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This work is focused on production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) through anaerobic digestion (AD) using raw (without pre-treatment) brewers' spent grain (BSG) as feedstock. VFAs are by-products from AD of organic wastes with wide potential industrial application in bioplastic production. A long term fed batch stirred-tank reactor was operated and the impact of three hydraulic retention times (HRT) and two organic loading rates (OLR) on VFA production was assessed. Results showed clearly that AD of raw BSG is possible without a pre-treatment step. The maximum volumetric VFA productivity of 91.3 ± 9.1 mgCODL -1  h -1 and VFA concentration of 24.9 ± 2.6 g L -1 were obtained for 16 days of HRT and 16 gTS in L -1 d -1 of OLR. This is the highest value of VFA concentration so far reported for BSG. Propionic, acetic and butyric acids were the main VFAs produced. Community identification by FISH and its correlation with process parameters was performed by principal component analysis., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Few attempts have been made in previous studies to link the microbial community structure and function with nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions at full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this work, high-throughput sequencing and reverse transcriptase-qPCR (RT-qPCR) was applied to activated sludge samples from three WWTPs for two seasonal periods (winter and summer) and linked with the N 2 O emissions and wastewater characteristics. The total N 2 O emissions ranged from 7.2 to 937.0 g N-N 2 O/day, which corresponds to an emission factor of 0.001 to 0.280% of the influent NH 4 -N being emitted as N 2 O. Those emissions were related to the abundance of Nitrotoga, Candidatus Microthrix and Rhodobacter genera, which were favored by higher dissolved oxygen (DO) and nitrate (NO 3 - ) concentrations in the activated sludge tanks. Furthermore, a relationship between the nirK gene expression and N 2 O emissions was verified. Detected N 2 O emission peaks were associated with different process events, related to aeration transition periods, that occurred during the regular operation of the plants, which could be potentially associated to increased emissions of the WWTP. The design of mitigation strategies, such as optimizing the aeration regime, is therefore important to avoid process events that lead to those N 2 O emissions peaks. Furthermore, this study also demonstrates the importance of assessing the gene expression of nosZ clade II, since its high abundance in WWTPs could be an important key to reduce the N 2 O emissions., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are a sustainable alternative to conventional plastics that can be obtained from industrial wastes/by-products using mixed microbial cultures (MMC). MMC PHA production is commonly carried out in a 3-stage process of acidogenesis, PHA culture selection and accumulation. This research focused on the possibility of tailoring PHA by controlling the acidogenic reactor operating conditions, namely pH, using cheese whey as model feedstock. The objective was to investigate the impact that dynamically varying the acidogenic pH, when targeting different PHA monomer profiles, had on the performance and microbial community profile of the anaerobic reactor. To accomplish this, an anaerobic reactor was continuously operated under dynamic pH changes, ranging from pH 4 to 7, turning to pH 6 after each change of pH. At pH 6, lactate and acetate were the dominant products (41-48% gCOD basis and 22-44% gCOD basis, respectively). At low pH, lactate production was higher while at high pH acetate production was favoured. Despite the dynamic change of pH, the fermentation product composition at pH 6 was always similar, showing the resilience of the process, i.e. when the same pH value was imposed, the culture produced the same metabolic products independently of the history of changes occurring in the system. The different fermentation product fractions led to PHAs of different compositions. The microbial community, analysed by high throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene fragments, was dominated by Lactobacillus, but varied markedly when subjected to the highest and lowest pH values of the tested range (4 and 7), with increase in the abundance of Lactococcus and a member of the Candidate Division TM7. Different bacterial profiles obtained at pH 6 during this dynamic operation were able to produce a consistent profile of fermentation products (and consequently a constant PHA composition), demonstrating the community's functional redundancy., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Chitin-glucan complex (CGC) is a valuable biomaterial that can be extracted from the cell wall of several yeast and fungi. In this work, the yeast Komagataella (Pichia) pastoris was grown on glycerol as the sole carbon source in batch cultivation experiments to evaluate the effect of pH (3.5-6.5) and temperature (20-40°C) on CGC production and polymer composition. The CGC content in the biomass and the volumetric productivity (rp) were not significantly affected within the tested pH and temperature ranges. Nevertheless, both parameters could be maximized (CGC ≥14wt% and rp ≥ 3.0 gCGC L(-1)day(-1)) for temperatures within 27-34°C and pH above 6.0 or below 4.0. In contrast, the effect of pH and temperature on the polymer's chitin:β-glucan molar ratio was more pronounced. The highest chitin:β-glucan molar ratio (>14:86) was obtained for the mid-range pH (4.5-5.8) and temperatures (26-33°C), while a drastic reduction of chitin to ≤ 6%mol was observed outside those ranges. Therefore, a compromise between maximal CGC production and the synthesis of polymers enriched in chitin must be achieved, depending on the final application of this product., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)