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1. Microwave-assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using pineapple leaves waste

Author

Siti Nor Syairah Anis, Wen Ching Liew, Aishah Mohd Marsin, Ida Idayu Muhamad, Sin Hui Teh, and Ahmad Zahran Md Khudzari

Subjects
silver nanoparticles, Microwave-assisted, Green synthesis, Leaves extract, Antimicrobial, Ananas comosus, Renewable energy sources, TJ807-830, Environmental engineering, TA170-171
Abstract

A cost-effective and eco-friendly method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles using pineapple leaves waste mediated by microwave-assisted extraction is presented. The green synthesis of AgNPs is accomplished through a simple reduction method utilizing silver nitrate. Various parameters, including silver nitrate concentration (5–25 mM), incubation time (2–24 h), and sample volume (2–8 mL), are employed to determine the optimal green synthesis condition. The presence of an absorption band in the range of 400–500 nm in the UV–Vis spectrophotometer indicates the reduction of silver metal ions into silver nanoparticles. The intensity of the absorption is found to increase with prolonged duration and higher concentrations of the silver nitrate solution and sample volume. FE-SEM results demonstrate that the green synthesized silver nanoparticles range in size from 40 to 150 nm and display hexagonal spherical-shaped structures. Furthermore, FTIR and XRD analyses confirm the presence of green synthesized AgNPs. The microwave-assisted treatment of silver nanoparticles exhibits greater antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus compared to non-microwave-assisted treatment. The minimum inhibitory concentration of silver nanoparticles for bacterial growth is 60 μg/mL. Overall, this research offers a promising avenue for the eco-friendly and cost-effective green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the microwave-assisted method, with significant potential in various applications.

Published
2023
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2. Metal contaminants and chloramphenicol in Litopenaeus vannamei and Penaeus silasi at various supply chain stages in Johor Bahru, Malaysia and their health risk assessment

Author

Nurazira Anuar, Naji Arafat Mahat, Ida Idayu Muhamad, Aemi Syazwani Abdul Keyon, Mohamad Afiq Mohamed Huri, Nor Alafiza Yunus, Dayang Norulfairuz Abang Zaidel, Noor Azira Abdul-Mutalib, Son Radu, and Aida Rasyidah Azman

Subjects
Litopenaeus vannamei, Penaeus silasi, Metal contaminants, Health risk assessment, Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, Flow injection mercury/hydride system, Science (General), Q1-390
Abstract

Objectives: This present research evaluated the concentrations of metal contaminants (As, Pb, Cd and total Hg) and chloramphenicol as prescribed by the Malaysian Food Act (1983) and Regulations (2021) in Penaeus silasi and Litopenaeus vannamei shrimps sampled from the different supply chain stages (landing sites, major markets and grocers) in Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia at six sampling intervals. Methods: Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer and flow injection mercury/hyride system were used to determine the concentration of As, Pb and Cd as well as total Hg, respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the concentration of chloramphenicol. Results: The median As and Cd concentrations during the six sampling intervals ranged between below detection limit-167.5 mg/kg and 0.46 mg/kg, respectively. The total Hg concentrations ranged between 0.02 and 1.13 mg/kg. Although Pb and chloramphenicol were not detected, As and total Hg concentrations varied significantly across sampling intervals (P

Published
2023
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3. Optimization of ZnO/GO nanocomposite-loaded polylactic acid active films using response surface methodology

Author

Liew Wen Ching, Farah Wahida Mohd Keesan, and Ida Idayu Muhamad

Subjects
PLA, ZnO nanoparticle, GO nanoparticle, Antibacterial, Active film, RSM, Science (General), Q1-390
Abstract

Development of biodegradable polymer as food packaging has been emerged with the increasing awareness of achieving sustainable development goals. As a replacement of petroleum-based polymers, Polylactic acid (PLA) has been widely utilized for food packaging. However, the main disadvantage of PLA for food packaging is its brittleness and low stiffness. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the potential usability of Zinc oxide (ZnO) and Graphene oxide (GO) as mechanical strengthening nanocomposites and their synergistic effect towards antibacterial property. The optimum formulation of PLA/ZnO/GO nanocomposite active film was determined using RSM by defining concentration of ZnO (0–1.5 wt%), concentration of GO (0–1.5 wt%) and mixing temperature (40, 50, 60 °C) as process parameters. The synergistic effect of ZnO/GO demonstrated a significant improvement in mechanical property. Both ZnO and GO exhibited significant antibacterial activity towards E. coli and B. subtilis and their synergistic antibacterial property performed the best with 0.75 wt% ZnO and 0.75 wt% GO at 50 °C. Results also revealed that ZnO was dominated in their synergistic effect for both mechanical and antibacterial properties. The optimum formulations for PLA/ZnO/GO nanocomposite active film were determined at 1.06 wt% ZnO, 1.11 wt% GO at 60 °C and 0.99 wt% ZnO, 1.28 wt% GO at 40 °C. The regression models by RSM were validated with the experimental results based on optimal formulations. In addition, SEM and FTIR investigation on two optimal films confirmed the good compatibility between ZnO, GO and PLA matrix. Taken together, optimized formula could provide useful insights for fabricating PLA-based active film and broadening their application in food packaging industry.

