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Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a viral disease that affects the ability of chickens to produce humoral immune responses. One way to prevent the disease is the passage of maternally derived antibodies (MDA) from dams to offsprings via the yolk. Despite sanitary measures, which include immunization with genogroup 1 (G1) vaccines, infections with IBDV genogroup 4 (G4) in young animals have been detected. The aim of this study was to determine whether a local IBDV isolate belonging to G4 could evade the immunity generated by MDAs. Twelve-day-old animals positive for MDA, were inoculated with G1 or G4 isolates or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) as a control. After 1 wk, the animals were sacrificed and the following parameters were evaluated: bursa-body (BB) ratio, viral load, and histologic damage in the bursa of Fabricius. Results showed that G4-infected animals had significant differences in the BB ratio compared to the PBS group. In addition, viral load was significantly higher in the G4 group than in the G1 group. Histologic damage in the bursa of Fabricius was detected only in G4-infected MDA chickens. Our results suggest that infection with G4 local isolate can circumvent the immunity generated by MDA and, furthermore, that G4 isolate does not differ in its pathogenicity from G1 isolate, which underlines the need to include variant strains in vaccine formulations to reduce potential losses caused by these viruses., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Immunosuppressive diseases cause great losses in the poultry industry, increasing the susceptibility to infections by other pathogens and promoting a suboptimal response to vaccination. Among them, infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) arises as one of the most important around the world. IBDV infects immature B lymphocytes, affecting the immune status of birds and facilitating infections by other pathogens such as avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Although it has been reported that the interaction between these viruses increases IBV clinical signs, there are no actual studies about the interaction between regional circulating isolates that validate this statement. In this context, the objective of our work was to evaluate the effect of the interaction between local isolates of IBDV (belonging to genogroup 4) and IBV (lineage GI-16) in chickens. Thus, specific pathogen-free chickens were orally inoculated with IBDV genogroup (G) 4 or with PBS at 5 d of age. At 14-days postinoculation (dpi) the animals were intratracheally inoculated with a GI-16 IBV or with PBS. At multiple time points, groups of birds were euthanized and different parameters such as histological damage, viral load, lymphocyte populations and specific antibodies were evaluated. The success of IBDV infection was confirmed by the severity of bursal atrophy, viral detection, and presence of anti-IBDV antibodies. In IBV-infected animals, the presence of viral genome was detected in both kidney and bursa. The coinfected animals showed higher degree of lymphocyte infiltration in kidney, higher rate of animals with IBV viral genome in bursa at 28 dpi, and a clear decrease in antibody response against IBV at 28, 35, and 40 dpi. The results indicate that the infection with the local isolate of IBDV affects the immune status of the chickens, causing major severe damage, in response to IBV infection, which could consequently severely affect the local poultry industry., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

In the intraerythrocytic protozoan parasites of the genus Babesia both innate and adaptive immune responses are necessary to confer protection against clinical disease. In particular, the adaptive immune response involves the production of neutralizing antibodies as well as the presentation of parasite antigens to CD4+ T lymphocytes by professional antigen-presenting cells. Therefore, the development of alternative vaccines that replace the use of live attenuated strains should include relevant epitopes targeting both B and T cell responses. The aim of this study was to design new Babesia bigemina immunogens and evaluate the humoral and cellular responses in mice. To achieve this, three B. bigemina recombinant antigens called Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (AMA-1), Rhoptry Associated Protein 1 (RAP-1) and the Thrombospondin Related Anonymous Protein 1 (TRAP-1) were obtained. Besides, two recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara vectors coding for chimeric constructs containing bioinformatically predicted B and T cell epitopes from the same three antigens were generated. These immunogens were evaluated in prime-boost heterologous schemes. Among the combinations tested, priming with a cocktail of the three proteins followed by a booster immunization with a mix of both viruses induced the highest activation of IFN-γ+ CD4+ and CD8+ antigen-specific T cell responses. Remarkably, all vaccine schemes containing antigen cocktails also induced antibodies that were capable of neutralizing merozoite invasion of bovine erythrocytes in vitro at a level comparable to an anti B. bigemina hyperimmune bovine serum. Our results offer a new perspective for vaccines against B. bigemina combining bioinformatics predictions and prime-boost immunization regimes for future control measures against bovine babesiosis., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier GmbH.)

