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2. List of Contributors

Author

Adi, Saleh, primary, Bagchi, Debasis, additional, Bagchi, Manashi, additional, Banerjee, Pradipta, additional, Barlow, Gillian M., additional, Blatt, Dawn, additional, Brashear, Meghan, additional, Calderon, Angela I., additional, Cappuccio, Francesco P., additional, Caprio, Sonia, additional, Carcache de Blanco, Esperanza J., additional, Chaffee, Scott, additional, Chen, Jayson, additional, Choudhury, Mahua, additional, Das, Amitava, additional, Das, Stabak, additional, Dutta, Deep, additional, Everett, Charles J., additional, Federico, Christopher, additional, Frithsen, Ivar L., additional, Fukami, Kei, additional, Ganguly, Dipyaman, additional, Gerard-Gonzalez, Andrea, additional, Giannini, Cosimo, additional, Goh, Kian-Peng, additional, Gostic, Cheri L., additional, Greco, Deborah S., additional, Gupta, Alok K., additional, Hayashi, Daiki, additional, Hosokawa, Masashi, additional, Hossain, Md. Akil, additional, Ikehata, Akifumi, additional, Johnson, William D., additional, Koetzner, Lee, additional, Krawczyk, Michal, additional, Krentz, Andrew J., additional, Kumar, Abhai, additional, Lehmann, Teresa E., additional, Lin, Eugenia A., additional, Mahady, Gail B., additional, Maitra, Sayantan, additional, Mathur, Ruchi, additional, Medunjanin, Danira, additional, Mendes, Odete, additional, Menon, Ajay, additional, Miller, Michelle A., additional, Miyashita, Kazuo, additional, Moszczyński, Paulin, additional, Mühlhäusler, Beverly S., additional, Mukhopadhyay, Satinath, additional, Nair, Anand S., additional, Nair, Sreejayan, additional, Nakao, Shintaro, additional, Nishikawa, Show, additional, N, Sreedharan, additional, Park, Min Hi, additional, Pervin, Rokeya, additional, Preuss, Harry G., additional, Pridjian, Gabriella, additional, Rao, Mahadev, additional, Roy, Sashwati, additional, Salamon, Ivan, additional, Santoro, Nicola, additional, Santra, Suman, additional, Schütz, Luís F., additional, Sekhar M, Sonal, additional, Shirai, Yasuhito, additional, Singh, Smita, additional, Sonoda, Koh-hei, additional, Sowers, James R., additional, Swaroop, Anand, additional, Tabarowski, Zbigniew, additional, Tecilazich, Francesco, additional, Uwadaira, Yasuhiro, additional, Verma, Narsingh, additional, Veves, Aristidis, additional, Vincent, John B., additional, Whaley-Connell, Adam, additional, Wicks, Sheila M., additional, Wojcik, Marzena, additional, Wozniak, Lucyna A., additional, Yamagishi, Sho-ichi, additional, Yoshida, Shigeo, additional, and Zhu, Mei-Jun, additional

Published
2018
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3. Contributors

Author

Acheson, Kevin J., primary, Adi, Saleh, additional, Arab, Juan Pablo, additional, Arancibia, Juan Pablo, additional, Ardestani, Amin, additional, Arnesen, Harald, additional, Arrese, Marco, additional, Bajorek, Sarah A., additional, Barrera, Francisco, additional, Blatt, Dawn, additional, Brashear, Meghan, additional, Buddineni, Jaya P., additional, Candia, Roberto, additional, Cappuccio, Francesco P., additional, Caprio, Sonia, additional, Cypryk, Katarzyna, additional, Dinh, Thanh L., additional, Everett, Charles J., additional, Federico, Christopher, additional, Fleury-Milfort, Evelyne, additional, Flynn, Harry W., additional, Frithsen, Ivar L., additional, Fukami, Kei, additional, Galgani, Jose E., additional, Ghirlanda, Giovanni, additional, Giannini, Cosimo, additional, Goh, Kian-Peng, additional, Gonzalez, Andrea Gerard, additional, Gostic, Cheri L., additional, Greco, Deborah S., additional, Gupta, Alok K., additional, Hata, Yasuaki, additional, Hosokawa, Masashi, additional, Jessup, Ann N., additional, Johnson, William D., additional, Krentz, Andrew J., additional, Ling, Charlotte, additional, Maedler, Kathrin, additional, Marfella, Raffaele, additional, Martini, Francesca, additional, Maulik, Nilanjana, additional, Menon, Ajay, additional, Miller, Michelle A., additional, Miyashita, Kazuo, additional, Morello, Candis M., additional, Moszczynski, Paulin, additional, Mühlhäusler, Beverly S., additional, Najm, Wadie I., additional, Nakao, Shintaro, additional, Nishikawa, Show, additional, O'Dea, Kerin, additional, Paolisso, Giuseppe, additional, Patwardhan, Bhushan, additional, Pinkney, Jonathan, additional, Pitocco, Dario, additional, Pridjian, Gabriella, additional, Puranik, Amrutesh, additional, Reineke, Erica L., additional, Riquelme, Arnoldo, additional, Rojas, Pamela, additional, Rutowski, Jan A., additional, Sanchez, Juan A., additional, Santoro, Nicola, additional, Schwartz, Stephen G., additional, Seljeflot, Ingebjørg, additional, Shu, Luan, additional, Sinclair, Alan J., additional, Sowers, James R., additional, Stenhouse, Elizabeth, additional, Tecilazich, Francesco, additional, Thirunavukkarasu, Mahesh, additional, Tomlinson, Julie, additional, Trøseid, Marius, additional, Turan, Belma, additional, Unger, Jeff, additional, Vassort, Guy, additional, Veves, Aristidis, additional, Vincent, John B., additional, Walker, Karen Z., additional, Whaley-Connell, Adam, additional, Wojcik, Marzena, additional, Wozniak, Lucyna A., additional, Yamagishi, Sho-ichi, additional, and Zaccardi, Francesco, additional

