Electronic Engineering; Materials Science; Electrical Property
Published: 2020

42. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Soufiane Boufous, Yousef Veisani, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Edward J Mills, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, William James Dangel, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Catherine O. Johnson, Gregory A. Roth, Giuseppe Gorini, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Alberto Ortiz, Samad Azari, Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew Gebreslassie, Salime Goharinezhad, Stephanie R. M. Zimsen, Peng Zheng, Michael Assmus, Elisabetta Pupillo, Bach Xuan Tran, Lal B. Rawal, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Noushin Mohammadifard, Stephen S Lim, Ata Rafiee, Maria Inês Schmidt, Vincent C. Iannucci, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Leah E. Cahill, Tauseef Ahmad, Platon D. Lopukhov, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Abdullah Al Mamun, Iqbal R. F. Elyazar, Giovanni Damiani, Mohammad Hossein Bakhshaei, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Virginia Núñez-Samudio, Alyssa Pennini, Dietrich Plass, Atkilt Esaiyas Etisso, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Alexandrea Watson, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Paul S Briant, Frank B. Osei, Blair R. Bumgarner, Maciej Banach, Ravensara S. Travillian, Kai-Lan Chang, Shirin Djalalinia, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Silvano Gallus, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Bernhard T. Baune, Aaron van Donkelaar, Azeem Majeed, Hans Kromhout, Robert Ancuceanu, Blessing J. Akombi, Pushpendra Singh, Nayu Ikeda, William M. Gardner, Zahid A Butt, Mohammad Abdollahi, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Rahman Shiri, Benn Sartorius, Ai-Min Wu, Bing Fang Hwang, Flavia M. Cicuttini, Hiroyasu Iso, Luis Camera, Amin Soheili, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine, Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Iman Halvaei, Saqib Ali, Giulio Castelpietra, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Parkes J Kendrick, Hamidreza Haririan, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Jeff T. Zhao, Samiah Alam, Sorin Hostiuc, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Behzad Karami Matin, Cyrus Alinia, Takahiro Tabuchi, Manu Raj Mathur, Søren Thorgaard Skou, Thomas Khaled Dwayne Classen, Reza Heidari-Soureshjani, Massimo Cirillo, Nikita Otstavnov, Mehdi Bohluli, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Animut Tagele Tamiru, Masoumeh Sadeghi, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Itamar S. Santos, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Lars Johansson, Arielle Wilder Eagan, Nevine El Nahas, Silvia Schiavolin, Kevin D. Shield, Dinh-Toi Chu, Shiva Borzouei, Paul S. F. Yip, Beatrix Haddock, Gianfranco Alicandro, Vasily Vlassov, Deanna Anderlini, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Khalid A Altirkawi, Farahnaz Joukar, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Ratilal Lalloo, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Rohollah Kalhor, Daniel Youngwhan Cho, Weijia Fu, João Pedro Silva, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Mehdi Ahmadi, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, José Neves, Gaorui Guo, Tomas Y. Yeheyis, John S. Ji, Charles D. H. Parry, Maryam Ghadimi, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Serge Resnikoff, Anna E. Torre, Vinod C Nayak, Jamileh Shadid, Susanne Breitner, Mohammad Khammarnia, Mathilde Touvier, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Hosna Janjani, Floriane Ausloos, Irmina Maria Michalek, Alexandra S. Boon-Dooley, Jessica A. Cruz, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Abiodun M. Adeoye, André Faro, Bartosz Miazgowski, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Erin C Mullany, Giannina Ferrara, Martin McKee, Emmanuel Peprah, Oommen John, Reza Saeedi, Yasser Vasseghian, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Sarah Wulf Hanson, Yingxi Zhao, Omid Shafaat, Ali Rajabpour-Sanati, Farid Najafi, Ana Maria Mantilla Herrera, Fatemeh Rajati, Tarun Gupta, Łukasz Szumowski, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Zhi Jiang Zhang, Osayomwanbo Osarenotor, Tanvir M. Huda, Perminder S. Sachdev, Farhad Ghamari, Era Upadhyay, Vivek Kumar, Guoqing Hu, Vinay Nangia, Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov, Saeed Shahabi, Golnaz Heidari, Ashraf Nabhan, Robert C. Reiner, Aziz Rezapour, Justin J. Lang, Rakhi Dandona, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Anna-Karin Danielsson, André Karch, Filippo Ariani, Ahmed Abdelalim, Masih Tajdini, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Mohamed Hsairi, Jae Il Shin, Jasvinder A. Singh, Meghan D. Mooney, Fiona B. Bennitt, Hesam Alizade, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Pradhum Ram, Soraya Siabani, Evanson Z. Sambala, Reza Malekzadeh, Falk Schwendicke, Lalit Dandona, Masoud Moradi, Molly R Nixon, Roya Mirzaei, Rachel Feldman, Hosni Salem, Alberto L. García-Basteiro, Lorainne Tudor Car, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Ramesh Holla, Ritesh G. Menezes, Taraneh Yousefinezhadi, Hai Quang Pham, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Luisa Sorio Flor, Priya Rathi, Ali Bijani, Harvey Whiteford, Shanshan Li, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, Joshua A. Salomon, Franz Castro, Lisa M. Force, Abdilahi Yousuf Yousuf, Mina Anjomshoa, Ken Takahashi, Maigeng Zhou, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Maseer Khan, Irina Filip, Santi Martini, Randah R. 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Gad, Kelly Compton, Leila R Kalankesh, Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk, Mikk Jürisson, Catherine M. Antony, Ali A. Asadi-Pooya, Daniel Diaz, Salman Rawaf, Gina Agarwal, Ted R. Miller, Rebecca Ivers, João Vasco Santos, Savita Lasrado, Abdul Moiz Hafiz, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Praveen Hoogar, Fares Alahdab, Om P Kurmi, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta, Tomi Akinyemiju, Boris Bikbov, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Yahya Safari, Guilherme Borges, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Kenji Shibuya, Bahman Yousefi, Berrin Serdar, Karen M. Tabb, Sonali Kochhar, Till Bärnighausen, Kala M. Mehta, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Arash Etemadi, Melissa Y. Wei, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Lingkan Barua, Zubair Kabir, Rade Vukovic, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Shoshana H. Ballew, Miriam Levi, Zainab Samad, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Juan Sanabria, Ramu Rawat, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Gabrielle B. Britton, Colm McAlinden, Mohsen Naghavi, Maarten J. Postma, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Jalil Jaafari, Walter Mendoza, Mahesh P A, Pallab K. Maulik, Ali H. Mokdad, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Parvaiz A Koul, Foad Abd-Allah, Mihaela Hostiuc, Richard G. Cowden, Ronny Westerman, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Department of Earth Observation Science, UT-I-ITC-ACQUAL, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Tampere University, Tays Research Services, Health Sciences, Murray, C. J. L., Aravkin, A. Y., Zheng, P., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Abdollahi, M., Abdollahpour, I., Abegaz, K. H., Abolhassani, H., Aboyans, V., Abreu, L. G., Abrigo, M. R. M., Abualhasan, A., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abushouk, A. I., Adabi, M., Adekanmbi, V., Adeoye, A. M., Adetokunboh, O. O., Adham, D., Advani, S. M., Agarwal, G., Aghamir, S. M. K., Agrawal, A., Ahmad, T., Ahmadi, K., Ahmadi, M., Ahmadieh, H., Ahmed, M. B., Akalu, T. Y., Akinyemi, R. O., Akinyemiju, T., Akombi, B., Akunna, C. J., Alahdab, F., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, S., Alam, T., Alanezi, F. M., Alanzi, T. M., Alemu, B. W., Alhabib, K. F., Ali, M., Ali, S., Alicandro, G., Alinia, C., Alipour, V., Alizade, H., Aljunid, S. M., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Almasi-Hashiani, A., Al-Mekhlafi, H. M., Alonso, J., Altirkawi, K. A., Amini-Rarani, M., Amiri, F., Amugsi, D. A., Ancuceanu, R., Anderlini, D., Anderson, J. A., Andrei, C. L., Andrei, T., Angus, C., Anjomshoa, M., Ansari, F., Ansari-Moghaddam, A., Antonazzo, I. C., Antonio, C. A. T., Antony, C. M., Antriyandarti, E., Anvari, D., Anwer, R., Appiah, S. C. Y., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Ariani, F., Armoon, B., Arnlov, J., Arzani, A., Asadi-Aliabadi, M., Asadi-Pooya, A. A., Ashbaugh, C., Assmus, M., Atafar, Z., Atnafu, D. D., Atout, M. M. W., Ausloos, F., Ausloos, M., Ayala Quintanilla, B. P., Ayano, G., Ayanore, M. A., Azari, S., Azarian, G., Azene, Z. N., Badawi, A., Badiye, A. D., Bahrami, M. A., Bakhshaei, M. H., Bakhtiari, A., Bakkannavar, S. M., Baldasseroni, A., Ball, K., Ballew, S. H., Balzi, D., Banach, M., Banerjee, S. K., Bante, A. B., Baraki, A. G., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barnighausen, T. W., Barrero, L. H., Barthelemy, C. M., Barua, L., Basu, S., Baune, B. T., Bayati, M., Becker, J. S., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Bejot, Y., Bell, M. L., Bennitt, F. B., Bensenor, I. M., Berhe, K., Berman, A. E., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhageerathy, R., Bhala, N., Bhandari, D., Bhattacharyya, K., Bhutta, Z. A., Bijani, A., Bikbov, B., Bin Sayeed, M. S., Biondi, A., Birihane, B. M., Bisignano, C., Biswas, R. K., Bitew, H., Bohlouli, S., Bohluli, M., Boon-Dooley, A. S., Borges, G., Borzi, A. M., Borzouei, S., Bosetti, C., Boufous, S., Braithwaite, D., Breitborde, N. J. K., Breitner, S., Brenner, H., Briant, P. S., Briko, A. N., Briko, N. I., Britton, G. B., Bryazka, D., Bumgarner, B. R., Burkart, K., Burnett, R. T., Burugina Nagaraja, S., Butt, Z. A., Caetano dos Santos, F. L., Cahill, L. E., Camera, L. L. A., Campos-Nonato, I. R., Cardenas, R., Carreras, G., Carrero, J. J., Carvalho, F., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Castelpietra, G., Castro, F., Causey, K., Cederroth, C. R., Cercy, K. M., Cerin, E., Chandan, J. S., Chang, K. -L., Charlson, F. J., Chattu, V. K., Chaturvedi, S., Cherbuin, N., Chimed-Ochir, O., Cho, D. Y., Choi, J. -Y. J., Christensen, H., Chu, D. -T., Chung, M. T., Chung, S. -C., Cicuttini, F. M., Ciobanu, L. G., Cirillo, M., Classen, T. K. D., Cohen, A. J., Compton, K., Cooper, O. R., Costa, V. M., Cousin, E., Cowden, R. G., Cross, D. H., Cruz, J. A., Dahlawi, S. M. A., Damasceno, A. A. M., Damiani, G., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dangel, W. J., Danielsson, A. -K., Dargan, P. I., Darwesh, A. M., Daryani, A., Das, J. K., Das