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Summary: Background: Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is one of the most urbanized and violent regions worldwide. Homicides in youth (15–24 years old, yo) and young adults (25-39yo) are an especially pressing public health problem. Yet there is little research on how city characteristics relate to homicide rates in youth and young adults. We aimed to describe homicide rates among youth and young adults, as well as their association with socioeconomic and built environment factors across 315 cities in eight LAC countries. Methods: This is an ecological study. We estimated homicide rates in youth and young adults for the period 2010–2016. We investigated associations of homicide rates with sub-city education and GDP, Gini, density, landscape isolation, population and population growth using sex-stratified negative binomial models with city and sub-city level random intercepts, and country-level fixed effects. Findings: The mean sub-city homicide rate per 100,000 in persons aged 15–24 was 76.9 (SD = 95.9) in male and 6.7 (SD = 8.5) in female, and in persons aged 25–39 was 69.4 (SD = 68.9) in male and 6.0 (SD = 6.7) in female. Rates were higher in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and El Salvador than in Argentina, Chile, Panama and Peru. There was significant variation in rates across cities and sub-cities, even after accounting for the country. In fully adjusted models, higher sub-city education scores and higher city GDP were associated with a lower homicide rate among male and female (rate ratios (RR) per SD higher value in male and female, respectively, 0.87 (CI 0.84–0.90) and 0.90 (CI 0.86–0.93) for education and 0.87 (CI 0.81–0.92) and 0.92 (CI 0.87–0.97) for GDP). A higher city Gini index was associated with higher homicide rates (RR 1.28 (CI 1.10–1.48) and 1.21 (CI 1.07–1.36) in male and female, respectively). Greater isolation da was also associated with higher homicide rates (RR 1.13 (CI 1.07–1.21) and 1.07 (CI 1.02–1.12) in male and female, respectively). Interpretation: City and sub-city factors are associated with homicide rates. Improvements to education, social conditions and inequality and physical integration of cities may contribute to the reduction of homicides in the region. Funding: The Wellcome Trust [205177/Z/16/Z].

Objetivo: Describir la supervivencia de los pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca (IC) con seguimiento en atención primaria (AP) y analizar el efecto del sexo, edad, factores clínicos, de utilización de servicios y nivel de renta, en la supervivencia. Diseño: Estudio observacional longitudinal de una cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes a partir de la historia clínica electrónica. Emplazamiento: Área 7 de AP de la Comunidad de Madrid. Participantes: Pacientes mayores de 24 años con una consulta en AP en el año 2006. Mediciones principales: Casos incidentes de IC desde 2006 a 2010 o hasta su fallecimiento. Análisis de supervivencia de Kaplan-Meier y de regresión multivariante de riesgos proporcionales de Cox. Resultados: Se identificaron 3.061 pacientes en una cohorte de 227.984. Su supervivencia fue del 65% a los 5 años. Fallecieron 519 pacientes con una supervivencia media de 49 meses. Los factores asociados a mayor riesgo de mortalidad fueron la edad (HR = 1,04; 1,03-1,05) y tener diagnóstico de cardiopatía isquémica (HR = 1,45; 1,15-1,78) o de diabetes (HR = 1,52; 1,17-1,95). Los factores con un efecto protector fueron ser mujer (HR = 0,72; 0,59-0,86), no pensionista (HR = 0,43; 0,23-0,84), haber recibido la vacunación de la gripe anualmente (HR = 0,01; 0,00-0,06), tener prescritos hipolipidemiantes (HR = 0,78; 0,61-0,99) o IECA (HR = 0,73; 0,60-0,88), así como que se le hubieran solicitado analíticas (HR = 0,98; 0,95-1), radiografías (HR = 0,81; 0,74-0,88) y electrocardiogramas (HR = 0,90; 0,81-0,99) en AP. Conclusiones: Los datos de los pacientes con IC seguidos en AP indican que su supervivencia es mejor que la obtenida en otros países, apoyando el argumento de la mejor evolución de la IC en los países mediterráneos.

Summary: Background: During the Covid-19 pandemic, children and adolescents faced poverty, potentially dying from preventable causes, or missing out essential vaccines. The aim of this study was to assess potential environmental and individual factors associated to COVID-19 mortality in children and adolescents in Mexico. Methods: This cross-sectional study analysed the official data of 131,001 children under 10 years of age and adolescents between 10 and 19 years of age with COVID-19 disease, in Mexico. Participants were diagnosticated between March 2020 and June 13, 2021. The environmental variables such as malnutrition, vaccination coverage and social lag index were evaluated at the state level. Multilevel models were fitted to evaluate the association between environmental and individual factors and COVID-19 mortality. Findings: A total of 773 (0.6%) children and adolescents died due to COVID-19. Younger age (OR = 0.878, 95%CI: 0.869-0.888), diabetes (OR = 3.898, 95%CI: 2.596-5.851), immunosuppression (OR = 5.410, 95%CI: 4.088-7.158), obesity (OR = 1.876, 95%CI: 1.397-2.521), hypertension (OR = 1.906, 95%CI: 1.239-2.932), cardiovascular disease (OR = 2.288, 95%CI: 1.482-3.531), and chronic kidney disease (OR = 13.250, 95%CI: 9.066-19.350) were associated with mortality. COVID-19 mortality was directly associated with social lag index and malnutrition (ORvery high = 2.939, 95%CI: 1.111-7.775, and OR = 1.390, 95%CI: 1.073-1.802, respectively), and inversely associated with population density (OR = 0.374, 95%CI: 0.204-0.688). Finally, children and adolescents living in areas with a higher percentage of people with incomplete education (OR = 1.045, 95%CI: 1.011-1.081), of children of school age of 6–14 years who do not attend school (OR = 1.266, 95%CI: 1.032-1.554), and of illiterate population aged 15 and over (OR = 1.086, 95%CI: 0.999-1.179) were associated with a higher risk of COVID-19 mortality. Interpretation: Malnutrition, social lag index and population density are key factors to understand COVID-19 mortality in children and adolescents. Also, age and pre-existing comorbidities were also associated with worse COVID-19 prognosis. Funding: No funding was secured for this study.