1. Exposure to inhaled particulate matter activates early markers of oxidative stress, inflammation and unfolded protein response in rat striatum.
- Author
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Guerra R, Vera-Aguilar E, Uribe-Ramirez M, Gookin G, Camacho J, Osornio-Vargas AR, Mugica-Alvarez V, Angulo-Olais R, Campbell A, Froines J, Kleinman TM, and De Vizcaya-Ruiz A
- Subjects
- Air Pollutants chemistry, Animals, Biomarkers metabolism, Central Nervous System Agents chemistry, Corpus Striatum immunology, DNA-Binding Proteins biosynthesis, DNA-Binding Proteins genetics, DNA-Binding Proteins metabolism, Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP, Heat-Shock Proteins biosynthesis, Heat-Shock Proteins genetics, Heat-Shock Proteins metabolism, Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing) biosynthesis, Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing) genetics, Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing) metabolism, Male, Mexico, Nerve Tissue Proteins biosynthesis, Nerve Tissue Proteins genetics, Nerve Tissue Proteins metabolism, Neurons immunology, Particle Size, Particulate Matter chemistry, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors, Superoxide Dismutase biosynthesis, Superoxide Dismutase genetics, Superoxide Dismutase metabolism, Transcription Factors biosynthesis, Transcription Factors genetics, Transcription Factors metabolism, Up-Regulation drug effects, X-Box Binding Protein 1, Air Pollutants toxicity, Central Nervous System Agents toxicity, Corpus Striatum drug effects, Neurons drug effects, Oxidative Stress drug effects, Particulate Matter toxicity, Unfolded Protein Response drug effects
- Abstract
To study central nervous system airborne PM related subchronic toxicity, SD male rats were exposed for eight weeks to either coarse (32 μg/m³), fine (178 μg/m³) or ultrafine (107 μg/m³) concentrated PM or filtered air. Different brain regions (olfactory bulb, frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus), were harvested from the rats following exposure to airborne PM. Subsequently, prooxidant (HO-1 and SOD-2), and inflammatory markers (IL-1β and TNFα), apoptotic (caspase 3), and unfolded protein response (UPR) markers (XBP-1S and BiP), were also measured using real-time PCR. Activation of nuclear transcription factors Nrf-2 and NF-κB, associated with antioxidant and inflammation processes, respectively, were also analyzed by GSMA. Ultrafine PM increased HO-1 and SOD-2 mRNA levels in the striatum and hippocampus, in the presence of Nrf-2 activation. Also, ultrafine PM activated NF-κB and increased IL-1β and TNFα in the striatum. Activation of UPR was observed after exposure to coarse PM through the increment of XBP-1S and BiP in the striatum, accompanied by an increase in antioxidant response markers HO-1 and SOD-2. Our results indicate that exposure to different size fractions of PM may induce physiological changes (in a neuroanatomical manner) in the central nervous system (CNS), specifically within the striatum, where inflammation, oxidative stress and UPR signals were effectively activated., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2013
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