Published
2022
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4. Effect of zinc content on structural, functional, morphological, and thermal properties of kappa-carrageenan/NaCMC nanocomposites

Author

Farzaneh Sabbagh, Khadijeh Kiarostami, Nadia Mahmoudi Khatir, Shahabaldin Rezania, Ida Idayu Muhamad, and Fakhrisadat Hosseini

Subjects
Doping concentration, MgO composite, Nanocomposite materials, Carrageenan gel, Sol-gel synthesis, Polymers and polymer manufacture, TP1080-1185
Abstract

This study was aimed to produce a novel nanocomposite with appropriate properties to apply in biomedical researches. MgO was used as a control sample in the experiments. A series of Mg1-xZnxO nanoparticles with x = 0.01 and 0.03, were prepared by the sol-gel method and added to k-carrageenan/NaCMC to produce MgO, Mg0.99Zn0.01O, and Mg0.97Zn0.03O/k-carrageenan/NaCMC hydrogels. The structural properties were systematically investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Swelling ratio %, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Compression test. The FESEM analysis showed that the doping of ‘Zn’ in MgO had a strong effect on morphology and crystallinity of MgO nanoparticles. The MgO nanocomposite had the lowest swelling ratio. The swelling started to increase at 3.37±0.95% and was found to finish at 3.81±0.26%, including a peak at 22.1±6.76% in the graph. The highest swelling ratio was attributed to Mg0.99Zn0.01O with the final ratio of 44.15±1.98%. The TGA analysis revealed that total weight loss of MgOnanocomposite wasgreater than Mg0.99Zn0.01O, and Mg0.97Zn0.03O. The compression test of the nanocomposites showed that the hardness of MgO nanocomposite was the highest and it was 89.75±9.19 (g), the springiness of Mg0.99Zn0.01O and Mg0.97Zn0.03O was the same and it was 10 (mm), the adhesion of Mg0.97Zn0.03O showed-0.848±0.29 that was highest, however the consistency of Mg0.99Zn0.01O showed 392.90±3.48 (g. sec).

Published
2021
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5. Optimization of the antioxidant-rich xanthone extract from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarp via microwave-assisted extraction

Author

Nor Azizah Mohammad, Dayang Norulfairuz Abang Zaidel, Ida Idayu Muhamad, Mariani Abdul Hamid, Harisun Yaakob, and Yanti Maslina Mohd Jusoh

Subjects
Biochemical engineering, Food engineering, Food technology, Food processing, Bioactive compound, Antioxidant, Science (General), Q1-390, Social sciences (General), H1-99
Abstract

Total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant properties of xanthone extract from mangosteen pericarp via microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). The MAE extraction conditions to obtain optimum antioxidant-rich xanthone extract were at 2.24 min of irradiation time, 25 mL/g of solvent-to-solid ratio and 71% of ethanol concentration. The predicted results for four responses were as follows; 320.31 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract, 83.63% and 93.77% inhibition (DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2′-Azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays), and 144.56 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract (FRAP, Ferric reducing antioxidant power). The predicted and actual values were statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). Therefore, these results confirmed that the examined model was acceptable and relevant. MAE led to a slightly similar antioxidant capacity and a higher extraction of α-mangostin, a major xanthone of mangosteen pericarp as compared to water bath-maceration technique.

Published
2019
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6. List of contributors

