Background: Detailed, comprehensive, and timely reporting on population health by underlying causes of disability and premature death is crucial to understanding and responding to complex patterns of disease and injury burden over time and across age groups, sexes, and locations. The availability of disease burden estimates can promote evidence-based interventions that enable public health researchers, policy makers, and other professionals to implement strategies that can mitigate diseases. It can also facilitate more rigorous monitoring of progress towards national and international health targets, such as the Sustainable Development Goals. For three decades, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) has filled that need. A global network of collaborators contributed to the production of GBD 2021 by providing, reviewing, and analysing all available data. GBD estimates are updated routinely with additional data and refined analytical methods. GBD 2021 presents, for the first time, estimates of health loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic., Methods: The GBD 2021 disease and injury burden analysis estimated years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries using 100 983 data sources. Data were extracted from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, censuses, household surveys, disease-specific registries, health service contact data, and other sources. YLDs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific prevalence of sequelae by their respective disability weights, for each disease and injury. YLLs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific deaths by the standard life expectancy at the age that death occurred. DALYs were calculated by summing YLDs and YLLs. HALE estimates were produced using YLDs per capita and age-specific mortality rates by location, age, sex, year, and cause. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for all final estimates as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles values of 500 draws. Uncertainty was propagated at each step of the estimation process. Counts and age-standardised rates were calculated globally, for seven super-regions, 21 regions, 204 countries and territories (including 21 countries with subnational locations), and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Here we report data for 2010 to 2021 to highlight trends in disease burden over the past decade and through the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic., Findings: Global DALYs increased from 2·63 billion (95% UI 2·44-2·85) in 2010 to 2·88 billion (2·64-3·15) in 2021 for all causes combined. Much of this increase in the number of DALYs was due to population growth and ageing, as indicated by a decrease in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates of 14·2% (95% UI 10·7-17·3) between 2010 and 2019. Notably, however, this decrease in rates reversed during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, with increases in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates since 2019 of 4·1% (1·8-6·3) in 2020 and 7·2% (4·7-10·0) in 2021. In 2021, COVID-19 was the leading cause of DALYs globally (212·0 million [198·0-234·5] DALYs), followed by ischaemic heart disease (188·3 million [176·7-198·3]), neonatal disorders (186·3 million [162·3-214·9]), and stroke (160·4 million [148·0-171·7]). However, notable health gains were seen among other leading communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases. Globally between 2010 and 2021, the age-standardised DALY rates for HIV/AIDS decreased by 47·8% (43·3-51·7) and for diarrhoeal diseases decreased by 47·0% (39·9-52·9). Non-communicable diseases contributed 1·73 billion (95% UI 1·54-1·94) DALYs in 2021, with a decrease in age-standardised DALY rates since 2010 of 6·4% (95% UI 3·5-9·5). Between 2010 and 2021, among the 25 leading Level 3 causes, age-standardised DALY rates increased most substantially for anxiety disorders (16·7% [14·0-19·8]), depressive disorders (16·4% [11·9-21·3]), and diabetes (14·0% [10·0-17·4]). Age-standardised DALY rates due to injuries decreased globally by 24·0% (20·7-27·2) between 2010 and 2021, although improvements were not uniform across locations, ages, and sexes. Globally, HALE at birth improved slightly, from 61·3 years (58·6-63·6) in 2010 to 62·2 years (59·4-64·7) in 2021. However, despite this overall increase, HALE decreased by 2·2% (1·6-2·9) between 2019 and 2021., Interpretation: Putting the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of causes of health loss is crucial to understanding its impact and ensuring that health funding and policy address needs at both local and global levels through cost-effective and evidence-based interventions. A global epidemiological transition remains underway. Our findings suggest that prioritising non-communicable disease prevention and treatment policies, as well as strengthening health systems, continues to be crucially important. The progress on reducing the burden of CMNN diseases must not stall; although global trends are improving, the burden of CMNN diseases remains unacceptably high. Evidence-based interventions will help save the lives of young children and mothers and improve the overall health and economic conditions of societies across the world. Governments and multilateral organisations should prioritise pandemic preparedness planning alongside efforts to reduce the burden of diseases and injuries that will strain resources in the coming decades., Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests S Afzal reports support for the present manuscript from King Edward Medical University including study material, research articles, valid data sources and authentic real time information for this manuscript; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from