Gupta, R., das Neves, J., Davila-Cervantes, C. A., Davitoiu, D. V., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Delang, M., Dellavalle, R. P., Demeke, F. M., Demoz, G. T., Demsie, D. G., Denova-Gutierrez, E., Dervenis, N., Dhungana, G. P., Dianatinasab, M., Dias da Silva, D., Diaz, D., Dibaji Forooshani, Z. S., Djalalinia, S., Do, H. T., Dokova, K., Dorostkar, F., Doshmangir, L., Driscoll, T. R., Duncan, B. B., Duraes, A. R., Eagan, A. W., Edvardsson, D., El Nahas, N., El Sayed, I., El Tantawi, M., Elbarazi, I., Elgendy, I. Y., El-Jaafary, S. I., Elyazar, I. R., Emmons-Bell, S., Erskine, H. E., Eskandarieh, S., Esmaeilnejad, S., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., Etemadi, A., Etisso, A. E., Fanzo, J., Farahmand, M., Fareed, M., Faridnia, R., Farioli, A., Faro, A., Faruque, M., Farzadfar, F., Fattahi, N., Fazlzadeh, M., Feigin, V. L., Feldman, R., Fereshtehnejad, S. -M., Fernandes, E., Ferrara, G., Ferrari, A. J., Ferreira, M. L., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Fisher, J. L., Flor, L. S., Foigt, N. A., Folayan, M. O., Fomenkov, A. A., Force, L. M., Foroutan, M., Franklin, R. C., Freitas, M., Fu, W., Fukumoto, T., Furtado, J. M., Gad, M. M., Gakidou, E., Gallus, S., Garcia-Basteiro, A. L., Gardner, W. M., Geberemariyam, B. S., Gebreslassie, A. A. A. A., Geremew, A., Gershberg Hayoon, A., Gething, P. W., Ghadimi, M., Ghadiri, K., Ghaffarifar, F., Ghafourifard, M., Ghamari, F., Ghashghaee, A., Ghiasvand, H., Ghith, N., Gholamian, A., Ghosh, R., Gill, P. S., Ginindza, T. G. G., Giussani, G., Gnedovskaya, E. V., Goharinezhad, S., Gopalani, S. V., Gorini, G., Goudarzi, H., Goulart, A. C., Greaves, F., Grivna, M., Grosso, G., Gubari, M. I. M., Gugnani, H. C., Guimaraes, R. A., Guled, R. A., Guo, G., Guo, Y., Gupta, R., Gupta, T., Haddock, B., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Hafiz, A., Haj-Mirzaian, A., Hall, B. J., Halvaei, I., Hamadeh, R. R., Hamidi, S., Hammer, M. S., Hankey, G. J., Haririan, H., Haro, J. M., Hasaballah, A. I., Hasan, M. M., Hasanpoor, E., Hashi, A., Hassanipour, S., Hassankhani, H., Havmoeller, R. J., Hay, S. I., Hayat, K., Heidari, G., Heidari-Soureshjani, R., Henrikson, H. J., Herbert, M. E., Herteliu, C., Heydarpour, F., Hird, T. R., Hoek, H. W., Holla, R., Hoogar, P., Hosgood, H. D., Hossain, N., Hosseini, M., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, M., Hostiuc, S., Househ, M., Hsairi, M., Hsieh, V. C. -R., Hu, G., Hu, K., Huda, T. M., Humayun, A., Huynh, C. K., Hwang, B. -F., Iannucci, V. C., Ibitoye, S. E., Ikeda, N., Ikuta, K. S., Ilesanmi, O. S., Ilic, I. M., Ilic, M. D., Inbaraj, L. R., Ippolito, H., Iqbal, U., Irvani, S. S. N., Irvine, C. M. S., Islam, M. M., Islam, S. M. S., Iso, H., Ivers, R. Q., Iwu, C. C. D., Iwu, C. J., Iyamu, I. O., Jaafari, J., Jacobsen, K. H., Jafari, H., Jafarinia, M., Jahani, M. A., Jakovljevic, M., Jalilian, F., James, S. L., Janjani, H., Javaheri, T., Javidnia, J., Jeemon, P., Jenabi, E., Jha, R. P., Jha, V., Ji, J. S., Johansson, L., John, O., John-Akinola, Y. O., Johnson, C. O., Jonas, J. B., Joukar, F., Jozwiak, J. J., Jurisson, M., Kabir, A., Kabir, Z., Kalani, H., Kalani, R., Kalankesh, L. R., Kalhor, R., Kanchan, T., Kapoor, N., Karami Matin, B., Karch, A., Karim, M. A., Kassa, G. M., Katikireddi, S. V., Kayode, G. A., Kazemi Karyani, A., Keiyoro, P. N., Keller, C., Kemmer, L., Kendrick, P. J., Khalid, N., Khammarnia, M., Khan, E. A., Khan, M., Khatab, K., Khater, M. M., Khatib, M. N., Khayamzadeh, M., Khazaei, S., Kieling, C., Kim, Y. J., Kimokoti, R. W., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kivimaki, M., Knibbs, L. D., Knudsen, A. K. S., Kocarnik, J. M., Kochhar, S., Kopec, J. A., Korshunov, V. A., Koul, P. A., Koyanagi, A., Kraemer, M. U. G., Krishan, K., Krohn, K. J., Kromhout, H., Kuate Defo, B., Kumar, G. A., Kumar, V., Kurmi, O. P., Kusuma, D., La Vecchia, C., Lacey, B., Lal, D. K., Lalloo, R., Lallukka, T., Lami, F. H., Landires, I., Lang, J. J., Langan, S. M., Larsson, A. O., Lasrado, S., Lauriola, P., Lazarus, J. V., Lee, P. H., Lee, S. W. H., Legrand, K. E., Leigh, J., Leonardi, M., Lescinsky, H., Leung, J., Levi, M., Li, S., Lim, L. -L., Linn, S., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Lo, J., Lopez, A. D., Lopez, J. C. F., Lopukhov, P. D., Lorkowski, S., Lotufo, P. A., Lu, A., Lugo, A., Maddison, E. R., Mahasha, P. W., Mahdavi, M. M., Mahmoudi, M., Majeed, A., Maleki, A., Maleki, S., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D. C., Mamun, A. A., Manda, A. L., Manguerra, H., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mansouri, B., Mansournia, M. A., Mantilla Herrera, A. M., Maravilla, J. C., Marks, A., Martin, R. V., Martini, S., Martins-Melo, F. R., Masaka, A., Masoumi, S. Z., Mathur, M. R., Matsushita, K., Maulik, P. K., Mcalinden, C., Mcgrath, J. J., Mckee, M., Mehndiratta, M. M., Mehri, F., Mehta, K. M., Memish, Z. A., Mendoza, W., Menezes, R. G., Mengesha, E. W., Mereke, A., Mereta, S. T., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T. J., Mestrovic, T., Miazgowski, B., Miazgowski, T., Michalek, I. M., Miller, T. R., Mills, E. J., Mini, G. K., Miri, M., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Mirzaei, H., Mirzaei, M., Mirzaei, R., Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M., Misganaw, A. T., Mithra, P., Moazen, B., Mohammad, D. K., Mohammad, Y., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammadifard, N., Mohammadpourhodki, R., Mohammed, A. S., Mohammed, H., Mohammed, J. A., Mohammed, S., Mokdad, A. H., Molokhia, M., Monasta, L., Mooney, M. D., Moradi, G., Moradi, M., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moradzadeh, R., Moraga, P., Morawska, L., Morgado-da-Costa, J., Morrison, S. D., Mosapour, A., Mosser, J. F., Mouodi, S., Mousavi, S. M., Mousavi Khaneghah, A., Mueller, U. O., Mukhopadhyay, S., Mullany, E. C., Musa, K. I., Muthupandian, S., Nabhan, A. F., Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A. J., Nagel, G., Naghavi, M., Naghshtabrizi, B., Naimzada, M. D., Najafi, F., Nangia, V., Nansseu, J. R., Naserbakht, M., Nayak, V. C., Negoi, I., Ngunjiri, J. W., Nguyen, C. T., Nguyen, H. L. T., Nguyen, M., Nigatu, Y. T., Nikbakhsh, R., Nixon, M. R., Nnaji, C. A., Nomura, S., Norrving, B., Noubiap, J. J., Nowak, C., Nunez-Samudio, V., Otoiu, A., Oancea, B., Odell, C. M., Ogbo, F. A., Oh, I. -H., Okunga, E. W., Oladnabi, M., Olagunju, A. T., Olusanya, B. O., Olusanya, J. O., Omer, M. O., Ong, K. L., Onwujekwe, O. E., Orpana, H. M., Ortiz, A., Osarenotor, O., Osei, F. B., Ostroff, S. M., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S. S., Overland, S., Owolabi, M. O., P A, M., Padubidri, J. R., Palladino, R., Panda-Jonas, S., Pandey, A., Parry, C. D. H., Pasovic, M., Pasupula, D. K., Patel, S. K., Pathak, M., Patten, S. B., Patton, G. C., Pazoki Toroudi, H., Peden, A. E., Pennini, A., Pepito, V. C. F., Peprah, E. K., Pereira, D. M., Pesudovs, K., Pham, H. Q., Phillips, M. R., Piccinelli, C., Pilz, T. M., Piradov, M. A., Pirsaheb, M., Plass, D., Polinder, S., Polkinghorne, K. R., Pond, C. D., Postma, M. J., Pourjafar, H., Pourmalek, F., Poznanska, A., Prada, S. I., Prakash, V., Pribadi, D. R. A., Pupillo, E., Quazi Syed, Z., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Radfar, A., Rafiee, A., Raggi, A., Rahman, M. A., Rajabpour-Sanati, A., Rajati, F., Rakovac, I., Ram, P., Ramezanzadeh, K., Ranabhat, C. L., Rao, P. C., Rao, S. J., Rashedi, V., Rathi, P., Rawaf, D. L., Rawaf, S., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Rawat, R., Razo, C., Redford, S. B., Reiner, R. C., Reitsma, M. B., Remuzzi, G., Renjith, V., Renzaho, A. M. N., Resnikoff, S., Rezaei, N., Rezapour, A., Rhinehart, P. -A., Riahi, S. M., Ribeiro, D. C., Ribeiro, D., Rickard, J., Rivera, J. A., Roberts, N. L. S., Rodriguez-Ramirez, S., Roever, L., Ronfani, L., Room, R., Roshandel, G., Roth, G. A., Rothenbacher, D., Rubagotti, E., Rwegerera, G. M., Sabour, S., Sachdev, P. S., Saddik, B., Sadeghi, E., Sadeghi, M., Saeedi, R., Saeedi Moghaddam, S., Safari, Y., Safi, S., Safiri, S., Sagar, R., Sahebkar, A., Sajadi, S. M., Salam, N., Salamati, P., Salem, H., Salem, M. R. R., Salimzadeh, H., Salman, O. M., Salomon, J. A., Samad, Z., Samadi Kafil, H., Sambala, E. Z., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J., Sanchez-Pimienta, T. G., Santomauro, D. F., Santos, I. S., Santos, J. V., Santric-Milicevic, M. M., Saraswathy, S. Y. I., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sarrafzadegan, N., Sartorius, B., Sarveazad, A., Sathian, B., Sathish, T., Sattin, D., Saxena, S., Schaeffer, L. E., Schiavolin, S., Schlaich, M. P., Schmidt, M. I., Schutte, A. E., Schwebel, D. C., Schwendicke, F., Senbeta, A. M., Senthilkumaran, S., Sepanlou, S. G., Serdar, B., Serre, M. L., Shadid, J., Shafaat, O., Shahabi, S., Shaheen, A. A., Shaikh, M. A., Shalash, A. S., Shams-Beyranvand, M., Shamsizadeh, M., Sharafi, K., Sheikh, A., Sheikhtaheri, A., Shibuya, K., Shield, K. D., Shigematsu, M., Shin, J. I., Shin, M. -J., Shiri, R., Shirkoohi, R., Shuval, K., Siabani, S., Sierpinski, R., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Sigurvinsdottir, R., Silva, J. P., Simpson, K. E., Singh, J. A., Singh, P., Skiadaresi, E., Skou, S. T. S., Skryabin, V. Y., Smith, E. U. R., Soheili, A., Soltani, S., Soofi, M., Sorensen, R. J. D., Soriano, J. B., Sorrie, M. B., Soshnikov, S., Soyiri, I. N., Spencer, C. N., Spotin, A., Sreeramareddy, C. T., Srinivasan, V., Stanaway, J. D., Stein, C., Stein, D. J., Steiner, C., Stockfelt, L., Stokes, M. A., Straif, K., Stubbs, J. L., Sufiyan, M. B., Suleria, H. A. R., Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R., Sulo, G., Sultan, I., Szumowski, Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K. M., Tabuchi, T., Taherkhani, A., Tajdini, M., Takahashi, K., Takala, J. S., Tamiru, A. T., Taveira, N., Tehrani-Banihashemi, A., Temsah, M. -H., Tesema, G. A., Tessema, Z. T., Thurston, G. D., Titova, M. V., Tohidinik, H. R., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Topouzis, F., Torre, A. E., Touvier, M., Tovani-Palone, M. R. R., Tran, B. X., Travillian, R., Tsatsakis, A., Tudor Car, L., Tyrovolas, S., Uddin, R., Umeokonkwo, C. D., Unnikrishnan, B., Upadhyay, E., Vacante, M., Valdez, P. R., van Donkelaar, A., Vasankari, T. J., Vasseghian, Y., Veisani, Y., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F. S., Vlassov, V., Vollset, S. E., Vos, T., Vukovic, R., Waheed, Y., Wallin, M. 