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Background & objectives Natural dietary supplements are progressively getting famous to supplant synthetic substances particularly in chronic morbidities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-obesity potential of almond on the normal, Cafeteria, and Atherogenic diets. Materials and methods Parameters such as change in body weight, body temperature, lipid profile, organ weights, and fat pad weights were assessed. Central Nervous System related studies (Despair Swim test and Elevated Plus maze test) were also performed to comprehend the effect of the diets, and almond on the brain. All of the experimental animals were randomly assigned to one of three diet categoriesregular, cafeteria, or atherogenic, and fed those diets for 40 days. Each diet had the control group, standard drug group and three almond groups (low dose: 50; medium dose: 100 and high dose: 200 mg/kg body weight). Body weight was recorded every alternate day. On 40th day, body temperature was measured. On day 41, lipid parameters, organ weights, fat pad weights and the CNS parameters were evaluated. ANOVA followed by Duncans Multiple Range Test were used for statistical analysis. Results Treatment of animals with either a low or high dose of almond as well as a standard herb prevented a rise in body weight significantly (p = 0.01) in all three diet groups. When a regular diet was replaced with a cafeteria and atherogenic diet, the serum levels of triglycerides and LDL increased significantly, while HDL levels decreased significantly. Overall, almond preparation reduced lipid parameters, organ weights, fat-pad weights, and stabilized CNS parameters substantially. Interpretation & conclusion The almond high dose was the most effective of all the almond preparations. Our study suggests that chronic administration of almond independently reduces the body weight in experimental animals.

This present research investigated the anti-obesity and hepatoprotective effects of ethanolic Moringa peregrina leaf (MPLE) and bark extracts (MPBE), in the rats fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). Healthy male rats (n = 48) were randomly distributed to six groups (n = 8): control AIN-93 diet; HFD; HFD + MPBE bark extracts ((300 mg/kg); HFD + MPBE (600 mg/kg); HFD + MPLE (300 mg/kg); HFD + MPLE (600 mg/kg). HFD-fed rats in the Moringa peregrina (MP) treatment groups received orally administered MP leaf or bark extract daily for eight weeks. The results revealed that both doses of MP leaf extract significantly reduced HFD-induced increases in their food intake and the gained body weight, fat pad weights (visceral, subcutaneous, and epididymal), glucose and insulin plasma levels, and leptin and resistin serum levels in HFD-fed rats. Concomitantly, MP leaf extract improved glucose levels after oral or intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests, reduced serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and the low-density lipoprotein LDL concentration, reduced hepatic triglycerides and cholesterol levels, and increased serum high-density lipoproteins HDL levels and triglycerides and cholesterol levels in fecal. Moreover, the administration of MPLE to HFD-fed rats improved liver architecture, reduced fat accumulation, reduced hepatic malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 levels. Hepatic glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities were significantly increased. All observed effects were more pronounced in HFD-fed rats treated with a 600 mg/kg MP dose. However, neither dose of MPBE altered the measured markers in the HFD-fed rats. In conclusion, MPLE showed potential anti-obesity and hepatoprotective activity in HFD-induced obese rats, mediated by reduced lipid absorption, anti-hyperlipidemic effects, and hepatic antioxidant effects.

Summary There has been extensive research on feeding broilers low-CP (LCP) diets to reduce nitrogen (N) excretion in the environment. It is well established that broilers fed LCP diets exhibit improvements in N efficiency, but this is coupled with inferior growth performance and poor carcass quality. Therefore, 2 experiments were undertaken to explore energy and N balance and performance in birds fed LCP diets to determine bird responses to dietary energy content. Both experiments used isoenergetic grower–finisher diets formulated to reduced- or high-CP (HCP) level. Measurements of AME, net energy, and N balance were conducted in a calorimetry system (experiment 1), and bird performance was measured in a floor pen feeding study (experiment 2). In experiment 1, birds fed the LCP diet had a comparatively higher ratio of energy (AME and net energy) intake to N retained, higher N efficiency (N retained/N intake), and higher ratio of energy retained as fat to total energy retention. In experiment 2, the LCP-fed birds had a comparatively higher feed conversion ratio at day 14 to 35 and a higher relative fat pad weight on day 35. Abdominal fat pad was positively correlated with the energy (AME and net energy) intake–to–weight gain ratio, suggesting that energy in excess was deposited as fat. These results present more highly efficient use of N in broilers reared on LCP diets. However, these birds also consumed excess energy relative to N retained, which was deposited as body fat accretion, thereby increasing the feed conversion ratio.