King Edward Medical University and collaborative partners including University of Johns Hopkins, University of California, University of Massachusetts, KEMCAANA, KEMCA-UK Scientific Conferences and Webinars; support for attending meetings and/or travel from King Edward Medical University to attend meetings; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with National Bioethics Committee Pakistan, King Edward Medical University Ethical Review Board, as well as Ethical Review Board Fatima Jinnah Medical University and Sir Ganga Ram Hospital; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with Pakistan Association of Medical Editors, Fellow of Faculty of Public Health Royal Colleges UK (FFPH), and Society of Prevention, Advocacy And Research, King Edward Medical University (SPARK); and other support as Dean of Public Health and Preventive Medicine at King Edward Medical University, as the Chief Editor Annals of King Edward Medical University, as the Director of Quality Enhancement Cell King Edward Medical University, as an international-level Fellow of Faculty of Public Health UK, as an Advisory Board Member and Chair Scientific Session KEMCA-UK, as a Chairperson of KEMCAANA (the International Scientific Conference), as a national-level member on the Research and Publications Higher Education Commission (HEC Pakistan), as a member of the Research and Journals Committee (Pakistan) the Medical and Dental Council (Pakistan), the National Bioethics Committee (Pakistan), the Corona Experts Advisory Group (Punjab), the Chair of the Dengue Experts Advisory Group, and a member of the Punjab Residency Program Research Committee; all outside the submitted work. R Ancuceanu reports consulting fees from AbbVie; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from AbbVie, Sandoz, and B. Braun; all outside the submitted work. D B Anderson reports leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with PM&R journal as Senior Editor, which includes an annual stipend, outside the submitted work. P Atorkey reports infrastructure support for the present manuscript from the Australian College of Applied Professions, Discipline of Psychological Sciences, Sydney, Australia and the School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Australia. J L Baker reports grants paid to their institution from Novo Nordisk Foundation, World Cancer Research Fund, Independent Research Council Denmark, and EU Horizon; consulting fees from Novo Nordisk Denmark A/S; unpaid leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group with European Association for the Study of Obesity; all outside the submitted work. S Barteit reports research grants from the Carl-Zeiss Foundation and the German Research Foundation (DFG); stock or stock options from CHEERS company, a for-profit company focusing on climate change and health evaluation and response systems; all outside the submitted work. M L Bell reports grants or contracts paid to their institution from US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), US National Institutes of Health (NIH), High Tide Foundation, Health Effects Institute, Yale Women Faculty Forum, Environmental Defense Fund, Wellcome Trust Foundation, Yale Climate Change and Health Center, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and Hutchinson Postdoctoral Fellowship; consulting fees from Clinique and SciQuest; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Colorado School of Public Health, Duke University, University of Texas, Data4Justice, Korea University, Organization of Teratology Information Specialists, University of Pennsylvania, and Boston University for speaking events, IOP Publishing for editorial duties, NIH, Health Canada, PAC-10, UK Research and Innovation, and AXA Research Fund Fellowship for grant review, Korea University for adjunct teaching/research, Harvard University and University of Montana for external advisory committee membership; support for travel from Colorado School of Public Health, University of Texas, Duke University, Boston University, University of Pennsylvania, Harvard University, American Journal of Public Health, and Columbia University; paid leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, with US EPA Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC), and unpaid roles with Johns Hopkins EHE Advisory Board, Harvard external advisory committee for training grant, WHO Global Air Pollution and Health Technical Advisory Group, National Academies Panels and Committees; all outside the submitted work. P J G Bettencourt reports patents planned, issued or pending WO2020229805A1, BR112021022592A2, EP3965809A1, OA1202100511, US2023173050A1, EP4265271A2 and EP4275700A2; other interests as project reviewer at Botnar Foundation; all outside the submitted work. S Bhaskar reports grants or contracts from a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) and a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) International Fellowship from JSPS and the Australian Academy of Science; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, with Rotary District 9675 as District Chair, Diversity, Equity & Inclusion, with Global Health & Migration Hub Community, Global Health Hub Germany, Berlin, Germany as Chair and Manager, with PLoS One, BMC Neurology, Frontiers in Neurology, Frontiers in Stroke, Frontiers in Public Health, and BMC Medical Research Methodology as Editorial Board Member, and with College of Reviewers, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), and Government of Canada as Member; all outside the submitted work. B Bikbov reports grants or contracts from European Commission and University of Rome; support for attending meetings and/or travel from European Renal Association via reimbursement of hotel stay for congress lecturers; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, unpaid, with