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S., Lacey, B, Sartorius, B, Abbafati, C, Abbas, K, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abd-Allah, F, Abdelalim, A, Abdollahi, M, Abdollahpour, I, Abegaz, K, Abolhassani, H, Aboyans, V, Abreu, L, Abrigo, M, Abualhasan, A, Abu-Raddad, L, Abushouk, A, Adabi, M, Adekanmbi, V, Adeoye, A, Adetokunboh, O, Adham, D, Advani, S, Afshin, A, Agarwal, G, Aghamir, S, Agrawal, A, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, K, Ahmadi, M, Ahmadieh, H, Ahmed, M, Akalu, T, Akinyemi, R, Akinyemiju, T, Akombi, B, Akunna, C, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, S, Alam, T, Alanezi, F, Alanzi, T, Alemu, B, Alhabib, K, Ali, M, Ali, S, Alicandro, G, Alinia, C, Alipour, V, Alizade, H, Aljunid, S, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Al-Mekhlafi, H, Alonso, J, Altirkawi, K, Amini-Rarani, M, Amiri, F, Amugsi, D, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, J, Andrei, C, Andrei, T, Angus, C, Anjomshoa, M, Ansari, F, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antonazzo, I, Antonio, C, Antony, C, Antriyandarti, E, Anvari, D, Anwer, R, Appiah, S, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aravkin, A, Ariani, F, Armoon, B, Arnlov, J, Arzani, A, Asadi-Aliabadi, M, Asadi-Pooya, A, Ashbaugh, C, Assmus, M, Atafar, Z, Atnafu, D, Atout, M, Ausloos, F, Ausloos, M, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayano, G, Ayanore, M, Azari, S, Azarian, G, Azene, Z, Badawi, A, Badiye, A, Bahrami, M, Bakhshaei, M, Bakhtiari, A, Bakkannavar, S, Baldasseroni, A, Ball, K, Ballew, S, Balzi, D, Banach, M, Banerjee, S, Bante, A, Baraki, A, Barker-Collo, S, Barnighausen, T, Barrero, L, Barthelemy, C, Barua, L, Basu, S, Baune, B, Bayati, M, Becker, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bejot, Y, Bell, M, Bennitt, F, Bensenor, I, Berhe, K, Berman, A, Bhagavathula, A, Bhageerathy, R, Bhala, N, Bhandari, D, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhutta, Z, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Bin Sayeed, M, Biondi, A, Birihane, B, Bisignano, C, Biswas, R, Bitew, H, Bohlouli, S, Bohluli, M, Boon-Dooley, A, Borges, G, Borzi, A, Borzouei, S, Bosetti, C, Boufous, S, Braithwaite, D, Brauer, M, Breitborde, N, Breitner, S, Brenner, H, Briant, P, Briko, A, Briko, N, Britton, G, Bryazka, D, Bumgarner, B, Burkart, K, Burnett, R, Burugina Nagaraja, S, Butt, Z, Caetano Dos Santos, F, Cahill, L, Camera, L, Campos-Nonato, I, Cardenas, R, Carreras, G, Carrero, J, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, J, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Castelpietra, G, Castro, F, Causey, K, Cederroth, C, Cercy, K, Cerin, E, Chandan, J, Chang, K, Charlson, F, Chattu, V, Chaturvedi, S, Cherbuin, N, Chimed-Ochir, O, Cho, D, Choi, J, Christensen, H, Chu, D, Chung, M, Chung, S, Cicuttini, F, Ciobanu, L, Cirillo, M, Classen, T, Cohen, A, Compton, K, Cooper, O, Costa, V, Cousin, E, Cowden, R, Cross, D, Cruz, J, Dahlawi, S, Damasceno, A, Damiani, G, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dangel, W, Danielsson, A, Dargan, P, Darwesh, A, Daryani, A, Das, J, Das Gupta, R, das Neves, J, Davila-Cervantes, C, Davitoiu, D, De Leo, D, Degenhardt, L, Delang, M, Dellavalle, R, Demeke, F, Demoz, G, Demsie, D, Denova-Gutierrez, E, Dervenis, N, Dhungana, G, Dianatinasab, M, Dias da Silva, D, Diaz, D, Dibaji Forooshani, Z, Djalalinia, S, Do, H, Dokova, K, Dorostkar, F, Doshmangir, L, Driscoll, T, Duncan, B, Duraes, A, Eagan, A, Edvardsson, D, El Nahas, N, El Sayed, I, El Tantawi, M, Elbarazi, I, Elgendy, I, El-Jaafary, S, Elyazar, I, Emmons-Bell, S, Erskine, H, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilnejad, S, Esteghamati, A, Estep, K, Etemadi, A, Etisso, A, Fanzo, J, Farahmand, M, Fareed, M, Faridnia, R, Farioli, A, Faro, A, Faruque, M, Farzadfar, F, Fattahi, N, Fazlzadeh, M, Feigin, V, Feldman, R, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, G, Ferrari, A, Ferreira, M, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fisher, J, Flor, L, Foigt, N, Folayan, M, Fomenkov, A, Force, L, Foroutan, M, Franklin, R, Freitas, M, Fu, W, Fukumoto, T, Furtado, J, Gad, M, Gakidou, E, Gallus, S, Garcia-Basteiro, A, Gardner, W, Geberemariyam, B, Ayalew Gebreslassie, A, Geremew, A, Gershberg Hayoon, A, Gething, P, Ghadimi, M, Ghadiri, K, Ghaffarifar, F, Ghafourifard, M, Ghamari, F, Ghashghaee, A, Ghiasvand, H, Ghith, N, Gholamian, A, Ghosh, R, Gill, P, Ginindza, T, Giussani, G, Gnedovskaya, E, Goharinezhad, S, Gopalani, S, Gorini, G, Goudarzi, H, Goulart, A, Greaves, F, Grivna, M, Grosso, G, Gubari, M, Gugnani, H, Guimaraes, R, Guled, R, Guo, G, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Gupta, T, Haddock, B, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hafiz, A, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hall, B, Halvaei, I, Hamadeh, R, Hamidi, S, Hammer, M, Hankey, G, Haririan, H, Haro, J, Hasaballah, A, Hasan, M, Hasanpoor, E, Hashi, A, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Havmoeller, R, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Heidari, G, Heidari-Soureshjani, R, Henrikson, H, Herbert, M, Herteliu, C, Heydarpour, F, Hird, T, Hoek, H, Holla, R, Hoogar, P, Hosgood, H, Hossain, N, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Hsairi, M, Hsieh, V, Hu, G, Hu, K, Huda, T, Humayun, A, Huynh, C, Hwang, B, Iannucci, V, Ibitoye, S, Ikeda, N, Ikuta, K, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Inbaraj, L, Ippolito, H, Iqbal, U, Irvani, S, Irvine, C, Islam, M, Islam, S, Iso, H, Ivers, R, Iwu, C, Iyamu, I, Jaafari, J, Jacobsen, K, Jafari, H, Jafarinia, M, Jahani, M, Jakovljevic, M, Jalilian, F, James, S, Janjani, H, Javaheri, T, Javidnia, J, Jeemon, P, Jenabi, E, Jha, R, Jha, V, Ji, J, Johansson, L, John, O, John-Akinola, Y, Johnson, C, Jonas, J, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, J, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kalani, H, Kalani, R, Kalankesh, L, Kalhor, R, Kanchan, T, Kapoor, N, Matin, B, Karch, A, Karim, M, Kassa, G, Katikireddi, S, Kayode, G, Kazemi Karyani, A, Keiyoro, P, Keller, C, Kemmer, L, Kendrick, P, Khalid, N, Khammarnia, M, Khan, E, Khan, M, Khatab, K, Khater, M, Khatib, M, Khayamzadeh, M, Khazaei, S, Kieling, C, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kivimaki, M, Knibbs, L, Knudsen, A, Kocarnik, J, Kochhar, S, Kopec, J, Korshunov, V, Koul, P, Koyanagi, A, Kraemer, M, Krishan, K, Krohn, K, Kromhout, H, Kuate Defo, B, Kumar, G, Kumar, V, Kurmi, O, Kusuma, D, La Vecchia, C, Lal, D, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lami, F, Landires, I, Lang, J, Langan, S, Larsson, A, Lasrado, S, Lauriola, P, Lazarus, J, Lee, P, Lee, S, Legrand, K, Leigh, J, Leonardi, M, Lescinsky, H, Leung, J, Levi, M, Li, S, Lim, L, Linn, S, Liu, S, Liu, Y, Lo, J, Lopez, A, Lopez, J, Lopukhov, P, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lu, A, Lugo, A, Maddison, E, Mahasha, P, Mahdavi, M, Mahmoudi, M, Majeed, A, Maleki, A, Maleki, S, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, D, Mamun, A, Manda, A, Manguerra, H, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, M, Mantilla Herrera, A, Maravilla, J, Marks, A, Martin, R, Martini, S, Martins-Melo, F, Masaka, A, Masoumi, S, Mathur, M, Matsushita, K, Maulik, P, Mcalinden, C, Mcgrath, J, Mckee, M, Mehndiratta, M, Mehri, F, Mehta, K, Memish, Z, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mengesha, E, Mereke, A, Mereta, S, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, T, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, I, Miller, T, Mills, E, Mini, G, Miri, M, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Mirzaei, H, Mirzaei, M, Mirzaei, R, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M, Misganaw, A, Mithra, P, Moazen, B, Mohammad, D, Mohammad, Y, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadifard, N, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, A, Mohammed, H, Mohammed, J, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Mooney, M, Moradi, G, Moradi, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Morgado-Da-Costa, J, Morrison, S, Mosapour, A, Mosser, J, Mouodi, S, Mousavi, S, Khaneghah, A, Mueller, U, Mukhopadhyay, S, Mullany, E, Musa, K, Muthupandian, S, Nabhan, A, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, A, Nagel, G, Naghavi, M, Naghshtabrizi, B, Naimzada, M, Najafi, F, Nangia, V, Nansseu, J, Naserbakht, M, Nayak, V, Negoi, I, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, H, Nguyen, M, Nigatu, Y, Nikbakhsh, R, Nixon, M, Nnaji, C, Nomura, S, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Nowak, C, Nunez-Samudio, V, Oancea, B, Odell, C, Ogbo, F, Oh, I, Okunga, E, Oladnabi, M, Olagunju, A, Olusanya, B, Olusanya, J, Omer, M, Ong, K, Onwujekwe, O, Orpana, H, Ortiz, A, Osarenotor, O, Osei, F, Ostroff, S, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, S, Overland, S, Owolabi, M, Mahesh, P, Padubidri, J, Palladino, R, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Parry, C, Pasovic, M, Pasupula, D, Patel, S, Pathak, M, Patten, S, Patton, G, Toroudi, H, Peden, A, Pennini, A, Pepito, V, Peprah, E, Pereira, D, Pesudovs, K, Pham, H, Phillips, M, Piccinelli, C, Pilz, T, Piradov, M, Pirsaheb, M, Plass, D, Polinder, S, Polkinghorne, K, Pond, C, Postma, M, Pourjafar, H, Pourmalek, F, Poznanska, A, Prada, S, Prakash, V, Pribadi, D, Pupillo, E, Syed, Z, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rafiee, A, Raggi, A, Rahman, M, Rajabpour-Sanati, A, Rajati, F, Rakovac, I, Ram, P, Ramezanzadeh, K, Ranabhat, C, Rao, P, Rao, S, Rashedi, V, Rathi, P, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Rawat, R, Razo, C, Redford, S, Reiner, R, Reitsma, M, Remuzzi, G, Renjith, V, Renzaho, A, Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, N, Rezapour, A, Rhinehart, P, Riahi, S, Ribeiro, D, Rickard, J, Rivera, J, Roberts, N, Rodriguez-Ramirez, S, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Room, R, Roshandel, G, Roth, G, Rothenbacher, D, Rubagotti, E, Rwegerera, G, Sabour, S, Sachdev, P, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, E, Sadeghi, M, Saeedi, R, Saeedi Moghaddam, S, Safari, Y, Safi, S, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahebkar, A, Sajadi, S, Salam, N, Salamati, P, Salem, H, Salem, M, Salimzadeh, H, Salman, O, Salomon, J, Samad, Z, Samadi