Pathologies within the fat pad can have either intrinsic or extrinsic causes. Most of them are the consequences of trauma and degeneration, but inflammatory and neoplastic diseases can arise in the fat pad. Pigmented villonodular synovitis is the most common space-occupying lesion of the Hoffa fat pad, followed by ganglion. The purpose of this Technical Note is to describe the details of endoscopic resection of localized pigmented villonodular synovitis in the Hoffa fat pad. Hopefully, this can allow complete resection of the lesion with minimal surgical trauma and scar tissue formation.

We present the case of a 36-year-old woman who works as a kindergarten teacher, often she is kneeling on her knees due to the nature of the job. Since a year ago, she noticed that her right knee was swelling. She had an orthopaedic examination when she could no longer bend her knee. Inspection and palpation revealed the swelling of the anterior and anterior-lateral aspect of the knee. MRI imaging revealed a large, sharply defined, lobulated lesion of the infrapatellar fat pad. After the surgical incision, a lobular lesion was found and surgically removed. Histological analysis confirmed a ganglion cyst. Keywords: Ganglion cyst, Hoffa's fat pad, Knee

Background: Foot orthoses have been shown to reduce the collapse of the longitudinal arch and to constrain soft tissue displacement under the heel. However, there has not been a study that has shown the effectiveness of both the arch and heel features in the same orthosis. This study quantitatively analyzed if the calcaneal pitch and the heel pad thickness will be affected by the use of an arch support and heel cup insole in a static weightbearing stance while wearing sports shoes. Methods: Twenty-four (24) feet from 12 elite-level female soccer players with a mean age of 25 ± 3.99 years (20–33 years old) were studied. Lateral weightbearing radiographs with and without orthotics were obtained in order to measure the calcaneal pitch angle and heel fat pad thickness for each foot. A subjective outcome measure was used and the scores were classified as bad (0–2), fair (3–5), good (6–8), or excellent (9-10). Results: The calcaneal pitch angle increased in all but three cases by an average of 1.05° (range, −1.14 to 3.19) after wearing orthotics (p

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding the different levels of the dietary fat on the expression of genes encoding proteins involving energy metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and lipid synthesis including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) of laying hens in the intestine. Birds fed diets with 3 levels of fat, that is, low (LF), medium (MF), and high fat (HF) were reared from 22 to 42 wk of age. Jejunum tissue was collected at week 42 for gene expression analysis. Dietary fat content as ether extract, net energy to AME ratio, and CP content of 3 treatment groups were as follows: LF: 25, 0.735, 187 (g/kg, DM); MF: 61, 0.739, 185 (g/kg, DM); HF: 73, 0.752, 181 (g/kg, DM). The BW, fat pad weight (g), fat pad–to–BW ratio (%) was the same for all the treatments (P > 0·05). Birds fed a diet containing HF increased the AME daily intake per metabolic BW (BW0.75) (P 0·05). The mitochondrial count per cell showed no difference among the 3 groups with different dietary treatments (P > 0·05). The results suggest that PPARγ may be important to the energy expenditure during nutrient absorption, digestion, and metabolism, and respiratory chain complexes, and other genes involving mitochondrial energy metabolism and lipogenesis may be less responsive to dietary treatment.

