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Predicting absolute protein-ligand binding affinities remains a frontier challenge in ligand discovery and design. This becomes more difficult when ionic interactions are involved because of the large opposing solvation and electrostatic attraction energies. In a blind test, we examined whether alchemical free-energy calculations could predict binding affinities of 14 charged and 5 neutral compounds previously untested as ligands for a cavity binding site in cytochrome c peroxidase. In this simplified site, polar and cationic ligands compete with solvent to interact with a buried aspartate. Predictions were tested by calorimetry, spectroscopy, and crystallography. Of the 15 compounds predicted to bind, 13 were experimentally confirmed, while 4 compounds were false negative predictions. Predictions had a root-mean-square error of 1.95 kcal/mol to the experimental affinities, and predicted poses had an average RMSD of 1.7Å to the crystallographic poses. This test serves as a benchmark for these thermodynamically rigorous calculations at predicting binding affinities for charged compounds and gives insights into the existing sources of error, which are primarily electrostatic interactions inside proteins. Our experiments also provide a useful set of ionic binding affinities in a simplified system for testing new affinity prediction methods., (© 2013.)

DBA/2J mice were exposed in utero, between days 15-18 of gestation, to either of two enzyme inhibitors, previously shown to decrease blood-brain, large-neutral amino acid transport in adults: L-methionine-RS-sulfoximine and 2-imidazolidone-4-carboxylic acid. The young mice demonstrated persistently altered motor behavior relative to saline controls when 40-42 days old and evidence of differences in the entry and incorporation of 14C-valine in brain at up to 80 days of age. The findings suggest that interference with blood-brain amino acid transport in utero has long term consequences. This may be related to some human conditions such as maternal phenylketonuria.

In vivo inhibition of uptake 14C-L-valine by brain following subcutaneous administration of either of two gamma-glutamyl cycle enzyme inhibitors, 2-imidazolidone-4-carboxylic acid (ICA), or, L-methionine-S-sulfoximine (MSO) is documented in C57BL/6J mice. Dose related decrease in exploratory activity, impairment of memory for foot shock, and reduced operant responding for food reinforcement parallels the time course for interference with uptake of a large neutral amino acid by these two compounds previously shown to inhibit different enzymes in the gamma-glutamyl cycle subserving active amino acid transport.