Kafil, H, Sambala, E, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Sanchez-Pimienta, T, Santomauro, D, Santos, I, Santos, J, Santric-Milicevic, M, Saraswathy, S, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sathish, T, Sattin, D, Saxena, S, Schaeffer, L, Schiavolin, S, Schlaich, M, Schmidt, M, Schutte, A, Schwebel, D, Schwendicke, F, Senbeta, A, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, S, Serdar, B, Serre, M, Shadid, J, Shafaat, O, Shahabi, S, Shaheen, A, Shaikh, M, Shalash, A, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Sharafi, K, Sheikh, A, Sheikhtaheri, A, Shibuya, K, Shield, K, Shigematsu, M, Shin, J, Shin, M, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shuval, K, Siabani, S, Sierpinski, R, Sigfusdottir, I, Sigurvinsdottir, R, Silva, J, Simpson, K, Singh, J, Singh, P, Skiadaresi, E, Skou, S, Skryabin, V, Smith, E, Soheili, A, Soltani, S, Soofi, M, Sorensen, R, Soriano, J, Sorrie, M, Soshnikov, S, Soyiri, I, Spencer, C, Spotin, A, Sreeramareddy, C, Srinivasan, V, Stanaway, J, Stein, C, Stein, D, Steiner, C, Stockfelt, L, Stokes, M, Straif, K, Stubbs, J, Sufiyan, M, Suleria, H, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R, Sulo, G, Sultan, I, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tabb, K, Tabuchi, T, Taherkhani, A, Tajdini, M, Takahashi, K, Takala, J, Tamiru, A, Taveira, N, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M, Tesema, G, Tessema, Z, Thurston, G, Titova, M, Tohidinik, H, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Topouzis, F, Torre, A, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Travillian, R, Tsatsakis, A, Tudor Car, L, Tyrovolas, S, Uddin, R, Umeokonkwo, C, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Vacante, M, Valdez, P, van Donkelaar, A, Vasankari, T, Vasseghian, Y, Veisani, Y, Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Vollset, S, Vos, T, Vukovic, R, Waheed, Y, Wallin, M, Wang, Y, Watson, A, Wei, J, Wei, M, Weintraub, R, Weiss, J, Werdecker, A, West, J, Westerman, R, Whisnant, J, Whiteford, H, Wiens, K, Wolfe, C, Wozniak, S, Wu, A, Wu, J, Wulf Hanson, S, Xu, G, Xu, R, Yadgir, S, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S, Yamagishi, K, Yaminfirooz, M, Yano, Y, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yeheyis, T, Yilgwan, C, Yilma, M, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Younker, T, Yousefi, B, Yousefi, Z, Yousefinezhadi, T, Yousuf, A, Yu, C, Yusefzadeh, H, Moghadam, T, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zandian, H, Zastrozhin, M, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z, Zhao, J, Zhao, X, Zhao, Y, Zheng, P, Zhou, M, Ziapour, A, Zimsen, S, Lim, S, Murray, C, GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborator, Violante FS, Biosciences, Department of Public Health, Clinicum, Department of Neurosciences, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Environmental Sciences, Sub Foundations&PhilosophyofNaturSc begr, IRAS OH Epidemiology Chemical Agents, dIRAS RA-2, Public Health, Bin Sayeed, M. S. B., Caetano Dos Santos, F. L., Camera, L. A., Elyazar, I. R. F., Ayalew Gebreslassie, A. A. A., Ginindza, T. G., Matin, B. K., Morgado-Da-Costa, J., Khaneghah, A. M., Mahesh, P. A., Toroudi, H. P., Syed, Z. Q., Salem, M. R., Skou, S. T., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Tudor Car, L. T., and Moghadam, T. Z.
Subjects: Male, Nutritional Sciences, Specific risk, Contaminación del Aire Interior, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Socioeconomic Factor, systematic analysis, Global Health, Body Mass Index, Global Burden of Disease, Health Risk Behavior, Health Risk Behaviors, Disease studies, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, METABOLIC RISKS, 030212 general & internal medicine, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Factores de Riesgo, 2. Zero hunger, education.field_of_study, Public health, Injuries, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, General Medicine, GBD, risck factors, attributable burden of disease, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, Relative risk, Environmental health, Health, Hypertension, Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, Risk Factors, A990 Medicine and Dentistry not elsewhere classified, Female, Leading risk factors, Global Health Metrics, Cohort study, Human, medicine.medical_specialty, Substance-Related Disorders, Population, UNITED-STATES, Risk Assessment, DIET, ITC-HYBRID, 03 medical and health sciences, Life Expectancy, MORTALITY, DISABILITY, POLLUTION, CLUSTERS, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, General & Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, Risk factor, education, Global burden, business.industry, Risk Factor, Malnutrition, Klinisk medicin, Global Burden of Diseases, Environmental Exposure, medicine.disease, Enfermedades, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.00 [https], Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Years of potential life lost, Socioeconomic Factors, Risk factors, Disease study, Hyperglycemia, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, NA, Clinical Medicine, business, RA
Abstract: Background Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. Methods GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk-outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk-outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk-outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each age-sex-location-year. (6) PAFs and attributable burden for combinations of risk factors were estimated taking into account mediation of different risk factors through other risk factors. Across all six analytical steps, 30 652 distinct data sources were used in the analysis. Uncertainty in each step of the analysis was propagated into the final estimates of attributable burden. Exposure levels for dichotomous, polytomous, and continuous risk factors were summarised with use of the summary exposure value to facilitate comparisons over time, across location, and across risks. Because the entire time series from 1990 to 2019 has been re-estimated with use of consistent data and methods, these results supersede previously published GBD estimates of attributable burden. Findings The largest declines in risk exposure from 2010 to 2019 were among a set of risks that are strongly linked to social and economic development, including household air pollution; unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing; and child growth failure. Global declines also occurred for tobacco smoking and lead exposure. The largest increases in risk exposure were for ambient particulate matter pollution, drug use, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body-mass index. In 2019, the leading Level 2 risk factor globally for attributable deaths was high systolic blood pressure, which accounted for 10.8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9.51-12.1) deaths (19.2% [16.9-21.3] of all deaths in 2019), followed by tobacco (smoked, second-hand, and chewing), which accounted for 8.71 million (8.12-9.31) deaths (15.4% [14.6-16.2] of all deaths in 2019). The leading Level 2 risk factor for attributable DALYs globally in 2019 was child and maternal malnutrition, which largely affects health in the youngest age groups and accounted for 295 million (253-350) DALYs (11.6% [10.3-13.1] of all global DALYs that year). The risk factor burden varied considerably in 2019 between age groups and locations. Among children aged 0-9 years, the three leading detailed risk factors for attributable DALYs were all related to malnutrition. Iron deficiency was the leading risk factor for those aged 10-24 years, alcohol use for those aged 25-49 years, and high systolic blood pressure for those aged 50-74 years and 75 years and older. Interpretation Overall, the record for reducing exposure to harmful risks over the past three decades is poor. Success with reducing smoking and lead exposure through regulatory policy might point the way for a stronger role for public policy on other risks in addition to continued efforts to provide information on risk factor harm to the general public. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Published: 2020
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43. An effective datasets describing antimicrobial peptide produced from Pediococcus acidilactici - purification and mode of action determined by molecular docking

Author: Fazle Elahi, Hwang Subin, Ramachandran Chelliah, Joong-Hark Kim, Hyeon-yeong Jo, Sudha Rani Ramakrishnan, Inamul Hasan Madar, Se-Hun Kim, Deog-Hwan Oh, Fred Kwame Ofosu, Park Eun-ji, Momna Rubab, Jung-Kun Lee, Kandasamy Saravanakumar, Eric Banan-Mwine Daliri, Myeong-Hyeon Wang, and Kaliyan Barathikannan
Subjects: antimicrobial peptide, Antimicrobial peptides, Peptide, primers designed based on protein motif, Computational biology, lcsh:Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, identification of antimicrobial peptide or functional peptide, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Gene expression, Mode of action, lcsh:Science (General), Gene, 030304 developmental biology, chemistry.chemical_classification, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, biology, Chemistry, Pediococcus acidilactici, biology.organism_classification, Antimicrobial, Drug development, gene expression, mode of action, structural characterization, lcsh:R858-859.7, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, lcsh:Q1-390
Abstract: Most of the probiotics Bacterial cells, express native antibacterial genes, resulting in the production of, antimicrobial peptides, which have various applications in biotechnology and drug development. But the identification of antibacterial peptide, structural characterization of antimicrobial peptide and prediction on mode of action. Regardless of the significance of protein manufacturing, three individual factors are required for the production method: gene expression, stabilization and specific peptide purification. Our protocol describes a straightforward technique of detecting and characterizing particular extracellular peptides and enhancing the antimicrobial peptide expression we optimized using low molecular weight peptides. This protocol can be used to improve peptide detection and expression. The following are the benefits of this method, (DOI – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.196 [1]).The data briefly describe a simple method in detection identification, characterization of antimicrobial extracellular peptide, predicating the mode of action of peptide in targeting pathogens (In-silico method), brief method on profiling of antimicrobial peptide and its mode of action [1]. Further the protocol can be used to enhance the specific peptide expressions, detection of peptides. The advantages of this technique are presented below: • Characterization protocol of specific antimicrobial peptide • The folded antimicrobial peptide expression were less expressed or non-expressed peptides. • Besides being low cost, less time-consuming, easy to handle, universal and fast to execute, the suggested technique can be used for multiple proteins expressed in probiotics (Lactobacillus species) expression system.