Genetic selection and advances in nutrition have improved broiler growth performance. However, meat quality issues have gained preference over increased growth rate. These meat quality issues may be reduced by lowering dietary amino acid (AA) content. In the present study, 5 common commercial broiler strains were fed either a control or an AA-reduced diet. The control diet was formulated to contain the highest digestible AA (lysine, total sulfur AA, and threonine) levels recommended for the 5 strains. The AA-reduced diet was formulated to contain 20% lower levels of these 3 digestible AA than in the control diet. This resulted in a 5 (strains) × 2 (AA levels) factorial arrangement. A total of 1,280 straight run broilers were randomly allocated to 8 replicate blocks. The AA reduction decreased absolute breast weights of 3 strains on day 42 and 2 strains on day 56, and decreased absolute weights of tender, wing, drumstick, and thigh on both day 42 and 56 for all 5 strains. However, the absolute fat pad weight and relative fat pad and thigh weights to BW were increased in the AA reduction treatments on both day 42 and 56. The AA reduction contributed to the lower breast meat pH on both day 42 and 56, which may have been directly related to decreased severe woody breast myopathy (WBM) incidence on day 42 and moderate WBM incidence on day 56. The severity of WBM was positively related to breast weight in all 10 treatments on both day 42 and 56, with the exception of birds in strain 3 on day 56 that were fed the AA-reduced diet. At the same time, AA reduction was more cost-effective when WBM incidence was considered in a theoretical model. In conclusion, WBM severity was associated with higher breast weight in birds of most strains fed either a control or AA-reduced diet. Dietary AA reduction decreased processing yields but decreased WBM incidence, which may be more economical.

The adult mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) has been proposed to be the definitive tool in regenerative medicine due to its multi-differentiation potential and expansion capacity ex vivo. The use of MSCs on bone regeneration has been assessed in several studies, obtaining promising results. However, the endless combinations that can be tested and the heterogeneity in the experimental conditions become a drawback when comparing results between authors. Moreover, it is very hard to find autologous studies using adipose-derived MSCs (AD-MSC) in rodents, which is the most used preclinical animal model. In this article an experimental model for basic bone tissue engineering research is described and justified, on which adult AD-MSCs are safely isolated from the rat dorsal interscapular fat pad, allowing ex vivo expansion and autogenous orthotopic reimplantation in a bilateral mandibular bone defect made in the same animal. This reliable and reproducible model provides a simple way to perform basic experimentation studies in a small animal model using autologous MSC for bone regeneration or cell therapy techniques prior to improve the research on large animal models.•Predictable and safe harvest of adipose-derived MSC. No need of animal sacrifice.•Allows for autologous studies with the most frequently used animal model: the rat. No need of allogeneic or human MSC use and, therefore, immunological concerns are avoided.•Bilateral mandibular critical size defect to allow direct control/experimental comparison., Graphical abstract Image, graphical abstract

The rapid development of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and repair techniques has significantly improved the outcomes of these procedures. However, there is still some place for how to improve surgical techniques to limit the amount of revision surgeries. Over the past decade, biological solutions and methods of ligament remodeling enhancement have been proposed. The use of the native ACL remnants has been the most thoroughly analyzed technique. However, despite its benefits, this technique may not to be sufficient to improve outcomes and may cause some technical difficulties. On the other hand, the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) fat pad contains an abundant synovial vascular network and is located in close proximity to the ACL, which makes it a potential biological donor place of cells and tissue that could enhance the ligamentization of the repaired or reconstructed ACL. To optimize the use of this donor site, we propose the technique of ACL synovialization and revascularization enhancement with a PCL fat pad transfer.