Published
2012
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5. Roles of Environmental Pollution and Pesticides in Diabetes and Obesity

Author

Charles J. Everett, Danira Medunjanin, and Ivar L. Frithsen

Subjects
business.industry, Phthalate, Environmental pollution, Type 2 diabetes, medicine.disease, Obesity, chemistry.chemical_compound, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, chemistry, Environmental health, Relative risk, Diabetes mellitus, medicine, business, Obesogen
Abstract

There are several factors that contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes, such as obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and family history, which are widely accepted in the medical community. However, the role of environmental contaminants or pollutants in diabetes is not yet well understood. The strongest body of epidemiological evidence is that linking certain persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to diabetes. POPs include dioxins, furans, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides. A metaanalysis of six studies of dioxins and furans produced a relative risk (RR) of 1.91 (95% CI 1.44–2.54) for diabetes when comparing the highest category versus the lowest category. A metaanalysis of 13 cross-sectional studies of PCBs and diabetes produced an RR of 2.90 (95% CI 2.14–3.92), and a metaanalysis of 8 prospective studies of PCBs and diabetes produced an RR of 1.65 (95% CI 1.16–2.34). Comparing the top versus the bottom tertile, a metaanalysis of any organochlorine pesticide and diabetes in 22 studies found a summary odds ratio of 1.68 (95% CI 1.37–2.07). Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disrupter that is found in many consumer products; human exposure is believed to be mainly from food product packaging containing BPA. A metaanalysis of BPA and type 2 diabetes, using five studies, produced a summary RR of 1.45 (95% CI 1.13–1.87) comparing the fourth quartile with the first quartile of urinary BPA. Phthalates are chemicals added to plastics to increase their flexibility, transparency, durability, and longevity. A metaanalysis of four studies produced a summary RR of 1.48 (95% CI 0.98–2.25) for diabetes when comparing the highest category of total phthalates with the lowest category. Although this summary RR is not significant, there is evidence that some individual phthalate metabolites are related to diabetes. Other environmental pollutants that have been studied include carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particulate matter and sulfur dioxide in air pollution, and toxic heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, and mercury. Notably, a metaanalysis of 12 studies of arsenic in drinking water and type 2 diabetes had a pooled RR of 1.75 (95% CI 1.20–2.54). There is growing support for the “developmental obesogen” theory. It promotes the concept that certain chemicals may be capable of disrupting developmental processes related to metabolic homeostasis during early life and thus increasing the risk for obesity and other related metabolic diseases. However, most of the work relating environmental pollutants to obesity has produced inconsistent results. An exception is DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene), a metabolite of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. For DDE, there are seven studies showing positive associations with adiposity and two studies having null relationships.