Published: 2020

44. Health sector spending and spending on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, and development assistance for health: progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3

Author: Priya Rathi, Ritesh G. Menezes, Edris Hasanpoor, Sanni Yaya, Mohsen Bayati, Maciej Banach, Raffaele Palladino, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Siamak Sabour, Theo Vos, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, Shahin Soltani, Simona Cătălina Ștefan, Behzad Karami Matin, Cyrus Alinia, Tudorel Andrei, Mehdi Bohluli, Nikita Otstavnov, Yanfang Su, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Simon I. Hay, Mansour Ghafourifard, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Pushpendra Singh, Salman Rawaf, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Robert Ancuceanu, Samer Hamidi, Maarten J. Postma, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Ted R. Miller, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Gbenga A. Kayode, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, João Vasco Santos, Savita Lasrado, Jonathan F. Mosser, Chaw Yin Myint, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Masoud Moghadaszadeh, Tanvir M. Huda, Fakher Rahim, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Yingxi Zhao, Aziz Sheikh, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Andrew T Olagunju, Atif Amin Baig, Ali H. Mokdad, Anders Larsson, Atte Meretoja, Bach Xuan Tran, Lal B. Rawal, Brandon Cunningham, Vahid Alipour, Sowmya J. Rao, Anamika Pandey, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Salime Goharinezhad, Angela E Micah, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Hayley N Stutzman, Farshad Farzadfar, M. Mofizul Islam, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Saqib Ali, Srikanta Banerjee, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Anirudh Kotlo, Ravensara S. Travillian, Aziz Rezapour, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Sergio I. Prada, Biagio Simonetti, Maitreyi Sahu, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Hoa Thi Do, Farahnaz Joukar, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Modhurima Moitra, In-Hwan Oh, Ayman Grada, Kenji Shibuya, Sojib Bin Zaman, Steven D Bachmeier, Hilda L Harb, Edson Serván-Mori, Bahram Mohajer, Van C. Lansingh, Ali Almasi, German Martinez, Till Bärnighausen, Reza Malekzadeh, Adam E. Berman, Matthew T. Schneider, Michael K. Hole, Reza Rawassizadeh, Bing-Fang Hwang, Bianca S. Zlavog, Mohammad Rabiee, Moses K. Muriithi, Anton C Harle, Mokhtar Mahdavi, Yohannes Kinfu, Olatunde Aremu, Cristiana Abbafati, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Joseph L Dieleman, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Soewarta Kosen, Zeleke Hailemariam Abebo, Muge Cevik, Hassan Abolhassani, Farnam Mohebi, Job F M van Boven, Nataliya Foigt, Neda Milevska Kostova, Abdallah M. Samy, Roman Topor-Madry, Golsum Tsakalos, Benjamin B. Massenburg, Spencer L. James, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Miloje Savic, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Sawyer W Crosby, Ayesha Humayun, Hamidreza Setayesh, G Anil Kumar, Juan Sanabria, Jalal Arabloo, Milena M Santric Milicevic, Ai Koyanagi, Shokofeh Maleki, Junjie Wu, Nathaniel J Henry, Efat Mohamadi, Francesco Saverio Violante, Samad Azari, Delia Hendrie, Ahad Bakhtiari, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Adnan Kisa, Masood Ali Shaikh, Shafiu Mohammed, Justice Nonvignon, Firooz Esmaeilzadeh, Eduardo A. Undurraga, Khurshid Alam, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Mohamed M. Gad, Mikk Jürisson, Usman Iqbal, Chuanhua Yu, Luis Camera, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Abigail Chapin, Pascual R. Valdez, Reinhard Busse, Tomislav Mestrovic, Paul S. F. Yip, Christopher J L Murray, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Salah Eddin Karimi, Mustafa Z. Younis, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Rahul R. Zende, Mina Anjomshoa, Shane D. Morrison, Marcel Ausloos, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Zohre Javaheri, Saravanan Muthupandian, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Endalkachew Worku Mengesha, Lalit Dandona, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Omar Mukhtar Salman, Rakhi Dandona, Mojtaba Bagherzadeh, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Nancy Fullman, Claudiu Herteliu, Andreea Mirica, Jasvinder A. Singh, Amin Soheili, Lee Ling Lim, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Tommi Vasankari, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Mehdi Naderi, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Bernhard T. Baune, Navid Rabiee, Mark G. Shrime, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Lorenzo G. Mantovani, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Vasily Vlassov, Kyle E. Simpson, Sorin Hostiuc, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Ian E Cogswell, Tesleem Kayode Babalola, Sanjay Basu, Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli, Leila Doshmangir, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Maha El Tantawi, Obinna Onwujekwe, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Ahmed Omar Bali, Joshua A. Salomon, Hamidreza Komaki, David Laith Rawaf, Zoubida Zaidi, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Reshmi Bhageerathy, Emilie R Maddison, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Asadollah Gholamian, Ferrán Catalá-López, Stefan Kohler, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Anwar Faraj, Rafael Lozano, Rufus Akinyemi, Florian Fischer, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Rohollah Kalhor, Falk Schwendicke, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Micah, A. E., Su, Y., Bachmeier, S. D., Chapin, A., Cogswell, I. E., Crosby, S. W., Cunningham, B., Harle, A. C., Maddison, E. R., Moitra, M., Sahu, M., Schneider, M. T., Simpson, K. E., Stutzman, H. N., Tsakalos, G., Zende, R. R., Zlavog, B. S., Abbafati, C., Abebo, Z. H., Abolhassani, H., Abrigo, M. R. M., Ahmed, M. B., Akinyemi, R. O., Alam, K., Ali, S., Alinia, C., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S. M., Almasi, A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Ancuceanu, R., Andrei, T., Andrei, C. L., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C. A. T., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Aremu, O., Atnafu, D. D., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Ayanore, M. A., Azari, S., Babalola, T. K., Bagherzadeh, M., Baig, A. A., Bakhtiari, A., Banach, M., Banerjee, S. K., Barnighausen, T. W., Basu, S., Baune, B. T., Bayati, M., Berman, A. E., Bhageerathy, R., Bhardwaj, P., Bohluli, M., Busse, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Camera, L. L. A., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Catala-Lopez, F., Cevik, M., Chattu, V. K., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dianatinasab, M., Do, H. T., Doshmangir, L., El Tantawi, M., Eskandarieh, S., Esmaeilzadeh, F., Faraj, A., Farzadfar, F., Fischer, F., Foigt, N. A., Fullman, N., Gad, M. M., Ghafourifard, M., Ghashghaee, A., Gholamian, A., Goharinezhad, S., Grada, A., Haghparast Bidgoli, H., Hamidi, S., Harb, H. L., Hasanpoor, E., Hay, S. I., Hendrie, D., Henry, N. J., Herteliu, C., Hole, M. K., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Huda, T. M., Humayun, A., Hwang, B. -F., Ilesanmi, O. S., Iqbal, U., Irvani, S. S. N., Islam, S. M. S., Islam, M. M., Jahani, M. A., Jakovljevic, M., James, S. L., Javaheri, Z., Jonas, J. B., Joukar, F., Jozwiak, J. J., Jurisson, M., Kalhor, R., Karami Matin, B., Karimi, S. E., Kayode, G. A., Kazemi Karyani, A., Kinfu, Y., Kisa, A., Kohler, S., Komaki, H., Kosen, S., Kotlo, A., Koyanagi, A., Kumar, G. A., Kusuma, D., Lansingh, V. C., Larsson, A. O., Lasrado, S., Lee, S. W. H., Lim, L. -L., Lozano, R., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Mahdavi, M. M., Maleki, S., Malekzadeh, R., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mansournia, M. A., Mantovani, L. G., Martinez, G., Masoumi, S. Z., Massenburg, B. B., Menezes, R. G., Mengesha, E. W., Meretoja, T. J., Meretoja, A., Mestrovic, T., Milevska Kostova, N., Miller, T. R., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Moghadaszadeh, M., Mohajer, B., Mohamadi, E., Mohammad Darwesh, A., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammadpourhodki, R., Mohammed, S., Mohebi, F., Mokdad, A. H., Morrison, S. D., Mosser, J. F., Mousavi, S. M., Muriithi, M. K., Muthupandian, S., Myint, C. -Y., Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A. J., Nguyen, C. T., Nguyen, H. L. T., Nonvignon, J., Noubiap, J. J., Oh, I. -H., Olagunju, A. T., Olusanya, J. O., Olusanya, B. O., Omar Bali, A., Onwujekwe, O. E., Otstavnov, S. S., Otstavnov, N., Owolabi, M. O., Padubidri, J. R., Palladino, R., Panda-Jonas, S., Pandey, A., Postma, M. J., Prada, S. I., Pribadi, D. R. A., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rahim, F., Ranabhat, C. L., Rao, S. J., Rathi, P., Rawaf, S., Rawaf, D. L., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Rezapour, A., Sabour, S., Sahraian, M. A., Salman, O. M., Salomon, J. A., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J., Santos, J. V., Santric Milicevic, M. M., Sao Jose, B. P., Savic, M., Schwendicke, F., Senthilkumaran, S., Sepanlou, S. G., Servan-Mori, E., Setayesh, H., Shaikh, M. A., Sheikh, A., Shibuya, K., Shrime, M. G., Simonetti, B., Singh, J. A., Singh, P., Skryabin, V. Y., Soheili, A., Soltani, S., Stefan, S. C., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Topor-Madry, R., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Tran, B. X., Travillian, R., Undurraga, E. A., Valdez, P. R., van Boven, J. F. M., Vasankari, T. J., Violante, F. S., Vlassov, V., Vos, T., Wolfe, C. D. A., Wu, J., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M. Z., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaman, S. B., Zastrozhin, M. S., Zhang, Z. -J., Zhao, Y., Murray, C. J. L., Dieleman, J. L., Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network, Violante FS, Micah, A, Su, Y, Bachmeier, S, Chapin, A, Cogswell, I, Crosby, S, Cunningham, B, Harle, A, Maddison, E, Moitra, M, Sahu, M, Schneider, M, Simpson, K, Stutzman, H, Tsakalos, G, Zende, R, Zlavog, B, Abbafati, C, Abebo, Z, Abolhassani, H, Abrigo, M, Ahmed, M, Akinyemi, R, Alam, K, Ali, S, Alinia, C, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Almasi, A, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ancuceanu, R, Andrei, T, Andrei, C, Anjomshoa, M, Antonio, C, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aremu, O, Atnafu, D, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Ayanore, M, Azari, S, Babalola, T, Bagherzadeh, M, Baig, A, Bakhtiari, A, Banach, M, Banerjee, S, Barnighausen, T, Basu, S, Baune, B, Bayati, M, Berman, A, Bhageerathy, R, Bhardwaj, P, Bohluli, M, Busse, R, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Camera, L, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Catala-Lopez, F, Cevik, M, Chattu, V, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dianatinasab, M, Do, H, Doshmangir, L, El Tantawi, M, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilzadeh, F, Faraj, A, Farzadfar, F, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Fullman, N, Gad, M, Ghafourifard, M, Ghashghaee, A, Gholamian, A, Goharinezhad, S, Grada, A, Haghparast Bidgoli, H, Hamidi, S, Harb, H, Hasanpoor, E, Hay, S, Hendrie, D, Henry, N, Herteliu, C, Hole, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, S, Huda, T, Humayun, A, Hwang, B, Ilesanmi, O, Iqbal, U, Irvani, S, Islam, S, Islam, M, Jahani, M, Jakovljevic, M, James, S, Javaheri, Z, Jonas, J, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, J, Jurisson, M, Kalhor, R, Karami Matin, B, Karimi, S, Kayode, G, Kazemi Karyani, A, Kinfu, Y, Kisa, A, Kohler, S, Komaki, H, Kosen, S, Kotlo, A, Koyanagi, A, Kumar, G, Kusuma, D, Lansingh, V, Larsson, A, Lasrado, S, Lee, S, Lim, L, Lozano, R, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Mahdavi, M, Maleki, S, Malekzadeh, R, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Martinez, G, Masoumi, S, Massenburg, B, Menezes, R, Mengesha, E, Meretoja, T, Meretoja, A, Mestrovic, T, Milevska Kostova, N, Miller, T, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohajer, B, Mohamadi, E, Mohammad Darwesh, A, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, S, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, A, Morrison, S, Mosser, J, Mousavi, S, Muriithi, M, Muthupandian, S, Myint, C, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, A, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, H, Nonvignon, J, Noubiap, J, Oh, I, Olagunju, A, Olusanya, J, Olusanya, B, Omar Bali, A, Onwujekwe, O, Otstavnov, S, Otstavnov, N, Owolabi, M, Padubidri, J, Palladino, R, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Postma, M, Prada, S, Pribadi, D, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Rahim, F, Ranabhat, C, Rao, S, Rathi, P, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, D, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Rezapour, A, Sabour, S, Sahraian, M, Salman, O, Salomon, J, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Santos, J, Santric Milicevic, M, Sao Jose, B, Savic, M, Schwendicke, F, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, S, Servan-Mori, E, Setayesh, H, Shaikh, M, Sheikh, A, Shibuya, K, Shrime, M, Simonetti, B, Singh, J, Singh, P, Skryabin, V, Soheili, A, Soltani, S, Stefan, S, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Topor-Madry, R, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Travillian, R, Undurraga, E, Valdez, P, van Boven, J, Vasankari, T, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Vos, T, Wolfe, C, Wu, J, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, Zaman, S, Zastrozhin, M, Zhang, Z, Zhao, Y, Murray, C, Dieleman, J, University of Helsinki, Clinicum, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, HUS Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital Area, University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, University of St Andrews. Infection and Global Health Division, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), and Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET)