Introduction and objective The lethal necrotizing fasciitis, Fournier's Gangrene, is initially managed with resuscitation, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and aggressive surgical debridement. While the initial management steps are widely described, the subsequent management of skin loss is sparse. Our objective was to focus on the reconstruction of the penile shaft skin loss after wide surgical debridement. Methods A single case was documented from presentation, to treatment, and to recovery. The primary focus was the reconstruction of the penile shaft skin. The combined planning and efforts of genitourinary and plastic surgery were used to reconstruct the penile shaft skin using a split thickness skin graft. Results The penis was tunneled into a viable skin flap of the suprapubic fat pad in response to the wide surgical debridement from the treatment of Fournier's Gangrene. The penis maintained its anatomic function during the healing process. A 12/1000-in. split thickness skin graft from the lateral thigh was chosen to replace the skin deficient. 13 months later, we were able to excise around the preputial collar, un-tunnel the penis and place the skin graft around the penile shaft. A vacuum dressing and foley catheter remained in place for 7 days during an uneventful post-operative course. Ultimately, we found split thickness skin graft successful in this penile reconstruction after Fournier's Gangrene. Conclusion Complete penile shaft skin loss can be managed acutely with tunneling in the suprapubic fat pad, and can be reconstructed with a split thickness skin graft from the lateral thigh.

Objective Adult obesity risk is influenced by alterations to fetal and neonatal environments. Modifying neonatal gut or neurohormone signaling pathways can have negative metabolic consequences in adulthood. Here we characterize the effect of neonatal activation of glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor (GLP1R) signaling on adult adiposity and metabolism. Methods Wild type C57BL/6 mice were injected with 1 nmol/kg Exendin-4 (Ex-4), a GLP1R agonist, for 6 consecutive days after birth. Growth, body composition, serum analysis, energy expenditure, food intake, and brain and fat pad histology and gene expression were assessed at multiple time points through 42 weeks. Similar analyses were conducted in a Glp1r conditional allele crossed with a Sim1Cre deleter strain to produce Sim1Cre;Glp1rloxP/loxP mice and control littermates. Results Neonatal administration of Ex-4 reduced adult body weight and fat mass, increased energy expenditure, and conferred protection from diet-induced obesity in female mice. This was associated with induction of brown adipose genes and increased noradrenergic fiber density in parametrial white adipose tissue (WAT). We further observed durable alterations in orexigenic and anorexigenic projections to the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH). Genetic deletion of Glp1r in the PVH by Sim1-Cre abrogated the impact of neonatal Ex-4 on adult body weight, WAT browning, and hypothalamic architecture. Conclusion These observations suggest that the acute activation of GLP1R in neonates durably alters hypothalamic architecture to limit adult weight gain and adiposity, identifying GLP1R as a therapeutic target for obesity prevention., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • Neonatal Ex-4 attenuates diet-induced obesity in adult female mice. • Neonatal Ex-4 enhances adult energy expenditure and beiging of parametrial WAT. • Neonatal Ex-4 durably alters hypothalamic architecture. • The impact of neonatal Ex-4 was abrogated in Sim1Cre;Glp1rloxP/loxP mice. • GLP1R may be a therapeutic target for obesity prevention.

The mammary gland is composed of an epithelial system of ducts and lobuloalveolar secretory units embedded in a mesenchymally derived fat pad. The growth and morphogenesis of the epithelial structures of the breast occur in various stages and are associated with concurrent hormonal changes and affected by genetic mutations. Each stage reflects the effects of systemic hormones on the glandular epithelium as well as the paracrine effects of locally derived growth factors and other regulatory products produced in the stroma. Appreciating the relationship of epithelium to mesenchyme in normal growth is essential for understanding developmental abnormalities and factors that may lead to disease.

Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) have become the most promising preclinical model for gynecologic malignances, especially ovarian cancer. To generate PDX models of ovarian cancer, fresh human tumors have been injected into different sites in mouse models, including the intraovarian bursa, intraperitoneal cavity, subcutaneous tissue, gonadal fat pad, mammary fat pad, and subrenal capsule. The engraftment of first-generation ovarian cancer PDXs usually takes 2–6 months. Success rates for first-generation ovarian cancer PDXs range from 25% to 80%, depending on many factors, including the type of immunocompromised mice, tumor histotypes, and implant sites. The ovarian cancer PDXs have been shown to retain the morphologic, immunophenotypic, and genomic characteristics of original human tumors. Moreover, the predictive value of ovarian cancer PDXs has been proved by recent studies that showed concordance between chemoresponse in tumor xenografts and patients.