Protection against the intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite Babesia bovis depends on both strong innate and adaptive immune response, this latter involving the presentation of parasite antigens to CD4 + T-lymphocytes by professional antigen-presenting cells. Secretion of Th1 cytokines by CD4 + T cell is also very important for isotype switching to IgG 2 , the best opsonising antibody isotype in cattle, to target extracellular parasites and parasite antigens displayed at the erythrocyte surface. In the field of vaccinology, heterologous prime-boost schemes combining protein-adjuvant formulations with a modified vaccinia Ankara vector expressing the same antigen have demonstrated the induction of both humoral and cellular immune responses. It has been previously demonstrated that MVA-infected dendritic cells can present antigens in the context of MHC II and activate CD4 + T cell. These results support the use of the MVA viral vector for a pathogen like Babesia bovis, which only resides within erythrocytes. In this study, 13-15-months-old Holstein-Friesian steers were immunised with a subunit vaccine as a prime and a modified vaccinia Ankara vector as a boost, both expressing a chimeric multi-antigen (rMABbo - rMVA). This antigen includes the immunodominant B and T cell epitopes of three B. bovis proteins: merozoite surface antigen - 2c (MSA - 2c), rhoptry associated protein 1 (RAP - 1) and heat shock protein 20 (HSP20). Responses were compared with the Babesia bovis live attenuated vaccine used in Argentina (R1A). Eleven weeks after the first immunisation, all bovines were challenged by the inoculation of a virulent B. bovis strain. All groups were monitored daily for hyperthermia and reduction of packed cell volume. Both the rMABbo - rMVA and R1A vaccinated animals developed high titters of total IgG antibodies and an antigen-specific Th1 cellular response before and after challenge. However, all rMABbo - rMVA steers showed clinical signs of disease upon challenge. Only the R1A live vaccine group developed an immune response associated with in vitro neutralising antibodies at a level that significantly inhibited the parasite invasion. The lack of protection observed with this recombinant formulation indicates the need to perform further basic and clinical studies in the bovine model in order to achieve the desired effectiveness. This is the first report in which a novel vaccine candidate against Babesia bovis was constructed based on a recombinant and rationally designed viral vector and evaluated in the biological model of the disease., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Several reports have shown that baculoviruses (BVs) have strong adjuvant properties on the mammalian immune system. Recent studies of our group demonstrated the ability of BV to stimulate the innate immunity in chickens. In this investigation, we aimed to assess the potential antiviral effect of BV given both, before and after infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). In the first case, specific pathogen free chickens were intravenously inoculated with 5 × 10(7) pfu of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus and 3 h later were orally administered 2.5 × 10(5) egg infectious doses 50 of IBDV. In the second case, chickens received IBDV 3 h before BV inoculation. Five days later, chickens were bled and euthanized. RNA from the bursa was analyzed for cytokine production. Also, bursae were used for virus recovery, and processed for lymphocyte isolation. The results showed that the administration of BV 3 h after the inoculation with IBDV produced important changes in the effect that IBDV causes in the bursa. BV reduced the infiltration of T lymphocytes, decreased the expression pattern of IL-6 and IFN-γ and inhibited IBDV replication. The results herein presented demonstrate that this Lepidopteran virus shows antiviral activity in chickens under experimental conditions. Investigations under field conditions have to be done to probe this strategy as a valuable sanitary tool for the treatment and prevention of chicken diseases., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Infectious bursal disesase is a highly contagious, wide spread immunosuppressive chicken disease caused by the Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV). IBDV is a two segmented double-strand RNA virus, member of the Birnaviridae family. In order to study the interaction between IBDV and the immune system, chickens were exposed to an intermediate IBDV strain by intramuscular route, and using Real Time PCR the expression of a panel of avian cytokines and chemokines in duodenum, spleen and bursa of Fabricius was analyzed. Also, splenic nitrite (NO₂) production and the frequencies of different mononuclear cell populations were evaluated by Griess reaction and flow cytometry, respectively. Intramuscular (i.m.) IBDV inoculation promoted an over expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-15 and gIFN in spleen, which correlated with an increase of gIFN plasma concentration measured by ELISA, together with an increment of NO₂ concentration in splenocyte supernatants at 1dpi. Results obtained in the present work showed that IBDV of intermediate virulence, given i.m., induced similar effects to those previously described for highly virulent IBDV in early innate immune responses. Considering that the i.m. route is the route of choice for the delivery of new generation vaccines, and that the use of recombinant antigens also requires the addition of adjuvants for proper immune stimulation, results presented here could contribute to identify suitable cytokines to be used or to be stimulated when utilizing subunit vaccines, for the improvement of prevention tools for avian health., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious and economically devastating disease that affects cattle, swine, goat and sheep among others. FMDV is able to overcome the initial host innate immune response by inhibiting the induction of antiviral molecules at both the transcriptional and the translational levels. It has been demonstrated that FMDV A/Arg/2001 causes the death of adult C57Bl/6 mice within 72h. We evaluated the capacity of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV), an insect virus with potent innate immunostimulating effects, to promote early protection against FMDV A/Arg/2001 challenge in C57Bl/6 mice. Groups of 8-9 weeks old female mice were injected intravenously with AcNPV and challenged with a lethal dose of FMDV at different times post-administration. Our results showed that pretreatment of mice with a single injection of AcNPV 3h or 3 days before FMDV challenge resulted in complete abrogation of mortality and complete or partial suppression of viremia, respectively. Furthermore, no signs of disease were observed. AcNPV could be a valuable tool to improve the design of a novel vaccine that protects as an adjuvant at early times post-vaccination., (Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)