Subjects: Economic growth, Financing, Government, Psychological intervention, HIV Infections, burden of disease, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, DISEASE, ALLOCATION, 0302 clinical medicine, RA0421, RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine, Sustainable development, Global health, health economics, Healthcare Financing, HIV Infection, 030212 general & internal medicine, 10. No inequality, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, DALY, Healthy lives, 1. No poverty, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, 3rd-DAS, General Medicine, Sustainable Development, 3. Good health, tuberculosis, IMPOVERISHMENT, TERRITORIES, Financing, Human, Financing, Personal, Resource (biology), Tuberculosi, 195 COUNTRIES, Developing Countrie, 03 medical and health sciences, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), General & Internal Medicine, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, medicine, Humans, Burden, HIV/AIDS, tubercolosis, malaria, Human resources, Developing Countries, Government, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Health economics, business.industry, DISABILITY, CATASTROPHE, Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network, GLOBAL BURDEN, medicine.disease, Malaria, SDG, health sector spending, development assistant for health, Health Expenditure, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, NA, Health Expenditures, business, EXPENDITURE
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 aims to "ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages". While a substantial effort has been made to quantify progress towards SDG3, less research has focused on tracking spending towards this goal. We used spending estimates to measure progress in financing the priority areas of SDG3, examine the association between outcomes and financing, and identify where resource gains are most needed to achieve the SDG3 indicators for which data are available. METHODS: We estimated domestic health spending, disaggregated by source (government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private) from 1995 to 2017 for 195 countries and territories. For disease-specific health spending, we estimated spending for HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis for 135 low-income and middle-income countries, and malaria in 106 malaria-endemic countries, from 2000 to 2017. We also estimated development assistance for health (DAH) from 1990 to 2019, by source, disbursing development agency, recipient, and health focus area, including DAH for pandemic preparedness. Finally, we estimated future health spending for 195 countries and territories from 2018 until 2030. We report all spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2019 US$, unless otherwise stated. FINDINGS: Since the development and implementation of the SDGs in 2015, global health spending has increased, reaching $7·9 trillion (95% uncertainty interval 7·8-8·0) in 2017 and is expected to increase to $11·0 trillion (10·7-11·2) by 2030. In 2017, in low-income and middle-income countries spending on HIV/AIDS was $20·2 billion (17·0-25·0) and on tuberculosis it was $10·9 billion (10·3-11·8), and in malaria-endemic countries spending on malaria was $5·1 billion (4·9-5·4). Development assistance for health was $40·6 billion in 2019 and HIV/AIDS has been the health focus area to receive the highest contribution since 2004. In 2019, $374 million of DAH was provided for pandemic preparedness, less than 1% of DAH. Although spending has increased across HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria since 2015, spending has not increased in all countries, and outcomes in terms of prevalence, incidence, and per-capita spending have been mixed. The proportion of health spending from pooled sources is expected to increase from 81·6% (81·6-81·7) in 2015 to 83·1% (82·8-83·3) in 2030. INTERPRETATION: Health spending on SDG3 priority areas has increased, but not in all countries, and progress towards meeting the SDG3 targets has been mixed and has varied by country and by target. The evidence on the scale-up of spending and improvements in health outcomes suggest a nuanced relationship, such that increases in spending do not always results in improvements in outcomes. Although countries will probably need more resources to achieve SDG3, other constraints in the broader health system such as inefficient allocation of resources across interventions and populations, weak governance systems, human resource shortages, and drug shortages, will also need to be addressed. For complete list of authors see http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30608-5
Published: 2020
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45. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Sorin Hostiuc, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Jorge R. Ledesma, Carsten Flohr, Masoumeh Sadeghi, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Behzad Karami Matin, Cyrus Alinia, Mehdi Bohluli, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Bernhard T. Baune, Ehsan Ahmadpour, Dinh-Toi Chu, Beatrix Haddock, Gianfranco Alicandro, Vasily Vlassov, Mohammad Taghi Khodayari, Gianna Gayle Herrera Amul, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Fereshteh Ansari, Michael K. Hole, Azeem Majeed, Iman Halvaei, Saqib Ali, Arianna Maever L. Amit, Tomas Y. Yeheyis, John S. Ji, Martin McKee, Jamileh Shadid, Leonardo Roever, Peng Jia, Ettore Beghi, Pablo M. Lavados, Young Eun Kim, Vahid Alipour, Sowmya J. Rao, Ahmad Daryani, Cathleen Keller, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Nicole K. DeCleene, Ebrahim Babaee, Saman Esmaeilnejad, Boris Bikbov, William M. Gardner, Lydia M. Haile, Luca Ronfani, Azalea M. Thomson, Irena Ilic, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Yingxi Zhao, Guoqing Hu, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Ilais Moreno Velásquez, Nathaniel J. Henry, Brijesh Sathian, Daniel Kim, Peter Memiah, Mohammad Hadi Abbasi, Andrea Farioli, Zahra Kamiab, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Matthew C. Doxey, Tommi Vasankari, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Luisa Sorio Flor, Priya Rathi, Shanshan Li, Tanvir M. Huda, Dillon O Sylte, Rosario Cárdenas, Agegnehu Bante, Helen Ippolito, Alyssa Acebedo, Jeffrey D. Stanaway, Anwar Faraj, João Pedro Silva, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Pushpendra Kumar, Sangram Kishor Patel, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Holly E. Erskine, Eugene Sobngwi, Filippo Ariani, Shane D. Morrison, Mohammad Aghaali, Meghan D. Mooney, Vera Marisa Costa, Palash Chandra Banik, Rupak Desai, Ken Takahashi, Maigeng Zhou, Morteza Oladnabi, Bogdan Oancea, Daniela Ribeiro, Mohammad Farahmand, Irmina Maria Michalek, Yetunde O. John-Akinola, Khem Narayan Pokhrel, Emilie R Maddison, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Damian G. Hoy, Hosni Salem, V. Prakash, Shuhei Nomura, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Anders Larsson, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Somayeh Bohlouli, Joana Morgado-da-Costa, Siamak Sabour, Theo Vos, Han Yong Wunrow, Khaled Khatab, Alireza Zangeneh, Ann Kristin Knudsen, Marissa B Reitsma, Hannah J. Henrikson, Randah R. Hamadeh, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Giuseppe Grosso, Ziyad Al-Aly, Taraneh Yousefinezhadi, Joseph L Ward, Roba Khundkar, Ricardo Santiago Gomez, Reza Malekzadeh, John J. McGrath, Sandra B. Munro, Shahin Soltani, Amy E. Peden, Rufus Akinyemi, Marcel Ausloos, Naohiro Yonemoto, Bogdan Wojtyniak, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Guilherme Borges, Sadia Bibi, Farhad Islami, Hamed Mirzaei, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, M. Ashworth Dirac, Hosna Janjani, Kairat Davletov, Hermann Brenner, Yuichiro Yano, Elissa M. Abrams, Ana Vukovic, Bartosz Miazgowski, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Jennifer O Lam, Mona Pathak, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Asadollah Gholamian, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Babak Eshrati, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Atte Meretoja, Lorenzo Monasta, Ronan A. Lyons, Neda Kianipour, Desalegn Getnet Demsie, Yasir Waheed, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Davide Sattin, Kevin S Ikuta, Ghobad Moradi, Srinivas Goli, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Mika Kivimäki, Christopher Troeger, Jordi Alonso, Alireza Ahmadi, Navid Manafi, Caroline Stein, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Jason Nguyen, Moses K. Muriithi, Aziz Rezapour, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Adrian Pana, H. Dean Hosgood, Noore Alam, James L. Fisher, Mariam Molokhia, Susan F. Rumisha, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Ayman Grada, Emma Nichols, Babak Asghari, André Luiz Sena Guimarães, Ferrán Catalá-López, Aletta E. Schutte, Fiona B. Bennitt, Maciej Banach, Antonio Biondi, Donal Bisanzio, Josip Car, Ronny Westerman, Shafiu Mohammed, Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam, Kenji Shibuya, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Karen M. Tabb, Paula Moraga, Soheil Hassanipour, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Avina Vongpradith, Dara K. Mohammad, Ralph Maddison, Babak Moazen, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Rahman Shiri, Fernando Neves Hugo, Hmwe H Kyu, Zachary V Dingels, Florian Fischer, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Massimo Cirillo, Nikita Otstavnov, Robert C. Reiner, Van C. Lansingh, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez, Ashkan Afshin, Benjamin A Stark, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Natalie C. Galles, Behnam Heidari, Eun-Kee Park, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Suzanne Polinder, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh, Amir Radfar, Mowafa Househ, Derrick A Bennett, Gaorui Guo, Hesam Ghiasvand, Taweewat Wiangkham, Tamás Joó, Cristiana Abbafati, Kathryn Mei Ming Lau, Anita K. Nandi, Miklós Szócska, Manasi Kumar, Eduardo A. 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L., Department of Public Health, Clinicum, Department of Neurosciences, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Environmental Sciences, Public Health, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Sálfræðideild (HR), Department of Psychology (RU), Samfélagssvið (HR), School of Social Sciences (RU), Háskólinn í Reykjavík, Reykjavik University, GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborator, Violante FS, Department of Earth Observation Science, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, and UT-I-ITC-ACQUAL
Subjects: Male, Life expectancy, Disability-Adjusted Life Year, Diseases, Disease, communicable disease, systematic analysis, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, 80 and over, Medicine, 10. No inequality, Child, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, injuries, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Sjúkdómar, DEMENTIA, FALLS, General Medicine, Forvarnir, 3. Good health, Child, Preschool, Human, GBD, Population health, 03 medical and health sciences, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, education, Aged, Spatial Analysis, Global burden, Disability, Prevention, DISABILITY, Infant, Spatial Analysi, Mortality rate, Global Burden of Disease, Diseases, Injuries, Systematic analysis, PREVENTION, Years of potential life lost, Risk factors, Disease study, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, RISK-FACTORS, Clinical Medicine, RA, Demography, Fötlun, Dánartíðni, Áhættuþættir, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Risk Factors, Cause of Death, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, 1. No poverty, Disability-Adjusted Life Years, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Middle Aged, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Female, Infant, Newborn, Young Adult, Lýðheilsa, CLINICAL-TRIALS, Population, Settore MED/01 - Statistica Medica, diseases, ITC-HYBRID, Heilbrigðisvísindi, General & Internal Medicine, Mortality, Preschool, Disease burden, business.industry, Risk Factor, Klinisk medicin, Newborn, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.00 [https], Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Áverkar, Systematic analysis, NA, business