Direct lateral, or extreme lateral, spine surgery usually refers to a minimally invasive technique for approaching the lateral aspect of the spine. It is performed in the lumbar and thoracic spine, using either the retroperitoneal fat pad through the psoas muscle or retropleural planes as a potential space for placement of specialized retractor systems. The unique advantages of direct lateral approaches include minimal blood loss, ample access to the intervertebral disc and vertebral body, and a large surface area to promote fusion.

The present experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of caponization on growth, carcass composition and meat quality of males of a layer line reared until the 34th week of age. Two hundred and fifty males of a layer line were purchased and randomly divided in two equal groups: intact males and capons. Caponization was conducted at 45 days of age. Three slaughters were performed at the ages of 26, 30 and 34 weeks of age. Caponization did not affect feed intake and final live weight. Capons had a heavier breast and lighter leg than intact males. Lipid accumulation was enhanced by the caponization and fat was stored mainly at the fat pad and the skin of the commercial parts excluding the drumstick. The Pectoralis major muscle of capons had higher intramuscular fat content, lightness (L) and yellowness (b*) values and lower redness values (a*). In conclusion, caponization could be applied to a layer genotype in order to produce commercial chicken meat.

Chapter Summary Established decades ago by DeOme and coworkers, transplantation of mammary epithelial cells or fragments into the “cleared” mammary fat pad of a host mouse continues to be an essential technique in the study of mammary gland biology. The technique exploits the fact that the murine mammary epithelium undergoes most of its development after puberty. Taking advantage of this early developmental stage, the inguinal mammary fat pad of a prepubertal host mouse is “cleared” of its rudimentary epithelium by surgically removing the fat pad tissue between the nipple and lymph node. The surgical resection leaves an epithelium-free fat pad that can be repopulated with transplanted mammary epithelial cells or tissue fragments from an exogenous source. With this technique, the natural development of the epithelial transplant can be studied during puberty, progressive stages of pregnancy and lactation, or in response to exogenous hormones. When applied to gene-knockout mouse models, the technique has proven to be indispensable for bypassing both embryonic lethal phenotypes and reproductive defects that would ordinarily preclude the study of such genotypes in the mammary epithelium of the adult or pregnant mouse. Beyond addressing the direct role of a gene product in the mammary epithelium, this technique is frequently used to assess the relative regenerative potential of epithelial cell populations that are enriched for (or depleted of) mammary stem or progenitor cells.

Direct lateral, or extreme lateral, spine surgery usually refers to a minimally invasive technique for approaching the lateral aspect of the spine. It is performed in the lumbar and thoracic spine, using either the retroperitoneal fat pad through the psoas muscle or retropleural planes as a potential space for placement of specialized retractor systems. The unique advantages of direct lateral approaches include minimal blood loss, generous access to the intervertebral disk and vertebral body, and a large surface area to promote fusion.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a rat model for acute and chronic pyelonephritis, in a which a glass micropipette was used to deliver the challenging inoculum directly into the kidney. Female Wistar randomly bred rats weighing between 200 and 225 g were used initially to characterize the model, but other strains, notably the Dark Agouti, have also given similar results. Various anesthetics have been used successfully, which include chloral hydrate, sodium barbiturate, and ether. The procedure usually takes about five minutes to complete and causes minimal distress to the subject. Pyelonephritis is induced by the direct inoculation of Escherichia coli into the surgically exposed kidney using a glass microcapillary. The kidney is exposed through an incision in the flank, just below the rib cage and externalized by gently pulling on the renal fat pad. The wound is closed using a running suture, first through the muscle layer and then through the skin. The advantage of the model is that it predictably reproduces various features of the bacteriological, gross and histopathological features of the clinical disease. It is therefore a particularly useful model for the study of the pathobiology of renal infection. It can also be used to determine the ability of individual antibiotics to eradicate infection. The disadvantage is that it cannot be used to study early stages of the natural history of pyelonephritis, particularly the way in which microorganisms gain access to the kidney and establish infection.

