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Because most patients with multiple myeloma (MM) develop resistance to current regimens, novel approaches are needed. Genetically modified, replication-competent oncolytic viruses exhibit high tropism for tumor cells regardless of cancer stage and prior treatment. Receptors of oncolytic herpes simplex virus 1 (oHSV-1), NECTIN-1, and HVEM are expressed on MM cells, prompting us to investigate the use of oHSV-1 against MM. Using oHSV-1-expressing GFP, we found a dose-dependent increase in the GFP+ signal in MM cell lines and primary MM cells. Whereas NECTIN-1 expression is variable among MM cells, we discovered that HVEM is ubiquitously and highly expressed on all samples tested. Expression of HVEM was consistently higher on CD138+/CD38+ plasma cells than in non-plasma cells. HVEM blocking demonstrated the requirement of this receptor for infection. However, we observed that, although oHSV-1 could efficiently infect and kill all MM cell lines tested, no viral replication occurred. Instead, we identified that oHSV-1 induced MM cell apoptosis via caspase-3 cleavage. We further noted that oHSV-1 yielded a significant decrease in tumor volume in two mouse xenograft models. Therefore, oHSV-1 warrants exploration as a novel potentially effective treatment option in MM, and HVEM should be investigated as a possible therapeutic target., Graphical Abstract, Receptors of oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV-1), NECTIN-1, and HVEM are expressed on multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Whereas NECTIN-1 expression is variable among MM cells, HVEM is ubiquitously and highly expressed on all samples tested. However, no viral replication occurred. Instead, oHSV-1 induced MM cell apoptosis via caspase-3 cleavage.

Relating genotypes with phenotypes is important to understand diseases like cancer, but extremely challenging, given the underlying biological variability and levels of phenotypes. 3D quantitative tools are increasingly used to provide robust inferences pertaining to variations across collections of cells. We especially focus on the changes wrought to the nucleus of specific genotypes. Fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment of mammary epithelial tissue serve as our model system and provide the context, although our methods are applicable to a broader range of biological systems. Using an image based approach, we analyze in 3D and compare phenotypes at nuclear level using estimates of texture, morphology and spatial context based on confocal images. Our data demonstrates that deletion of TP53 in stromal fibroblasts results in reorganization of chromatin content across the nucleus, especially the nuclear periphery, while simultaneously reducing nuclear size and making it more spindly. No such shape change was observed for PTEN-deleted genotype, although there were some differences in distribution of chromatin and an increase in the local nuclear density. The relative changes in phenotypes are in line with the larger role that the TP53 plays in tumor initiation and progression.These findings play an important role in uncovering the relationships of those genes with the subcellular phenotypes, as well as formulating new hypotheses, especially pertaining to the relative impact of genes in specific pathways. More importantly, they demonstrate the efficacy of methodology of analyzing a large number of cellular phenotypes.