Advocacy Group, International Society of Nephrology and Western Europe Regional Board, International Society of Nephrology; other non-financial support from Scientific-Tools.Org for a public health consultancy; all outside the submitted work. M Carvalho reports other support from The Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV/REQUIMTE), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal, and Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology, and Higher Education (MCTES) under the scope of the project UIDP/50006/2020 (DOI 10.54499/UIDP/50006/2020), outside the submitted work. A L Catapano reports grants or contracts from Amryt Pharma, Menarini, and Ultragenyx; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Amarin, Amgen, Amryt Pharma, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Esperion, Ionis Pharmaceutical, Medscaper, Menarini, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Peervoice, Pfizer, Recordati, Regeneron, Sandoz, Sanofi, The Corpus, Ultragenyx, and Viatris; all outside the submitted work. A Caye reports consulting fees from Knight Therapeutics outside the submitted work. J Conde reports grants or contracts from European Research Council Starting Grant (ERC-StG-2019-848325. Funding 1.5M€); patents planned, issued, or pending from Universidade Nova de Lisboa for Surfactant-Based Hydrogel, Methods and Uses Thereof; all outside the submitted work. S Das reports unpaid leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee, or advocacy groups with Association for Diagnostics & Laboratory Medicine (ADLM) India Section as Program Chair, Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) nominating committee as a member, Women in Global Health India as a member; all outside the submitted work. L Degenhardt reports untied educational grants to examine new opioid medications in Australia from Indivior and Seqirus, outside the submitted work. A K Demetriades reports leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, with AO Knowledge Forum Degen as Steering Committee Member, Global Neuro Foundation as Board Member, and European Association of Neurosurgical Societies (EANS) as Board Member/Officer; all outside the submitted work. A Faro reports support for the present manuscript from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, CNPq, Brazil. D Flood reports grants or contracts from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI; award number K23HL161271), the University of Michigan Claude D Pepper Older Americans Independence Center (award number 5P30AG024824), and the University of Michigan Caswell Diabetes Institute Clinical Translational Research Scholars Program; consulting fees paid to their institution serving as a diabetes consultant for WHO; unpaid leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee, or advocacy groups with Maya Health Alliance, a non-governmental health organisation in Guatemala, as Staff Physician to carry out diabetes advocacy and solicit funding for clinical diabetes programs; all outside the submitted work. L M Force reports support for the present manuscript from the Bill & Melinda Gates foundation; grants or contracts from Conquer Cancer Foundation, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, St Baldrick's Foundation, and NIH Loan Repayment Program, outside the submitted work; unpaid leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups with The Lancet Oncology International Advisory Board, outside the submitted work. M Foschi reports consulting fees from Roche and Novartis; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Roche, Novartis, Sanofi, Merck, Biogen, and Bristol Myers Squibb for speaking at sponsored congresses; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Roche, Novartis, Sanofi, Merck, Biogen, and Bristol Myers Squibb; unpaid leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups with MSBase scientific leadership group; all outside the submitted work. R C Franklin reports grants or contracts from Heatwaves in Queensland – Queensland Government, Mobile Plant Safety – Agrifutures, Arc Flash – Human Factors – Queensland Government; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Australasian College of Tropical Medicine (ACTM) – Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine Conference 2022, 2023, and International Society of Travel Medicine (ISTM) – Travel Medicine Conference, Basel 2023; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, with Kidsafe as President/Director, Farmsafe as Director, Auschem as Director, PHAA Injury Prevention SIG Convenor, ISASH Governance Committee, and ACTM as Vice President; all outside the submitted work. A Guha reports grants or contracts from the American Heart Association and the US Department of Defense; consulting fees from Pfizer, Novartis, and Myovant; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, with ZERO Prostate Cancer – health equity task force and Doctorpedia as a founding medical partner; all outside the submitted work. A Hassan reports consulting fees from Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, Biologix, Merck, Hikma Pharma, Janssen, Inspire Pharma, Future Pharma, and Elixir Pharma; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Novartis, Allergan, Merck, Biologix, Janssen, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Bayer, Hikma Pharma, Al Andalus, Chemipharm, Lundbeck, Inspire Pharma, Future Pharma and Habib Scientific Office, and Everpharma; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Novartis, Allergan, Merck, Biologix, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Bayer, Hikma Pharma, Chemipharm, and Al Andalus and Clavita Pharm; all outside the submitted work. I M Ilic reports support for the present manuscript from Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia (project no. 175042, 2011-2023). M D Ilic reports support for the present manuscript from Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia (project no. 451-03-47/2023-01/200111). S M S Islam reports support for the present manuscript from an Investigator Grant from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC; Australia) and a Vanguard Grant from the Heart Foundation. N E Ismail reports leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee, or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, with The Bursar (Council Member), Malaysia, and the Academy of Pharmacy, Malaysia, outside the submitted work. T Joo reports support for the present manuscript from National Research, Development, and Innovation Office in Hungary (RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00006), Data-Driven Health Division of National Laboratory for Health Security. J J Jozwiak reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Novartis, Adamed, and Amgen, outside the submitted work. N Kawakami reports grants or contracts from Junpukai Foundation and Department of Digital Mental Health is an endowment department, supported with an unrestricted grant from 15 enterprises (https://dmh.m.u-tokyo.ac.jp/c); consulting fees from Riken Institute, JAXA, Sekisui Chemicals, and SB@WORK; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee, or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, with Japan Society for Occupational Health; all outside the submitted work. J H Kempen reports grants or contracts from Sight for Souls and Mass Eye and Ear Global Surgery Program; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee, or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, with the Sight for Souls board (US 501(c)(3)); stock or stock options in Betaliq and Tarsier; all outside the submitted work. K Krishan reports non-financial support from the UGC Centre of Advanced Study, CAS II, awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, outside the submitted work. B Lacey reports support for the present manuscript from UK Biobank, funded largely by the UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome. B Langguth reports support for the present manuscript from the EU paid to their institution; grants or contracts paid to their institution from German Research Foundation, German Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, EU, Bavarian-Czech University Association, and Bavarian State; consulting fees from Schwabe, Neuromod, Sea Pharma, and Rovi; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Schwabe and Neuromod; payment for expert testimony from Bavarian State; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee, or advocacy group, unpaid, with Tinnitus Research Initiative and the German Society for Brain Stimulation in Psychiatry; stock or stock options in Sea Pharma; receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts or other services from Neurocare and Daymed; all outside the submitted work. M Lee reports support for the present manuscript from the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2023S1A3A2A05095298) and Bio-convergence Technology Education Program through the Korea Institute for Advancement Technology (KIAT) funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (No. P0017805). M-C Li reports grants or contracts form The National Science and Technology Council in Taiwan (NSTC 112-2410-H-003-031); leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee, or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, with the Journal of the American Heart Association as Technical Editor; all outside the submitted work. P W Mahasha reports support for attending meetings and/or travel South African Medical Research Council, Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, and Discipline of Traditional Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu Natal; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with the Journal Current Research in Public Health (CRPH) as Editorial Board Member, the journal of Frontiers in Reproductive Health section HIV and STIs as Associate Editorial Board Member, and the journal BMC Public Health as Editorial Board Member; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, unpaid, as member of the Federation of Infectious Diseases Societies of Southern Africa (FIDSSA; November 2021–ongoing), Member of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID; November, 2021–ongoing), Member of the COVID-19 Clinical Research Coalition (August, 2021–ongoing), Member of the Global Burden of Disease Collaborator Network (February, 2019–ongoing), Fellow Member of the Scholars Academic and Scientific Society (SAS Society; FSASS; August 2021–ongoing), Member of the South African Council for Natural Scientific Professions (SACNASP; 2018–ongoing), Member of the African Organisation for Standardisation (ARSO), ARSO TC 82 dealing with African Traditional Medicine standards (2023–ongoing, Member of the South African Bureau of Standards (SABS)'s National Committee dealing with African Traditional Medicine standards (2024–ongoing), Member of the Global Forum for Research Ethics and Integrity (GFREI; 2023–ongoing); all outside the submitted work. M A Mahmoud reports grants or contracts from Deputyship for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia for research through project number 445-5-762 outside the submitted work. L G Mantovani reports support for the present manuscript from the Italian Ministry of Health. H R Marateb reports grants or contracts outside the submitted work from The Beatriu de Pinós post-doctoral programme from the Office of the Secretary of Universities and Research from the Ministry of Business and Knowledge of the Government of Catalonia (programme: 2020 BP 00261) received through their institution, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya · Barcelona Tech – UPC. A-F A Mentis reports grants or contract funding from 'MilkSafe: A novel pipeline to enrich formula milk using omics technologies', a research co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund of the EU and Greek national funds through the Operational Program Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, under the call RESEARCH - CREATE - INNOVATE (project code: T2EDK-02222), as well as from ELIDEK (Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation, MIMS-860; both outside of the present manuscript); payment for expert testimony from serving as external peer-reviewer for FONDAZIONE CARIPLO, ITALY; participation in a Data Safety Monitoring or Advisory Board as Editorial Board Member for “Systematic Reviews”, for Annals of Epidemiology, and as Associate Editor for Translational Psychiatry; stock or stock options from a family winery; and other financial interests as the current scientific officer for BGI Group; outside the submitted work. S A Meo reports support for the present manuscript from Research Supporting Project, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (RSP-2024 R47). P B Mitchell reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Janssen (Australia); participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with Janssen (Australia); all outside the submitted work. L Monasta reports support from the present manuscript from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente 34/2017), payments made to the Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo. R S Moreira reports grants or contracts from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) Research Productivity Scholarship (registration number 316607/2021-5), outside the submitted work. J F Mosser reports support for the present manuscripts from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation via grant funding; grants or contracts outside the submitted work from Gavi; support for attending meetings or travel from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, outside the submitted work. S Muthu reports support for attending meetings or travel from AO Spine KF Degen LV Award 2024 (travel grants to attend GSC 2024); leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee, or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, with AOSpine KF Degen as Associate Member, SICOT Grants Committee as a member; ICRS Next Gen Committee as a member; all outside the submitted work. S Nomura reports grant support for the present manuscript from Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (21H03203) and Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology from the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JPMJPR22R8). B Norrving reports participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board with Simbec Orion in HOVID trial, outside the submitted work. A P Okekunle reports support for the present manuscript from the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (2020H1D3A1A04081265); support for attending meetings and/or travel from National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (2020H1D3A1A04081265), outside the submitted work. S Onie reports support for attending meetings and/or travel from Black Dog Institute for travel to the International Association for Suicide Prevention World Congress, Piran, 2023; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee, or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, with International Association for Suicide Prevention as Elected National Representative for Indonesia and Indonesian Association for Suicide Prevention as Founding President; all outside the submitted work. A Ortiz reports grants or contracts from Sanofi, Institution: IIS-FJD; consultancy or speaker fees or travel support from Advicciene, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Amicus, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Fresenius Medical Care, GSK, Bayer, Sanofi-Genzyme, Menarini, Mundipharma, Kyowa Kirin, Lilly, Alexion, Freeline, Idorsia, Chiesi, Otsuka, Novo Nordisk, Sysmex, and Vifor Fresenius Medical Care Renal Pharma and is Director of the Catedra Mundipharma-UAM of diabetic kidney disease and the Catedra Astrazeneca-UAM of chronic kidney disease and electrolytes; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee, or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, with European Renal Association; stock or stock options in Telara Farma; all outside the submitted work. C Palladino reports grants or contracts from FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P. (national funding), under a contract-programme as defined by DL No. 57/2016 and Law No. 57/2017 (DL57/2016/CP1376/CT0004). DOI 10.54499/DL57/2016/CP1376/CT0004 (https://doi.org/10.54499/DL57/2016/CP1376/CT0004), outside the submitted work. R Passera reports participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board, unpaid, as senior biostatistician member of the Data Safety Monitoring Board for the no-profit clinical trial “Consolidation with ADCT-402 (loncastuximab tesirine) after immunochemotherapy: a phase II study in BTKi-treated/ineligible Relapse/Refractory Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) patients” - sponsor FIL, Fondazione Italiana Linfomi, Alessandria-I; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee, or advocacy groups, unpaid, as Member of the Statistical Committee of the EBMT, the European Society for Bone and Marrow Transplantation, Paris-F; all outside the submitted work. A E Peden reports support for the present manuscript from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (grant number: APP2009306). V C F Pepito reports grants or contracts from Sanofi Consumer Healthcare and the International Initiative for Impact Evaluation; outside the