Published
2018

6. List of Contributors

Author

Saleh Adi, Debasis Bagchi, Manashi Bagchi, Pradipta Banerjee, Gillian M. Barlow, Dawn Blatt, Meghan Brashear, Angela I. Calderon, Francesco P. Cappuccio, Sonia Caprio, Esperanza J. Carcache de Blanco, Scott Chaffee, Jayson Chen, Mahua Choudhury, Amitava Das, Stabak Das, Deep Dutta, Charles J. Everett, Christopher Federico, Ivar L. Frithsen, Kei Fukami, Dipyaman Ganguly, Andrea Gerard-Gonzalez, Cosimo Giannini, Kian-Peng Goh, Cheri L. Gostic, Deborah S. Greco, Alok K. Gupta, Daiki Hayashi, Masashi Hosokawa, Md. Akil Hossain, Akifumi Ikehata, William D. Johnson, Lee Koetzner, Michal Krawczyk, Andrew J. Krentz, Abhai Kumar, Teresa E. Lehmann, Eugenia A. Lin, Gail B. Mahady, Sayantan Maitra, Ruchi Mathur, Danira Medunjanin, Odete Mendes, Ajay Menon, Michelle A. Miller, Kazuo Miyashita, Paulin Moszczyński, Beverly S. Mühlhäusler, Satinath Mukhopadhyay, Anand S. Nair, Sreejayan Nair, Shintaro Nakao, Show Nishikawa, Sreedharan N, Min Hi Park, Rokeya Pervin, Harry G. Preuss, Gabriella Pridjian, Mahadev Rao, Sashwati Roy, Ivan Salamon, Nicola Santoro, Suman Santra, Luís F. Schütz, Sonal Sekhar M, Yasuhito Shirai, Smita Singh, Koh-hei Sonoda, James R. Sowers, Anand Swaroop, Zbigniew Tabarowski, Francesco Tecilazich, Yasuhiro Uwadaira, Narsingh Verma, Aristidis Veves, John B. Vincent, Adam Whaley-Connell, Sheila M. Wicks, Marzena Wojcik, Lucyna A. Wozniak, Sho-ichi Yamagishi, Shigeo Yoshida, and Mei-Jun Zhu

Published
2018

7. Roles of Environmental Pollution and Pesticides in Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes

Author

Charles J. Everett and Ivar L. Frithsen

Subjects
Pollutant, Reverse causality, medicine.medical_specialty, Environmental pollution, Pesticide, Biology, medicine.disease, Toxicology, Diabetes mellitus, Environmental health, Epidemiology, medicine, Limited evidence, Metabolic syndrome
Abstract

Various environmental contaminants have been studied for associations with diabetes or altered glucose metabolism. The epidemiological evidence from observational studies has shown that some chemicals are associated with diabetes. Various persistent organic pollutants have been studied with conflicting results. The most robust evidence linking any specific contaminant to diabetes is from the literature on pesticides. Limited evidence refuting reverse causality has been found for certain persistent organic pollutants and pesticides. Bisphenol A has not been sufficiently studied to claim a link with diabetes; studies suggest that further investigation is warranted. Air pollution and smoking have been studied for a link with diabetes with conflicting results. Studies on the association between toxic metals and diabetes are limited to mainly cross-sectional studies with inconsistent results. There is sufficient epidemiologic evidence linking environmental contaminants and diabetes from multiple cross-sectional or small studies to warrant further investigation using large-scale longitudinal studies with extended follow-up.

Published
2012

8. Contributors

Author

Kevin J. Acheson, Saleh Adi, Juan Pablo Arab, Juan Pablo Arancibia, Amin Ardestani, Harald Arnesen, Marco Arrese, Sarah A. Bajorek, Francisco Barrera, Dawn Blatt, Meghan Brashear, Jaya P. Buddineni, Roberto Candia, Francesco P. Cappuccio, Sonia Caprio, Katarzyna Cypryk, Thanh L. Dinh, Charles J. Everett, Christopher Federico, Evelyne Fleury-Milfort, Harry W. Flynn, Ivar L. Frithsen, Kei Fukami, Jose E. Galgani, Giovanni Ghirlanda, Cosimo Giannini, Kian-Peng Goh, Andrea Gerard Gonzalez, Cheri L. Gostic, Deborah S. Greco, Alok K. Gupta, Yasuaki Hata, Masashi Hosokawa, Ann N. Jessup, William D. Johnson, Andrew J. Krentz, Charlotte Ling, Kathrin Maedler, Raffaele Marfella, Francesca Martini, Nilanjana Maulik, Ajay Menon, Michelle A. Miller, Kazuo Miyashita, Candis M. Morello, Paulin Moszczynski, Beverly S. Mühlhäusler, Wadie I. Najm, Shintaro Nakao, Show Nishikawa, Kerin O'Dea, Giuseppe Paolisso, Bhushan Patwardhan, Jonathan Pinkney, Dario Pitocco, Gabriella Pridjian, Amrutesh Puranik, Erica L. Reineke, Arnoldo Riquelme, Pamela Rojas, Jan A. Rutowski, Juan A. Sanchez, Nicola Santoro, Stephen G. Schwartz, Ingebjørg Seljeflot, Luan Shu, Alan J. Sinclair, James R. Sowers, Elizabeth Stenhouse, Francesco Tecilazich, Mahesh Thirunavukkarasu, Julie Tomlinson, Marius Trøseid, Belma Turan, Jeff Unger, Guy Vassort, Aristidis Veves, John B. Vincent, Karen Z. Walker, Adam Whaley-Connell, Marzena Wojcik, Lucyna A. Wozniak, Sho-ichi Yamagishi, and Francesco Zaccardi

Published
2012

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