Author

Ahmed S. Abo Dena, Urba Afnan, Shirin Ahmadi, Fahad Akhtar, Tejraj M. Aminabhavi, Nafiu Aminu, Siti Nor Syairah Anis, Sadiya Anjum, Md Aquib, Akmal M. Asrorov, Evren Atlihan-Gundogdu, Momoh Mumuni Audu, Abul Kalam Azad, Douglas Barbieri, Shrinath Bhat, Tanima Bhattacharya, Sabeerabi Bonala, Amir Bzainia, Liew Wen Ching, Mário Rui P.F.N. Costa, Pooja Da Bidla, Classius Ferreira da Silva, Raquel de Melo Barbosa, Mariana Agostini de Moraes, Rolando C.S. Dias, Ibrahim M. El-Sherbiny, Shohreh Fahimirad, Mohammad Fahimizadeh, Muhammad Asim Farooq, Marziyeh Fathi, Jiaur R. Gayen, Catarina P. Gomes, Shagufta Haque, Najmul Hasan, Md Saquib Hasnain, Athar Husain, Rashid Ilmi, Purnima Jain, Sanjay K. Jain, Abhishek Jha, Mohamed Fawzy Kabil, Merve Karpuz, Nozieana Khairuddin, Amari Mohamed Khamis, Sidra Khatoon, Manish Kumar, Vijay Kumar, Mahaveer D. Kurkuri, Perpetua Takunda Kutoka, Jaya Lakkakula, Nurul Asmak Mohd Lazim, Karla Martinez-Robinson, Brahmeshwar Mishra, Anwesha Mohapatra, Aishah binti Mohd Marsin, Ida Idayu Muhamad, Akhil Nair, Amit Kumar Nayak, Peter M. Ndangili, Naumih M. Noah, Yadollah Omidi, Emre Ozgenc, Pritish Kumar Panda, Poonam Parashar, Kamla Pathak, Chitta Ranjan Patra, Norhayati Pa’e, Sarjana Raikwar, Aravind Kumar Rengan, Mohammad Irshad Reza, Sri Amruthaa Sankaranarayanan, Shivani Saraf, Anjana Sarkar, Rakesh Sehgal, Suguna Selvakumaran, Zeynep Senyigit, Patricia Severino, Bhasha Sharma, Kashma Sharma, Shreya Sharma, Shashank Shekhar, Saeed Shojaee, Pragati Singh, Muhammad Sohail, Eliana B. Souto, Anees Ahmed Syed, Joash Ban Lee Tan, Garima Tripathi, U.T. Uthappa, Amit Verma, Nilesh S. Wagh, Dickson Pius Wande, Bo Wang, and Li Wen Wong

Published
2023

8. Contributors

Author

Arpita Adhikari, Mine Begum Alanalp, Elif Burcu Aydın, Muhammet Aydın, Abul Kalam Azad, Mirza Shahed Baig, D. Balaji, Shyamlila B. Bavage, Stephen Rathinaraj Benjamin, Mohammed Berrada, Tanima Bhattacharya, V. Bhuvaneswari, Nurhan Onar Camlibel, Sarit Chakraborty, Vijaya Chalivendra, Dipankar Chattopadhyay, Wajid N. Chaus, Hitesh Chopra, Cedric Cochrane, Fouad Damiri, Madhurima Das, Narayan Chandra Das, Poushali Das, Tushar Kanti Das, Sriparna De, Merve Dogu, Ali Durmus, Rosa Fireman Dutra, Houda Gaiji, Sayan Ganguly, Abbay Gebretsadik, Aharon Gedanken, Avishek Ghatak, Prosenjit Ghosh, Suman Kumar Ghosh, Akanksha Gupta, Mamu Haftu, Prerana Badrinath Jadhav, Damandeep Kaur, Manpreet Kaur, Navneet Kaur, Shamim Ahmed Khan, Sharuk L. Khan, Vladan Koncar, Abhilash J. Kottiyatil, Nurul Asmak Md Lazim, K. Madhavan, Abhisek Majhi, A.M.S. Abdul Majid, Moorthy Maruthapandi, M.R. Mozafari, Ida Idayu Muhamad, H.C. Ananda Murthy, Jyotishka Nath, Pinku Chandra Nath, V. Naveen, Tesfaye Nemera, Jonathan Tersur Orasugh, Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai, Pijush Paul, P. Porkodi, Amit Pramanik, Amin Reza Rajabzadeh, L. Rajeshkumar, M. Ramesh, C.R. Ravikumar, Biplab Roy, Arumugam Saravanan, Bratin Sengupta, Mustafa Kemal Sezgintürk, Falak A. Siddiqui, Narinder Singh, Seshasai Srinivasan, Rokeya Sultana, Sheeja Sunil, and Sunayana Rahul Vikhe