A new strain of obese mouse, the PBB/Ld, has been studied in terms of fat pad cellularity, serum insulin and blood glucose levels, and response to gold thioglucose injections. Age-matched C57B1/6J mice were used as controls. Adipocyte size and number in the major fat depots were determined at various ages from weanling to maturity in the PBB/Ld and C57B1/6J strains. Results indicated that obesity in the PBB/Ld was due to hypertrophy of adipocytes in retroperitoneal and subcutaneous fat depots and to hypertrophy and hyperplasia in the epididymal fat pad. PBB/Ld mice also developed hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia and these findings have been discussed in terms of the developmental changes in fat pad cellularity. The injection of gold thioglucose led to increased food intake in both PBB/Ld and C57B1/6J mice. Hyperphagia was also present in the PBB/LD control group, but increased efficiency of converting calories to body weight was not observed in this group when compared to control C57B1/6J mice. The characteristics of obesity seen in the PBB/Ld mouse are discussed and comparisons are made to similar studies in other rodent models of obesity.

Increasing body weight appears to alter lipid metabolism in adipose tissue. We have measured the content of lipoprotein lipase and the uptake of chylomicron triglyceride fatty acids in epididymal fat pads of rats of different weights. In order that the results might be expressed in terms of cell numbers, the relationship between the weights of fat pads and the numbers and volumes of fat cells isolated from them was determined. Highly significant correlations were found between fat pad weight and both the number and the volume of the individual adipocytes. In rats weighing from 140 to 350 g, the increase in the size of fat pads was attributable almost equally to increases in cell size and in cell number. Lipoprotein lipase activity was measured in acetone powders of whole fat pads and of isolated fat cell preparations. With both, lipoprotein lipase activity per cell diminished significantly as the weight of fat tissue increased, i.e., larger fat cells contained less enzyme per cell than smaller cells. The uptake of triglyceride fatty acid radioactivity was measured after incubation of fat pads with radiolabeled rat lymph chylomicrons in flasks containing either buffer alone or with added glucose or glucose plus insulin. The addition of glucose and insulin led to a mean increase of 70% in the uptake of radioactivity, but larger adipocytes were stimulated less than smaller cells. This resulted in a significant negative correlation between the weights of fat pads and the uptake of radioactivity. Enlargement of fat cells also led to a diminution in their capacity to esterify fatty acids.

The incorporation of the C14 of glutamate-2-C14 and glutamate-5-C14 into fatty acids by epididymal fat pads and liver slices suggests the operation of the following metabolic pathway: α-ketoglutarate → isocitrate → cis-aconitate → citrate → acetyl CoA + oxalacetate (referred to as the backward reaction of the Krebs cycle). Fatty acid-C14 recoveries from glutamate-2-C14, glutamate-5-C14, and acetate-1-C14 in experiments with epididymal fat pads from rats fed a stock diet were increased by the addition of glucose to the incubation medium, and further increased by in vitro addition of insulin. From these experiments it was calculated that, of the total amount of glutamate metabolized via the Krebs cycle, 6% proceeded by way of the backward reaction in the absence of glucose, 17% in the presence of glucose, and 35% when both glucose and insulin were added to the incubation medium. Fatty acid-C14 yields from glutamate-5-C14 and acetate-1-C14 were highest when the epididymal fat was taken from rats that had been fasted and then refed a 60% glucose diet. The in vitro addition of glucose or glucose plus insulin to the latter type of fat pad had no appreciable effect on the fatty acid-C14 yields.