Abstract: Publisher's version (útgefin grein), Background In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990-2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0-9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10-24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10-24 years were also in the top ten in the 25-49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50-74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd., Research reported in this publication was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; the University of Melbourne; Queensland Department of Health, Australia; the National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia; Public Health England; the Norwegian Institute of Public Health; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; the Cardiovascular Medical Research and Education Fund; the National Institute on Ageing of the National Institutes of Health (award P30AG047845); and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health (award R01MH110163). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funders. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this Article and they do not necessarily represent the views, decisions, or policies of the institutions with which they are affiliated, the National Health Service (NHS), the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), the UK Department of Health and Social Care, or Public Health England; the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the US Government, or MEASURE Evaluation; or the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). This research used data from the Chile National Health Survey 2003, 2009-10, and 2016-17. The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Health, the survey copyright owner, for allowing them to have the database. All results of the study are those of the authors and in no way committed to the Ministry. The Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study project is a longitudinal study by the University of Costa Rica's Centro Centroamericano de Poblacion and Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud, in collaboration with the University of California at Berkeley. The original pre-1945 cohort was funded by the Wellcome Trust (grant 072406), and the 1945-55 Retirement Cohort was funded by the US National Institute on Aging (grant R01AG031716). The principal investigators are Luis Rosero-Bixby and William H Dow and co-principal investigators are Xinia Fernandez and Gilbert Brenes. The accuracy of the authors' statistical analysis and the findings they report are not the responsibility of ECDC. ECDC is not responsible for conclusions or opinions drawn from the data provided. ECDC is not responsible for the correctness of the data and for data management, data merging and data collation after provision of the data. ECDC shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data. The Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study is an international study carried out in collaboration with WHO/EURO. The international coordinator of the 1997-98, 2001-02, 2005-06, and 2009-10 surveys was Candace Currie and the databank manager for the 1997-98 survey was Bente Wold, whereas for the following surveys Oddrun Samdal was the databank manager. A list of principal investigators in each country can be found on the HBSC website. Data used in this paper come from the 2009-10 Ghana Socioeconomic Panel Study Survey, which is a nationally representative survey of more than 5000 households in Ghana. The survey is a joint effort undertaken by the Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER) at the University of Ghana and the Economic Growth Centre (EGC) at Yale University. It was funded by EGC. ISSER and the EGC are not responsible for the estimations reported by the analysts. The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics granted the researchers access to relevant data in accordance with license number SLN2014-3-170, after subjecting data to processing aiming to preserve the confidentiality of individual data in accordance with the General Statistics Law, 2000. The researchers are solely responsible for the conclusions and inferences drawn upon available data. Data for this research was provided by MEASURE Evaluation, funded by USAID. The authors thank the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, conducted by the National Research University Higher School of Economics and ZAO Demoscope together with Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the Institute of Sociology, Russia Academy of Sciences for making data available. This paper uses data from the Bhutan 2014 STEPS survey, implemented by the Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; the Kuwait 2006 and 2014 STEPS surveys, implemented by the Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; the Libya 2009 STEPS survey, implemented by the Secretariat of Health and Environment with the support of WHO; the Malawi 2009 STEPS survey, implemented by Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; and the Moldova 2013 STEPS survey, implemented by the Ministry of Health, the National Bureau of Statistics, and the National Center of Public Health with the support of WHO. This paper uses data from Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) Waves 1 (DOI:10.6103/SHARE. w1.700), 2 (10.6103/SHARE.w2.700), 3 (10.6103/SHARE.w3.700), 4 (10.6103/SHARE.w4.700), 5 (10.6103/SHARE.w5.700), 6 (10.6103/SHARE.w6.700), and 7 (10.6103/SHARE.w7.700); see Borsch-Supan and colleagues (2013) for methodological details. The SHARE data collection has been funded by the European Commission through FP5 (QLK6-CT-2001-00360), FP6 (SHARE-I3: RII-CT-2006-062193, COMPARE: CIT5-CT-2005-028857, SHARELIFE: CIT4-CT-2006-028812), FP7 (SHARE-PREP: GA N degrees 211909, SHARE-LEAP: GA N degrees 227822, SHARE M4: GA N degrees 261982) and Horizon 2020 (SHARE-DEV3: GA N degrees 676536, SERISS: GA N degrees 654221) and by DG Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion. Additional funding from the German Ministry of Education and Research, the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science, the US National Institute on Aging (U01_AG09740-13S2, P01_AG005842, P01_AG08291, P30_AG12815, R21_AG025169, Y1-AG-4553-01, IAG_BSR06-11, OGHA_04-064, HHSN271201300071C), and from various national funding sources is gratefully acknowledged. This study has been realised using the data collected by the Swiss Household Panel, which is based at the Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences. The project is financed by the Swiss National Science Foundation. The United States Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study is a supplement to the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), which is sponsored by the National Institute of Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740). It was conducted jointly by Duke University and the University of Michigan. The HRS is sponsored by the National Institute on Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740) and is conducted by the University of Michigan. This paper uses data from Add Health, a program project designed by J Richard Udry, Peter S Bearman, and Kathleen Mullan Harris, and funded by a grant P01-HD31921 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, with cooperative funding from 17 other agencies. Special acknowledgment is due to Ronald R Rindfuss and Barbara Entwisle for assistance in the original design. Information on how to obtain the Add Health data files is available on the Add Health website. No direct support was received from grant P01-HD31921 for this analysis. The data reported here have been supplied by the United States Renal Data System. The interpretation and reporting of these data are the responsibility of the authors and in no way should be seen as an official policy or interpretation of the US Government. Collection of data for the Mozambique National Survey on the Causes of Death 2007-08 was made possible by USAID under the terms of cooperative agreement GPO-A-00-08-000_D3-00. This manuscript is based on data collected and shared by the International Vaccine Institute (IVI) from an original study IVI conducted. L G Abreu acknowledges support from Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (Brazil; finance code 001) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq, a Brazilian funding agency). I N Ackerman was supported by a Victorian Health and Medical Research Fellowship awarded by the Victorian Government. O O Adetokunboh acknowledges the South African Department of Science and Innovation and the National Research Foundation. A Agrawal acknowledges the Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance Senior Fellowship. S M Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. M Ausloos, C Herteliu, and A Pana acknowledge partial support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. A Badawi is supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada. D A Bennett was supported by the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. R Bourne acknowledges the Brien Holden Vision Institute, University of Heidelberg, Sightsavers, Fred Hollows Foundation, and Thea Foundation. G B Britton and I Moreno Velasquez were supported by the Sistema Nacional de Investigacion, SNI-SENACYT, Panama. R Buchbinder was supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Senior Principal Research Fellowship. J J Carrero was supported by the Swedish Research Council (2019-01059). F Carvalho acknowledges UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 support with funding from FCT/MCTES through national funds. A R Chang was supported by National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases grant K23 DK106515. V M Costa acknowledges the grant SFRH/BHD/110001/2015, received by Portuguese national funds through Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia, IP, under the Norma Transitaria DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. A Douiri acknowledges support and funding from the National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South London at King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and the Royal College of Physicians, and support from the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London. B B Duncan acknowledges grants from the Foundation for the Support of Research of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (IATS and PrInt) and the Brazilian Ministry of Health. H E Erskine is the recipient of an Australian NHMRC Early Career Fellowship grant (APP1137969). A J Ferrari was supported by a NHMRC Early Career Fellowship grant (APP1121516). H E Erskine and A J Ferrari are employed by and A M Mantilla-Herrera and D F Santomauro affiliated with the Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, which receives core funding from the Queensland Department of Health. M L Ferreira holds an NHMRC Research Fellowship. C Flohr was supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust. M Freitas acknowledges financial support from the EU (European Regional Development Fund [FEDER] funds through COMPETE POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029248) and National Funds (Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia) through project PTDC/NAN-MAT/29248/2017. A L S Guimaraes acknowledges support from CNPq. C Herteliu was partially supported by a grant co-funded by FEDER through Operational Competitiveness Program (project ID P_40_382). P Hoogar acknowledges Centre for Bio Cultural Studies, Directorate of Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education and Centre for Holistic Development and Research, Kalaghatagi. F N Hugo acknowledges the Visiting Professorship, PRINT Program, CAPES Foundation, Brazil. B-F Hwang was supported by China Medical University (CMU107-Z-04), Taichung, Taiwan. S M S Islam was funded by a National Heart Foundation Senior Research Fellowship and supported by Deakin University. R Q Ivers was supported by a research fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. M Jakovljevic acknowledges the Serbian part of this GBD-related contribution was co-funded through Grant OI175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. P Jeemon was supported by a Clinical and Public Health intermediate fellowship (grant number IA/CPHI/14/1/501497) from the Wellcome Trust-Department of Biotechnology, India Alliance (2015-20). O John is a recipient of UIPA scholarship from University of New South Wales, Sydney. S V Katikireddi acknowledges funding from a NRS Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02), the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12017/13, MC_UU_12017/15), and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU13, SPHSU15). C Kieling is a CNPq researcher and a UK Academy of Medical Sciences Newton Advanced Fellow. Y J Kim was supported by Research Management Office, Xiamen University Malaysia (XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/00010). K Krishan is supported by UGC Centre of Advanced Study awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. M Kumar was supported by K43 TW 010716 FIC/NIMH. B Lacey acknowledges support from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford. J V Lazarus was supported by a Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities Miguel Servet grant (Instituto de Salud Carlos III [ISCIII]/ESF, the EU [CP18/00074]). K J Looker thanks the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation of Interventions at the University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, for research support. S Lorkowski was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (nutriCARD, grant agreement number 01EA1808A). R A Lyons is supported by Health Data Research UK (HDR-9006), which is funded by the UK Medical Research Council, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Economic and Social Research Council, NIHR (England), Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates, Health and Social Care Research and Development Division (Welsh Government), Public Health Agency (Northern Ireland), British Heart Foundation, and Wellcome Trust. J J McGrath is supported by the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professorship), and the Queensland Health Department (via West Moreton HHS). P T N Memiah acknowledges support from CODESRIA. U O Mueller gratefully acknowledges funding by the German National Cohort Study BMBF grant number 01ER1801D. S Nomura acknowledges the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (18K10082). A Ortiz was supported by ISCIII PI19/00815, DTS18/00032, ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0009 Fondos FEDER, FRIAT, Comunidad de Madrid B2017/BMD-3686 CIFRA2-CM. These funding sources had no role in the writing of the manuscript or the decision to submit it for publication. S B Patten was supported by the Cuthbertson & Fischer Chair in Pediatric Mental Health at the University of Calgary. G C Patton was supported by an aNHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellowship. M R Phillips was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, number 81371502 and 81761128031). A Raggi, D Sattin, and S Schiavolin were supported by grants from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C Besta, Linea 4-Outcome Research: dagli Indicatori alle Raccomandazioni Cliniche). P Rathi and B Unnikrishnan acknowledge Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. A L P Ribeiro was supported by Brazilian National Research Council, CNPq, and the Minas Gerais State Research Agency, FAPEMIG. D C Ribeiro was supported by The Sir Charles Hercus Health Research Fellowship (#18/111) Health Research Council of New Zealand. D Ribeiro acknowledges financial support from the EU (FEDER funds through the Operational Competitiveness Program; POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029253). P S Sachdev acknowledges funding from the NHMRC of Australia Program Grant. A M Samy was supported by a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. M M Santric-Milicevic acknowledges the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (contract number 175087). R Sarmiento-Suarez received institutional support from Applied and Environmental Sciences University (Bogota, Colombia) and ISCIII (Madrid, Spain). A E Schutte received support from the South African National Research Foundation SARChI Initiative (GUN 86895) and Medical Research Council. S T S Skou is currently funded by a grant from Region Zealand (Exercise First) and a grant from the European Research Council under the EU's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement number 801790). J B Soriano is funded by Centro de Investigacion en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, ISCIII. R Tabares-Seisdedos was supported in part by the national grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII-FEDER. N Taveira was partially supported by the European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, the EU (LIFE project, reference RIA2016MC-1615). S Tyrovolas was supported by the Foundation for Education and European Culture, the Sara Borrell postdoctoral programme (reference number CD15/00019 from ISCIII-FEDER). S B Zaman received a scholarship from the Australian Government research training programme in support of his academic career., "Peer Reviewed"