Published
2023

10. Contributors

Author

Banafshe Abadi, Nor Hasmaliana binti Abdul Manas, Raquel Silva Araújo, Sayang Baba, Parsa Bazdar, Thomas Beuvier, Muhammad Bilal, Parameswaran Binod, Frank Boury, Nela Buchtová, Juliana Cancino-Bernardi, Valéria Maria de Oliveira Cardoso, Guillermo R. Castro, Zafer Ceylan, Rakshita Chaudhary, Edson José Comparetti, Thomas Cordonnier, María L. Cuestas, Maria Alice de Oliveira, Daniel Joe Dailin, Tomás Brito Devoto, Batul Diwan, Mustafa Durmus, Touba Eslaminejad, João Paulo Fabi, Leonardo Miziara Barboza Ferreira, Natália Ferreira (Noronha), Moreno Galleni, Emmanuel Garcion, Nisha Gaur, Alain Gibaud, Ram K. Gupta, Salehhuddin Hamdan, Zanariah Hashim, Leila N. Hassani, François Hindre, Fitrien Husin, Jayanant Iemsam-arng, Rosli Md. Illias, Christine Jerôme, Norsuhada Abdul Karim, Koray Korkmaz, María F. Ladetto, María J. Limeres, Marina Guimarães Carvalho Machado, Samuel L. Martins, Siti Alyani Binti Mat, Gincy Marina Mathew, Aizi Nor Mazila Ramli, Renata Rank Miranda, Vishal Mishra, Vanessa Carla Furtado Mosqueira, Ida Idayu Muhamad, Mahshid Moballegh Nasery, Hoang Lam Nguyen, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Nor Farahiyah Aman Nor, Ashok Pandey, Sarva Mangala Praveena, Reshmy R, Bathabile Ramalapa, Maria H. Ribeiro, Thiécla Katiane Osvaldt Rosales, Nasrin Seyedpour, Shalyda Shaarani, Raveendran Sindhu, Mohan P Singh, Nidhi Singh, Veer Singh, Deepa Thomas, María A. Toscanini, Yilmaz Ucar, Manisha Verma, Manoj Kumar Verma, Nur Izyan Wan Azelee, Harisun Yaakob, Binti Abang Zaidel, Dayang Norulfairuz Abang Zaidel, Noorazwani Zainol, Siti Fatimah Zaharah Mohd Fuzi, and Valtencir Zucolotto

Published
2022

11. Bioencapsulation for probiotics

Author

Dayang Norulfairuz Abang Zaidel, Zanariah Hashim, Ida Idayu Muhamad, Jayanant Iemsam-arng, Daniel Joe Dailin, Nor Hasmaliana binti Abdul Manas, Harisun Yaakob, and Noorazwani Zainol

Published
2022

12. Effect of zinc content on structural, functional, morphological, and thermal properties of kappa-carrageenan/NaCMC nanocomposites

Author

K H Kiarostami, Shahabaldin Rezania, Nadia Mahmoudi Khatir, Fakhrisadat Hosseini, Ida Idayu Muhamad, and Farzaneh Sabbagh

Subjects
Thermogravimetric analysis, Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, Sol-gel synthesis, Infrared spectroscopy, chemistry.chemical_element, Nanocomposite materials, 02 engineering and technology, Zinc, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Crystallinity, medicine, Polymers and polymer manufacture, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Doping concentration, MgO composite, Nanocomposite, Organic Chemistry, Carrageenan gel, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, Field emission microscopy, TP1080-1185, chemistry, Swelling, medicine.symptom, 0210 nano-technology, Nuclear chemistry
Abstract

This study was aimed to produce a novel nanocomposite with appropriate properties to apply in biomedical researches. MgO was used as a control sample in the experiments. A series of Mg1-xZnxO nanoparticles with x = 0.01 and 0.03, were prepared by the sol-gel method and added to k-carrageenan/NaCMC to produce MgO, Mg0.99Zn0.01O, and Mg0.97Zn0.03O/k-carrageenan/NaCMC hydrogels. The structural properties were systematically investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Swelling ratio %, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Compression test. The FESEM analysis showed that the doping of ‘Zn’ in MgO had a strong effect on morphology and crystallinity of MgO nanoparticles. The MgO nanocomposite had the lowest swelling ratio. The swelling started to increase at 3.37 ± 0.95% and was found to finish at 3.81 ± 0.26%, including a peak at 22.1 ± 6.76% in the graph. The highest swelling ratio was attributed to Mg0.99Zn0.01O with the final ratio of 44.15 ± 1.98%. The TGA analysis revealed that total weight loss of MgOnanocomposite wasgreater than Mg0.99Zn0.01O, and Mg0.97Zn0.03O. The compression test of the nanocomposites showed that the hardness of MgO nanocomposite was the highest and it was 89.75 ± 9.19 (g), the springiness of Mg0.99Zn0.01O and Mg0.97Zn0.03O was the same and it was 10 (mm), the adhesion of Mg0.97Zn0.03O showed-0.848 ± 0.29 that was highest, however the consistency of Mg0.99Zn0.01O showed 392.90 ± 3.48 (g. sec).