Fat mobilization was studied in vitro with epi- didymal fat pad tissue and also with cell suspensions from epididymal, retroperitoneal, and subcutaneous fat from the obese mutant "fatty" (fafa) and control rats of four different ages. Fat mobilization per cell in response to epinephrine was well above normal in young "fatties"; in older "fatties" the output per cell fell to near normal, but the much greater number of fat cells per rat indicated that the fat mobilizing capacity of the older "fatty" is well above normal. The "fatty" showed normal reactions to epinephrine in vivo : hyper- glycemia, glycogenolysis, lipolysis with elevated free fatty acids and glycerol, and increased entry of free fatty acids into muscle and liver. Response was at least as great in "fatty" as in control animals. Metabolic indices-levels of circulating free fatty acids, glycerol, and in some cases glucose and lipid- determined at various ages in fed "fatties" and controls, and at intervals during prolonged fasting (70 days), were consistent with a picture of excessive adipose tissue lipolysis, excessive reesterification in the adipose tissue, fat mobilization in excess of need, and return of the excess to the adipose tissue via lipoproteins. RAT, homozygous for the recessive mutant gene fa (fatty (l)), develop an extreme obesity of juvenile onset. Fat mobilization per aliquot of tissue in vitro is greatly depressed in "fatties" (2, 3), yet fat is effectively mobi- lized in vivo, supplying fuel for prolonged survival without food (4). The enormous expansion of adipose tissues in this type of obesity makes it difficult to interpret in vitro metabolic studies without knowing how many fat cells are present per aliquot of tissue. With the com- Abbreviations: FFA, free fatty acids; TG, triglyceride. pletion of a study on cellular growth of three adipose tissues in the "fatty" (5), such interpretation is now possible. Accordingly, observations of in vitro effects of epinephrine on fat mobilization are presented, and they are discussed in the light of the cellularity data and in relation to in vivo experiments with both epinephrine and fasting.

Publisher Summary The growth of adipose tissue is a result of hypertrophy and hyperplasia. This chapter examines the contributions of hyperplasia and hypertrophy to adipose tissue growth and discusses the regulators involved in lipid accumulation and release, and in the control of cell number. At a given age in the broiler, there is a high correlation between the fat content of the carcass and adipose cell size. Adipose tissue cell size and number are also influenced by diet. Feeding a high protein diet produces a smaller abdominal fat pad. Fat pad weight was inversely related to dietary protein concentrations, between 20% and 35%, and these differences were because of changes in both cell size and number. Studies on adipose tissue cellularity are descriptive, and although they provide information on when adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia are occurring, they provide little information about the regulation of these processes. This chapter also discusses various processes involved to identify important sites of regulation.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a study to explore the behavioral and autonomic responses to pyrogen in newborn rabbits. To obtain information on the thermal preference of rabbits aged 1 to 12 days, a thermal gradient consisting of a copper floor with sides and the top made of persplex was constructed. The copper-floor temperature was adjusted to 45°C at its warm end and 12°C at its cool end. About 40% of the animal's body surface was in direct contact with the copper floor. Copper–constantan thermocouples were introduced into the rabbit's colon under the skin over the interscapular brown fat pad and—in rabbits older than 6 days—on one of the ear pinnas. An i.p. injection of E. coli ET was given through a pre-implanted polythene cannula in a dose of 50 μg/kg body weight. Colonic ( T c ), brown fat, and ear skin temperatures were continuously recorded in the unanaesthetized rabbit. It was found that even the youngest rabbit, which was studied 10 h after birth, could efficiently regulate its body temperature around the normal level in the gradient. After a period of 1–3 h, T c stabilized with fluctuations of usually less than 1°C.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a comparative study of the properties of sparganum growth factor (SGF) and growth hormone. Tapeworms of the genus Spirometra are of medical interest, in that the larval form is occasionally found as a tissue parasite in man causing the infection known as sparganosis. The sparganum is a ribbonlike, unsegmented larva that bears the rudimentary sucking grooves or bothria of the adult scolex at the anterior end. Spirometra mansonoides and its relatives are unusual in that the sparganum stage has low specificity and can parasitize a broad spectrum of hosts. The appearance of SGF in the plasma of implanted hypophysectomized rats is of considerable interest. The chapter presents studies that were carried out on hypophysectomized rats in which the mice were implanted with spargana to determine whether the response in this species was the same as those observed in rats. Spargana implants and growth hormone produced comparable effects on a variety of organ weights from hypophysectomized rats, except for an increased fat pad weight in the implanted animals.