Published: 2020
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46. A waterborne outbreak of multiple diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli infections associated with drinking water at a school camp

Author: Soo Jin Kim, Hyo-Sun Kwak, Eunkyung Shin, Kyoungin Na, Min Ah Hwang, Jin Lee, Byunghak Kang, Won Keun Seong, Kyung-Hwan Oh, Yong-Hoon Kim, Jungsun Park, Enhi Cho, Cheon Hyeon Kim, Jin Seok Kim, Jun-Young Kim, and Chan mun Jin
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), Diarrhea, medicine.medical_specialty, Sanitation, Water supply, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Microbiology, Disease Outbreaks, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, Cohort Studies, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental health, Waterborne Diseases, Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, Escherichia coli, Medicine, Humans, Drinking water, lcsh:RC109-216, 030212 general & internal medicine, Escherichia coli Infections, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Retrospective Studies, Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli, Schools, business.industry, Public health, Outbreak, Retrospective cohort study, General Medicine, O103:H2, Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field, Gastroenteritis, Infectious Diseases, Camping, Waterborne pathogen, business
Abstract: Background In June 2015, a local public health laboratory was notified that students had developed gastroenteritis symptoms after attending a camp. An outbreak investigation was conducted to determine the extent and cause of the outbreak. Method A retrospective cohort study was conducted to determine the correlations between the illness and specific exposures at the school camp. All attendees were interviewed with a standard questionnaire that addressed clinical symptoms, food consumption, and environmental exposures. Clinical specimens were cultured using standard microbiological methods for bacterial and viral pathogens. The genetic relationships of all isolates were determined using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results A total 188 patients with symptoms of diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and nausea were identified. The completed questionnaires suggested that the consumption of drinking water was likely to be linked to this outbreak. Using microbiological methods, enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli , enteropathogenic E. coli , and enteroaggregative E. coli were isolated, and the isolates from both patient stool and environmental water samples displayed indistinguishable XbaI -PFGE patterns. The water system in the camp used groundwater drawn from a private underground reservoir for cooking and drinking. The environmental investigation revealed some problems with the water supply system, such as the use of inappropriate filters in the water purifier and a defect in the pipeline between the reservoir and the chlorination device. Conclusions This outbreak points to the importance of drinking water quality management in group facilities where underground water is used and emphasizes the need for periodic sanitation and inspection to prevent possible waterborne outbreaks.
Published: 2018

47. Ginsenoside Rg3-enriched red ginseng extract inhibits platelet activation and in vivo thrombus formation

Author: Hyun-Kyoung Kim, Muhammad Irfan, Jun-Hwan Oh, Suk Kim, Man Hee Rhee, Sung Dae Kim, Dahye Jeong, and Chae-Kyu Park
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, collagen, ginsenoside Rg3-RGE, Pharmacology, complex mixtures, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous), 03 medical and health sciences, Ginseng, chemistry.chemical_compound, GINSENG EXTRACT, Immunity, In vivo, lcsh:Botany, medicine, Platelet, Platelet activation, Thrombus, business.industry, Panax ginseng, food and beverages, medicine.disease, lcsh:QK1-989, 030104 developmental biology, Complementary and alternative medicine, chemistry, Ginsenoside, platelet aggregation, business, Biotechnology
Abstract: Background: Korean Red Ginseng has been used for several decades to treat many diseases, enhancing both immunity and physical strength. Previous studies have documented the therapeutic effects of ginseng, including its anticancer, antiaging, and anti-inflammatory activities. These activities are mediated by ginsenosides present in the ginseng plant. Ginsenoside Rg3, an effective compound from red ginseng, has been shown to have antiplatelet activity in addition to its anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Platelets are important for both primary hemostasis and the repair of the vessels after injury; however, they also play a crucial role in the development of acute coronary diseases. We prepared ginsenoside Rg3-enriched red ginseng extract (Rg3-RGE) to examine its role in platelet physiology. Methods: To examine the effect of Rg3-RGE on platelet activation in vitro, platelet aggregation, granule secretion, intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) mobilization, flow cytometry, and immunoblot analysis were carried out using rat platelets. To examine the effect of Rg3-RGE on platelet activation in vivo, a collagen plus epinephrine-induced acute pulmonary thromboembolism mouse model was used. Results: We found that Rg3-RGE significantly inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation and [Ca2+]i mobilization in a dose-dependent manner in addition to reducing ATP release from collagen-stimulated platelets. Furthermore, using immunoblot analysis, we found that Rg3-RGE markedly suppressed mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation (i.e., extracellular stimuli-responsive kinase, Jun N-terminal kinase, p38) as well as the PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase)/Akt pathway. Moreover, Rg3-RGE effectively reduced collagen plus epinephrine-induced mortality in mice. Conclusion: These data suggest that ginsenoside Rg3-RGE could be potentially be used as an antiplatelet therapeutic agent against platelet-mediated cardiovascular disorders.
Published: 2017

48. A collaborative, individual-level analysis compared longitudinal outcomes across the International Network of Chronic Kidney Disease (iNETCKD) cohorts

Author: Paula F. Orlandi, Jing Huang, Masafumi Fukagawa, Wendy Hoy, Vivekanand Jha, Kook-Hwan Oh, Laura Sola, Paul Cockwell, Adeera Levin, Harold I. Feldman, Wendy E. Hoy, Zaimin Wang, Jianzhen Zhang, Helen G. Healy, Anthony Fenton, Lisa Nessel, Alan Go, Lawrence Appel, Curie Ahn, Dong Wan Chae, Seung Hyeok Han, Ognjenka Djurdjev, Mila Tang, Pablo G. Rios, Liliana Gadola, Takayuki Hamano, Naohiko Fujii, Takahiro Imaizumi, Ashok Kumar Yadav, Vivek Kumar, and Collaborators, iNET-CKD
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, 030232 urology & nephrology, urologic and male genital diseases, Cohort Studies, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Epidemiology, Humans, Medicine, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic, International network, business.industry, Incidence, Hazard ratio, medicine.disease, Comorbidity, female genital diseases and pregnancy complications, Confidence interval, 030104 developmental biology, Cardiovascular Diseases, Nephrology, Disease Progression, Standardized rate, business, Demography, Cohort study, Kidney disease
Abstract: Rates of chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, end stage kidney disease (ESKD), all-cause mortality, and cardiovascular (CVD) events among individuals with CKD vary widely across countries. Well-characterized demographic, comorbidity, and laboratory markers captured for prospective cohorts may explain, in part, such differences. To investigate whether core characteristics of individuals with CKD explain differences in rates of outcomes, we conducted an individual-level analysis of eight studies that are part of iNET-CKD, an international network of CKD cohort studies. Overall, the rate of CKD progression was 40 events/1000 person-year (95% confidence interval 39 - 41), 28 (27 - 29) for ESKD, 41 (40 - 42) for death, and 29 (28 - 30) for CVD events. However, standardized rates were highly heterogeneous across studies (over 92.5%). Interactions by study group on the association between baseline characteristics and outcomes were then identified. For example, the adjusted hazard ratio for CKD progression was 0.44 (95% confidence interval 0.35 - 0.56) for women vs. men among the Japanese (CKD-JAC), while it was 0.66 (0.59 - 0.75) among the Uruguayan (NRHP). The adjusted hazard ratio for ESKD was 2.02 (95% CI 1.88 - 2.17) per 10 units lower baseline eGFR among Americans (CRIC), while it was 3.01 (2.57 - 3.53) among Canadians (CanPREDDICT) (significant interaction for comparisons across all studies). The risks of CKD progression, ESKD, death, and CVD vary across countries even after accounting for the distributions of age, sex, comorbidities, and laboratory markers. Thus, our findings support the need for a better understanding of specific factors in different populations that explain this variation.
Published: 2019

49. Paraneoplastic atypical scleromyxedema with advanced gastric cancer

Author: Ji-Hye Park, Se Jin Oh, Jun-Mo Yang, Dong-Youn Lee, Ji-Young Jun, Jong Hee Lee, Joo-Heung Lee, and Seung Hwan Oh
Subjects: Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Papular eruption, business.industry, gastric cancer, Mucin, Case Report, Dermatology, Advanced gastric cancer, lcsh:RL1-803, paraneoplastic syndrome, 030207 dermatology & venereal diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Progressive disorder, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Scleromyxedema, Monoclonal, medicine, lcsh:Dermatology, business, scleromyxedema
Abstract: Scleromyxedema is a rare, chronic and progressive disorder of unknown origin characterized by a generalized papular eruption and sclerodermoid induration, with histopathologic features of mucin deposition and fibroblast proliferation.1 The disease is usually associated with a monoclonal gammopathy.1, 2 However, only a few cases associated with neoplasms have been reported.1, 3 We report a case of paraneoplastic scleromyxedema with advanced gastric cancer.
Published: 2017

50. Management of chronic kidney disease–mineral and bone disorder: Korean working group recommendations

Author: Young Joo Kwon, Gheun-Ho Kim, Kook Hwan Oh, Bum Soon Choi, and Eunah Hwang
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, lcsh:Internal medicine, lcsh:Specialties of internal medicine, Urology, medicine.medical_treatment, chemistry.chemical_element, Review Article, Calcium, Cardiovascular calcification, Chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder, lcsh:RC581-951, Internal medicine, medicine, lcsh:RC31-1245, Dialysis, Kidney, business.industry, Phosphorus, medicine.disease, Optimal management, Secondary hyperparathyroidism, Endocrinology, medicine.anatomical_structure, chemistry, Nephrology, business
Abstract: For Korean dialysis patients, chronic kidney disease–mineral bone disorder is a serious burden because of cardiovascular calcification and mortality. However, recent epidemiologic data have demonstrated that many patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis are out of the target ranges of serum calcium, phosphorus, and intact parathyroid hormone. Thus, we felt the necessity for the development of practical recommendations to treat abnormal serum phosphorus, calcium, and iPTH in dialysis patients. In this paper, we briefly comment on the measurement of serum calcium, phosphorus, iPTH, dialysate calcium concentration, dietary phosphorus restriction, use of phosphate binders, and medical and surgical options to correct secondary hyperparathyroidism. In particular, for the optimal management of secondary hyperparathyroidism, we suggest a simplified medication adjustment according to certain ranges of serum phosphorus and calcium. Large-scale, well-designed clinical studies are required to support our strategies to control chronic kidney disease–mineral bone disorder in this country. Based on such data, our practice guidelines could be established and better long-term outcomes should be anticipated in our dialysis patients.
Published: 2015

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