Published
2021

13. Cellulose nanofibers/polylactic acid based biocomposites for packaging applications

Author

Nurul Asmak Md Lazim, Mohd Harfiz Salehudin, and Ida Idayu Muhamad

Subjects
Engineering, business.industry, Future trend, chemistry.chemical_compound, Polylactic acid, chemistry, Nanofiber, Mechanical strength, Technological advance, Biochemical engineering, Market place, Biocomposite, Cellulose, business
Abstract

Lower barrier capability, renewable sources and inquiry on the mechanical strength of packaging material used will limit the market place for desired choices of packaging. Biocomposites have been called to enhance the packaging characteristics however the renewable sources of polymers have been questioned among industries worldwide. Up to authors' knowledge, most published reports have not covered all information regarding the issue in packaging and their information on detailed view in packaging material as well as its applications still scarce. This chapter reviews different perspective of packaging, especially on biocomposite production such as advantages, drawbacks, safety concern, and technological advancement. It also focuses on the topic of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and polylactic acid (PLA). The issue and future trend of versatile CNF and PLA biocomposites are also addressed in this chapter. The report highlighted in this chapter is of benefit to manufacturers and researchers on promising packaging in future.

Published
2021

14. Contributors

Author

Rafiqah S. Ayu, Sunita Barik, Rachid Bouhfid, Jia Xin Chan, Yong Leng Chuan, Mounir El Achaby, Khadija El Bourakadi, Tamer Hamouda, Azman Hassan, Fatima-Zahra Semlali Aouragh Hassani, Md Enamul Hoque, Mohammad Jawaid, Pradeep Kumar Jena, Abdan Khalina, Lau Kia Kian, Nurul Asmak Md Lazim, Luciana Mastrolonardo, Pang Ming Meng, Ida Idayu Muhamad, Subhakanta Nayak, Norhazirah Nordin, S.H. Othman, Bisma Parveez, Swapnita Patra, Kalyani Prusty, Abou El Kacem Qaiss, Masrat Rasheed, Mohd Harfiz Salehudin, Carlo Santulli, U.A.A. Shukor, Sarat K Swain, R.A. Talib, I.S.M.A. Tawakkal, Joon Fatt Wong, and Zainoha Zakaria

Published
2021

15. Contributors

Author

Dayang Norulfairuz Abang Zaidel, Noor Fadzilah Abu Bakar, C. Anandharamakrishnan, Ana Andrés, Ángel Argüelles, Annaly Cruz Sotolongo, Coralia Bleotu, Sandra Borges, Shalini Chaturvedi, Lee Suan Chua, Sara Baptista da Silva, Pragnesh N. Dave, Laura Denisa Dragu, Sayantani Dutta, Maria I. Franco, Ricardo J. Freixo, Zanariah Hashim, Anum Ishaq, Amita Joshi, Anees Ahmed Khalil, Mauricio Llaver, A.S. López-Díaz, A. López-Malo, Cristina Mambet, M. Maria Leena, Estefanía M. Martinis, Lilia Matei, Nor Azizah Mohammad, Jeyan A. Moses, Ida Idayu Muhamad, Sara Muñoz-Pina, Sukanchan Palit, E. Palou, Vandana Patravale, Swati Pund, Ubaid ur Rahman, N. Ramírez-Corona, Óscar L. Ramos, Virendra K. Rathod, M.A. Ríos-Corripio, José V. Ros-Lis, Nur Hulwani Md Saari, Amna Sahar, S.K. Sivakamasundari, Prerana D. Tomke, S.K. Vimala Bharathi, and Rodolfo G. Wuilloud

Published
2020

16. Improving the Delivery System and Bioavailability of Beverages Through Nanoencapsulation

Author

Nor Azizah Mohammad, Noor Fadzilah Abu Bakar, Ida Idayu Muhamad, Dayang Norulfairuz Abang Zaidel, and Zanariah Hashim

Subjects
Food packaging, Ingredient, Human health, Food industry, Functional food, business.industry, Computer science, Nanotechnology, Delivery system, business, Bioavailability
Abstract

The earliest application of nano-engineering in the food industry was the food packaging materials. Nowadays, the exploration of nano-engineering to encapsulate a natural bioactive compound or so-called functional ingredients has increasingly emerged. Nanoencapsulation technologies play a unique role in the engineering nanostructure of new functional food and beverage ingredients such as flavors and antioxidants with greatly enhanced physical and chemical stability through processing and storage. Nanostructures could deliver higher nutrient density to a specific target cell within the body as well as to improve controlled-release behavior and bioavailability. This chapter discusses the development of the improved delivery systems and bioavailability of beverages through nanoencapsulation. The topics of interest include specific definition and types, methods, and purposes of nanostructures such as association of colloids, nanoemulsions, and biopolymeric nanoparticles incorporated into beverages as well as positive impacts and potential safety issues and hazards on human health. An overview to analyze their controlled-release behavior and bioavailability is provided. The nanostructure of functional ingredients used in new and commercial beverages are described. The current investigation on the delivery systems with nano-functional ingredient that possesses potential in enhancing the nutrient of beverages are also highlighted.