submitted work. M Pigeolet reports a grant from The Belgian Kids' Fund for Pediatric Research, outside the submitted work. A Rane reports stock or stock options in Agios as an employee. L F Reyes reports grants or contracts from MSD, Pfizer, and GSK; consulting fees from GSK and MSD; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from GSK, Pfizer, and MSD; support for attending meetings and/or travel from GSK and Pfizer; all outside the submitted work. L Ronfani reports support for the present manuscript from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente 34/2017), payments made to the Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo. S Sacco reports grants or contracts from Novartis and Uriach; consulting fees from Novartis, Allergan-Abbvie, Teva, Lilly, Lundbeck, Pfizer, Novo Nordisk, Abbott, and AstraZeneca; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Novartis, Allergan-AbbVie, Teva, Lilly, Lundbeck, Pfizer, Novo Nordisk, Abbott, and AstraZeneca; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Lilly, Novartis, Teva, and Lundbeck; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee, or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, with the European Stroke Organisation as President-elect and the European Headache Federation as Second Vice-President; receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts or other services from Allergan-AbbVie and Novo Nordisk; all outside the submitted work. P S Sachdev reports grants or contracts from National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and the NIH; Payment or honoraria for lectures from Alkem Labs for the Frontiers of Psychiatry June 2023 Seminar, Mumbai, India; Participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with Biogen Australia and Roche Australia; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, unpaid, with the VASCOG Society and the World Psychiatric Association; all outside the submitted work. Y L Samodra reports grants or contracts from Taipei Medical University; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee, or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, with the Benang Merah Research Center; all outside the submitted work. J Sanabria reports support for attending meetings and/or travel from the Department of Surgery, Marshall University School of Medicine (MUSOM); three patents pending; participation in quality assessment and assurance for surgeries of the Department of Surgery MUSOM; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid with SSAT, ASTS, AHPBA, IHPBA, and AASLD; all outside the submitted work. N Scarmeas reports grants or contracts with Novo Nordisk as the Local Principal Investigator of recruiting site for multinational, multicentre industry sponsored phase 3 treatment trial for Alzheimer's disease with funding paid to the institution; Participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with Albert Einstein College of Medicine (NIH-funded study) as the Chair of Data Safety Monitoring Board; all outside the submitted work. B M Schaarschmidt reports research grants from Else Kröner-Fresenius Foundatuin, DFG, and PharmaCept; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from AstraZeneca; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Bayer AG; all outside the submitted work. S Setoguchi reports grants or contracts paid to their institution from NIH, Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, Pfizer Inc, Daiichi Sankyo, and Bristol Myers Squibb; consulting fees from Pfizer Japan, Merck Inc, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Regeneron for providing scientific advise on study design and analytic approaches for validation studies, post-market safety studies and pre-market studies for medications and medical conditions; all outside the submitted work. A Sharifan reports leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, unpaid with Cochrane as a steering member of the Cochrane Early Career Professionals Network; and receipt of 30 days of complimentary access to ScienceDirect, Scopus, Reaxys, and Geofacets after reviewing manuscripts for two journals published by Elsevier; outside the submitted work. S Sharma reports support for the present manuscript from the John J Bonica Postdoctoral Fellowship from the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP; 2021-2023); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events and a travel grant for delivering a talk on “Technologies for pain education in developing countries” conducted by the Pain Education SIG of the IASP at the World Pain Congress in Toronto (2022); outside the submitted work. V Sharma reports other financial or non-financial support from DFSS (MHA)'s research project (DFSS28(1)2019/EMR/6) at Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, outside the submitted work. V Shivarov reports one patent and one utility model with the Bulgarian Patent Office; stock or stock options from ICONplc (RSUs); and other financial interests from an ICONplc salary; all outside the submitted work. S Shrestha reports other financial interests from the Graduate Research Merit Scholarship from the School of Pharmacy at Monash University Malaysia, outside the submitted work. J P Silva reports support for the present manuscript from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology through payment of their salary (contract with reference 2021.01789.CEECIND/CP1662/CT0014). C R Simpson reports grants or contracts from MBIE (New Zealand), HRC (New Zealand), Ministry of Health (New Zealand), Medical Research Council (UK), and Chief Scientist Office (UK); leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee, or advocacy group, paid or unpaid with the New Zealand Government Data Ethics Advisory Group as the Chair; outside the submitted work. J A Singh reports consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Crealta/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, PK Med, Two labs Inc, Adept Field Solutions, Clinical Care options, Clearview healthcare partners, Putnam associates, Focus forward, Navigant consulting, Spherix, MedIQ, Jupiter Life Science, UBM LLC, Trio Health, Medscape, WebMD, and Practice Point communications; and the NIH and the American College of Rheumatology; payment for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events as a member of the speaker's bureau of Simply Speaking; support for attending meetings and/or travel as a past steering committee member of OMERACT; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with the US Food and Drug Administration Arthritis Advisory Committee; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committees or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, as a past steering committee member of the OMERACT, an international organisation that develops measures for clinical trials and receives arm's length funding from 12 pharmaceutical companies, Co-Chair of the Veterans Affairs Rheumatology Field Advisory Committee, and editor and Director of the UAB Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group Satellite Center on Network Meta-analysis; stock or stock options in Atai life sciences, Kintara therapeutics, Intelligent Biosolutions, Acumen pharmaceutical, TPT Global Tech, Vaxart pharmaceuticals, Atyu biopharma, Adaptimmune Therapeutics, GeoVax Labs, Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Enzolytics Inc, Seres Therapeutics, Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp, and Charlotte's Web Holdings Inc, and previously owned stock options in Amarin, Viking, and Moderna pharmaceuticals; outside the submitted work. S T Skou reports grants or contracts from European Research Council paid to their university from the EU's Horizon 2020 research innovation program (grant agreement No 801790), EU's Horizon 2020 research innovation program paid to their hospital (grant agreement No 945377), and Region Zealand paid to their hospital; royalties or licenses from Munksgaard for book chapters and TrustMe-Ed for online lectures; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Nestlé Health Science for a presentation at a webinar on osteoarthritis; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board, paid or unpaid, with UK-based National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR)-funded trial PERFORM: Personalised Exercise-Rehabilitation FOR people with Multiple long-term conditions (multimorbidity, NIHR 202020); other support as co-founder of GLA:D, a not-for profit initiative hosted at University of Southern Denmark; all outside the submitted work. D J Stein reports consulting fees from Discovery Vitality, Johnson & Johnson, Kanna, L'Oreal, Lundbeck, Orion, Sanofi, Servier, Takeda, and Vistagen, outside the submitted work. A P Stoian reports consulting fees paid to their institution from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, Sandoz, Sanofi, and Servier; payment or honoraria paid to their institution for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, Medochemie, Sandoz, Sanofi, and Servier; support for attending meetings and/or travel, paid to their institution, from Novo Nordisk, Medochemie, and Sanofi; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board, paid to their institution, with AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, unpaid, with Central European Diabetes Association (CEDA) and Association for Renal-Metabolic & Nutritional Studies (ASRMN); receipt of medical writing (unpaid) from Novo Nordisk and Sanofi; all outside the submitted work. C K Suemoto reports grants or contracts Alzheimer's Association and São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), paid to their institution, and CNPq, paid to them; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Alzheimer's Association; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee, or advocacy group, unpaid, with Brazilian Society of Geriatrics and Gerontology; all outside the submitted work. J H V Ticoalu reports a leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group with Benang Merah Research Center as Co-founder, outside the submitted work. S J Tromans reports grants or contracts from the 2023 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey team, collecting epidemiological data on community-based adults living in England. This is a contracted study from NHS Digital, via the Department of Health and Social Care; outside the submitted work. P Willeit reports consulting fees from Novartis; outside the submitted work. A Wimo reports grants or contracts from VINNOVA program: PREDEM, EU-project JPND: ADDITION, EU-project JPND: EURO-FINGER, EU-project IHI: PROMINENT, EU-project JPND: PMI-AD, and EU-project H2020: PRODEMOS; royalties or licenses as license holder of RUD-instrument (part); leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee, or advocacy group, unpaid, with ADI: MSAP; all outside the submitted work. M Zielińska reports other financial interest as an AstraZeneca employee, outside the submitted work. A Zumla reports grants or contracts from The Pan-African Network on Emerging and Re-Emerging Infections (PANDORA-ID-NET, CANTAM-3, and EACCR-3) funded by the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, the EU Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, UK NIHR Senior Investigator, and Mahathir Science Award and EU-EDCTP Pascoal Mocumbi Prize Laureate; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board member of the WHO Mass Gatherings Expert Group and WHO Health Emergencies Programme in Geneva, a member of the EU-EDCTP3-Global Health (Brussells) Scientific Committee; all outside the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)