Published
2020

17. List of contributors

Author

Hind Abdellaoui, Norrahim Abu Bakar, Pingkan Aditiawati, Siti Madiha Muhammad Amir, Ahmad Hamdan Ariffin, Nadir Ayrilmis, Mohd Edyazuan Azni, Ehsan Bari, Debes Bhattacharyya, Rachid Bouhfid, Yern Chee Ching, Kuan Yong Ching, Cheng Hock Chuah, Oisik Das, Rudi Dungani, Hamid Essabir, Piyush P. Gohil, TMS Udenni Gunathilake, Sri Hartati, Mikael S. Hedenqvist, Mohamad Ridzwan Ishak, Mohammad Jawaid, Charles-Amani Kakou, Tati Karliati, Nozieana Khairuddin, Nam Kyeun Kim, Z. Leman, Nai-Shang Liou, M. Manojprabhakar, M.R. Mansor, M.T. Mastura, K. Mayandi, Shukri Mohd, Aishah Mohd Marsin, Jeffrey J. Morrell, Ida Idayu Muhamad, Md. Nazrul Islam, Norhayati Pa'e, Hiral H. Parikh, Abou el kacem Qaiss, Marya Raji, N. Rajini, G. Ramakrishna, Noorshazlin Razali, Syafiqah Nur Azrie Bt Safri, Mohd Harfiz Salehudin, Khairul Anuar Mohd Salleh, Eraricar Salleh, Viorel Sandu, S.M. Sapuan, Ain Umaira Md Shah, Mohaiman Jaffar Sharba, Suchart Siengchin, Ramesh Singh, Asghar Sistani, Nurjaman A. Sri Aprilia, Nadendla Srinivasababu, Aminudin Sulaeman, M.T.H. Sultan, Ihak Sumardi, T. Sundararajan, null Sutrisno, Karnita Yuniarti, Abd Halim Mohd Yusof, Khairul Azly Zahan, A.Z. Zainudin, and Nadia Zari

Published
2019

18. Production of biodiesel from rice bran oil

Author

Ida Idayu Muhamad, Nurul Shafinas Mohd Daud, Nurul Asmak Md Lazim, Nor Azyati Abdul Muttalib, Nozieana Khairuddin, and Dayang Norulfairuz Abang Zaidel

Subjects
Biodiesel, Bran, business.industry, Fossil fuel, Rice bran oil, Pulp and paper industry, Diesel fuel, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Biodiesel production, Environmental science, Production (economics), Petroleum, business
Abstract

Rice bran is a byproduct of the milling process of paddy rice to produce refined rice. Rice bran oil (RBO) is a valuable domestic oil resource in many countries, its acceptability as an edible oil has been hampered because of its commonly high free fatty acid (FFA) content resulting from the high lipase activity of the bran. Depletion in nonrenewable sources, especially for petroleum diesel and fossil fuel, has alarmed the global community into looking for an alternative way to overcome this situation. One of the alternatives is using RBO as the source to produce biodiesel. This chapter highlights the properties of RBO, extraction of RBO, different processes in the production of biodiesel using RBO, and the characteristics of this oil that are suitable for biodiesel production. The future and challenges of biodiesel are also discussed at the end of the chapter.

Published
2019

19. Natural polysaccharide-based composites for drug delivery and biomedical applications

Author

Suguna Selvakumaran, Ida Idayu Muhamad, and Nurul Asmak Md Lazim

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Biocompatibility, Chemistry, Drug delivery, Composite material, Polysaccharide, Nanomaterials
Abstract

Polysaccharide-based composites that are derived from natural sources have been extensively used especially in drug delivery systems and biomedical applications due to their multifunctional properties. These materials have been well recognized and are highly in demand due to their biochemical properties that have similarity to animal cell as well as human body. By all means, natural polysaccharide-based nanomaterials may offer a lot of biological recognitions, safe biocompatibility, bioavailability, as well as sustainability. In this chapter, the authors attempt to review recent works in developing polysaccharide-based composites with nanomaterials. Brief discussion on types of polysaccharide, methods to prepare polysaccharide nanocomposites, and their applications for drug delivery and biomedicine are also included.

Published
2019

20. List of contributors

Author

Yasir Faraz Abbasi, Syed Anees Ahmed, Tejraj M. Aminabhavi, Yubia De Anda-Flores, Sukumaran Anil, Mohammad Tahir Ansari, Mona F. Arafa, Esha Bala, Hriday Bera, Branko Bugarski, Alma C. Campa-Mada, Elizabeth Carvajal-Millan, Pedro M. Castro, Bankim Chandra Nandy, Kiran Chaturvedi, Bor Shin Chee, Norma B. D'Accorso, Arnab De, Mabilly Cox Holanda de Barros Dias, Sanjay Dey, Tanavi Dugge, Gamal M. El Maghraby, Classius Ferreira da Silva, Kuntal Ganguly, Gabriel H. Gomez-Rodriguez, Neha Hans, Md Saquib Hasnain, Ankit Jain, Sanjay K. Jain, Sougata Jana, Subrata Jana, Sunil Kumar Dubey, Nurul Asmak Md Lazim, Yiyang Liu, Jaime Lizardi-Mendoza, Baboucarr Lowe, Ana Raquel Madureira, Sabyasachi Maiti, Verónica E. Manzano, Milan Milivojevic, Ana Moira Morás, Uttam A. More, Dinara Jaqueline Moura, S M Mozammil Hasnain, Ida Idayu Muhamad, Balaram Naik, Sitansu Sekhar Nanda, Jayanta Narayan De, Amit Kumar Nayak, Malleshappa N. Noolvi, Michael Nugent, María Natalia Pacho, Ivana Pajic-Lijakovic, Pritish Kumar Panda, Zhiqing Pang, Versha Parcha, Sanjukta Patra, Cristiana Maria Pedroso Yoshida, Manuela E. Pintado, Sneha S. Rao, M.E. Bhanoji Rao, Agustin Rascón-Chu, Kakarla Raghava Reddy, P.D. Rekha, Amalesh Samanta, Farheen Sami, Shivani Saraf, Manoj Kumar Sarangi, Bruno Sarmento, Suguna Selvakumaran, Kalyan Kumar Sen, Patrícia Severino, Zahra Shariatinia, Niharika Shiva, Siddhartha Singha, Gautam Singhvi, Eliana Maria Souto, Luiza Steffens, Mohammad Tabish, Judith Tanori-Cordova, Ankita Tiwari, Jayachandran Venkatesan, Amit Verma, Patrícia Hissae Yassue-Cordeiro, Dong Kee Yi, and Yuefei Zhu

Published
2019

21. List of contributors

Author

Amira Abdelrasoul, Mehmood Ali, G.M. Balestra, Sarkar Begum, Vijaykumar Chaudhary, Ahmad Chaudhry, L.M. Chiacchiarelli, Yaser Dahman, Nurul Shafinas Mohd Daud, Cherilyn Dignan, Asma Fiayaz, Elena Fortunati, Sudhir Kumar Gaur, Mustafa Abu Ghalia, Kheng Lim Goh, Piyush Gohil, Deep Gupta, Siddharth Jain, José M. Kenny, Nozieana Khairuddin, Zakir Khan, Nurul Asmak Md Lazim, Francesca Luzi, M.R. Mansor, Banafsheh Mohtasebi, Ida Idayu Muhamad, Nor Azyati Abdul Muttalib, Min Hong Ng, M.N.A. Nordin, A.H. Nurfaizey, Kundan Patel, Debora Puglia, Pallavi Roy, Thomas Sabu, Muhammad Saleem, Carlo Santulli, Irem Senal, Kashif Syed, N. Tamaldin, Luigi Torre, Deepak Verma, Ian A. Watson, Dayang Norulfairuz Abang Zaidel, Jiajun Zhang, and Xiaolei Zhang

Published
2019

22. Accelerated testing methodology for long-term life prediction of cellulose-based polymeric composite materials

Author

Ida Idayu Muhamad, Norhayati Pa’e, Mohd Harfiz Salehudin, Khairul Azly Zahan, Nozieana Khairuddin, Eraricar Salleh, Aishah Mohd Marsin, and Abd Halim Mohd Yusof

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, chemistry.chemical_compound, Materials science, Compressive strength, chemistry, Bacterial cellulose, Nanofiber, Composite number, technology, industry, and agriculture, Polymer, Cellulose, Composite material, Durability
Abstract

This chapter reviews literature concerning reports on the failure mechanisms that are commonly experienced in the techniques that have been developed to predict life expectancy of polymeric composite materials. It summarizes the main degradation mechanisms in polymeric composite materials, techniques used for estimating the life expectancy of polymers, standards for life prediction, and the properties of cellulose-based polymeric composites. The case study demonstrated the effects of incorporating cellulose derived from several resources to the properties of sand-cement block. The compressive strength of sand-cement block incorporated with bacterial cellulose was evaluated for three different periods. Results showed that bacterial cellulose nanofibers enhance the durability of bricks by increasing their compressive strength up to 27% and reducing the permeability and density of the sand-cement block. In conclusion, accelerated methodology is useful as a potential tool or vehicle for shelf life prediction of composite polymeric materials.

Published
2019

23. Advanced Natural Food Colorant Encapsulation Methods: Anthocyanin Plant Pigment

Author

Azni A. Aziz, Norazlina Mohd Nawi, Ida Idayu Muhamad, Hong L. Lian, Alyani Mohd Padzil, and Yanti Maslina Mohd Jusoh

Subjects
Biological pigment, Engineering, genetic structures, Food industry, business.industry, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, fungi, food and beverages, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Shelf life, 03 medical and health sciences, Health problems, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, chemistry, Natural food, Anthocyanin, Food products, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, Food science, 0405 other agricultural sciences, business, Food quality, 040502 food science
Abstract

Color is one of the major attributes in consumers’ perception toward food quality. Synthetic food colorants are alleged to have links to behavioral and health problems. Due to consumers’ high awareness over the health issues, natural food colorants are the perfect alternative or substitute for the synthetic food colorants. Anthocyanin, a natural pigment, can be found abundantly in fruits and vegetables and its color ranges from bright red to blue. Anthocyanin plant pigments have raised interest due to their ability to be used as natural food colorants with outstanding novel health-promoting properties. Despite its great health potential, anthocyanin has limited application simply due to its instability during processing and storage and also to its unsuitability in various food products. The food industry is continuously looking forward to utilizing the encapsulation technology to improve the natural pigment stability in food products, protect the natural colorant from harsh environmental conditions, promote controlled release, and also to prolong the shelf life of products. The objective of this chapter is to provide a brief overview on encapsulation methods that have been used for anthocyanins, including spray-drying, freeze-drying, and most recently, the microwave-assisted encapsulation. The source, stability, color variation, and application of anthocyanins in food products are also briefly discussed.

Published
2018

24. Extraction Technologies and Solvents of Phytocompounds From Plant Materials : Physicochemical Characterization and Identification of Ingredients and Bioactive Compounds From Plant Extract Using Various Instrumentations

Author

Siti Nur Hana Mamat, Norazlina Mohd Nawi, Wahida A. Rashid, Ida Idayu Muhamad, Nuraimi Azlan Hadi Tan, and Nor Diana Hassan

Subjects
Chromatography, 010401 analytical chemistry, Extraction (chemistry), Supercritical fluid extraction, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 040401 food science, 01 natural sciences, High-performance liquid chromatography, 0104 chemical sciences, Solvent, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0404 agricultural biotechnology, chemistry, Phytochemical, Functional food, Organic chemistry, Petroleum ether, Flavor
Abstract

Diverse ingredients and bioactive compounds are present in different plant materials, such as leaves, stem, roots, flower, fruits, and seeds. The development of advance and modern instrumentation techniques make the identification and characterization of ingredients and bioactive compounds analysis easier. Phytocompounds is beneficial ingredients (phenolic, vitamin, amino acids, minerals) in the various plant materials, which show the potential therapeutic for various biological activities, such as treatment and prevention of cancer, cardiovascular, and other chronic diseases. This chapter aims to review the several physicochemical extraction techniques, including conventional and advanced techniques, such as solvent extraction, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), aqueous extraction, enzymatic extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Different solvent system could give different chemical compounds. Polar solvents (water, ethanol, and methanol) are commonly solvent for phenolic compounds extraction, while nonpolar solvent (hexane, chloroform, petroleum ether) are used for oil and fats extraction. Additionally, the impacts of the extraction operations parameters and different polarity of solvent are highlighted. The comparisons of each technique and solvents are also summarized to facilitate better understanding of phytocompounds from plant material extracts. Physical analysis of plant extract includes pH, color, moisture, flavor, and appearance from which was determined using pH meter, colorimeter, and moisture analyzer, respectively. While chemical analysis of plant extract includes fatty acids, heavy metals, amino acids, phytochemical compounds, such as volatile compounds (VOCs) and non-VOCs are determined using the chromatographic methods, such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC). The nutritional value (carbohydrate, fat, protein, fiber, moisture) was assessed using proximate analysis. These physicochemical characterizations of ingredients and bioactive compounds using various instrumentations could provide informative and scientific reference for diverse potential uses of plant extracts especially for nutraceuticals and functional food applications.

Published
2017

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