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Viticulture needs to satisfy consumers' demands for environmentally sound grape and wine production while envisaging adaptation options to diminish the impacts of projected climate change on future productivity. However, the impact of climate change and the adoption of adaptation levers on the environmental impacts of future viticulture have not been assessed. This study evaluates the environmental performance of grape production in two French vineyards, one located in the Loire Valley and another in Languedoc-Roussillon, under two climate change scenarios. First, the effect of climate-induced yield change on the environmental impacts of future viticulture was assessed based on grape yield and climate data sets. Second, besides the climate-induced yield change, this study accounted for the impacts of extreme weather events on grape yield and the implementation of adaptation levers based on the future probability and potential yield loss due to extreme events. The life cycle assessment (LCA) results associated with climate-induced yield change led to opposite conclusions for the two vineyards of the case study. While the carbon footprint of the vineyard from Languedoc-Roussillon is projected to increase by 29 % by the end of the century under the high emissions scenario (SSP5-8.5), the corresponding footprint is projected to decrease in the vineyard from the Loire Valley by approximately 10 %. However, when including the effect of extreme events and adaptation options, the life cycle environmental impacts of grape production are projected to drastically increase for both vineyards. For instance, under the SSP5-8.5 scenario, the carbon footprint for the vineyard of Languedoc-Roussillon is projected to increase fourfold compared to the current footprint, while it will rise threefold for the vineyard from the Loire Valley. The obtained LCA results emphasized the need to account for the impact of both climate change and extreme events on grape production under future climate change scenarios., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) links the emissions and resource abstractions of a product system or process to potential impacts on the environment through characterization factors (CF). For regionalized impact categories like water-use, the regional CFs can vary over several orders of magnitude within the same country. The aggregated country-level CF, often used in LCIA, represents an average of local CF weighted by the local water consumption of all (or most) human water use including water use by all (or most) economic sectors. There is, however, great variability in spatio-temporal distribution of human water consumption across different industries. This study provides industry-specific water-use CFs for the electricity sector across the US. Our analysis shows that for electricity generation, the use of all-sector aggregated water-use CF would lead to an underestimation of impact scores compared to industry-specific CFs, by two folds. Even within the electricity sector, for two of the major subsectors, electricity based on natural gas and hydroelectricity, the country-level CFs can be significantly different due to the geographic distribution of powerplants. Our findings signify that the use of industry-specific CF can have a high influence in LCIA, especially for impact categories, such as water-use, with great spatio-temporal heterogeneity., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In life cycle assessment (LCA), the potential terrestrial ecotoxicity effect of metals, calculated as the effect factor (EF), is usually extrapolated from aquatic ecotoxicological data using the equilibrium partitioning method (EqP) as it is more readily available than terrestrial data. However, when following the AMI recommendations (i.e. with at least enough species that represents three different phyla), there are not enough terrestrial data for which soil properties or metal speciation during ecotoxicological testing are specified to account for the influence of soil property variations on metal speciation when using this approach. Alternatively, the TBLM (Terrestrial Biotic Ligand Model) has been used to determine an EF that accounts for speciation, but is not available for metals; hence it cannot be consistently applied to metals in an LCA context. This paper proposes an approach to include metal speciation by regionalizing the EqP method for Cu, Ni and Zn with a geochemical speciation model (the Windermere Humic Aqueous Model 7.0), for 5213 soils selected from the Harmonized World Soil Database. Results obtained by this approach (EF EqP regionalized ) are compared to the EFs calculated with the conventional EqP method, to the EFs based on available terrestrial data and to the EFs calculated with the TBLM (EF TBLM regionalized ) when available. The spatial variability contribution of the EF to the overall spatial variability of the characterization factor (CF) has been analyzed. It was found that the EFs EqP regionalized show a significant spatial variability. The EFs calculated with the two non-regionalized methods (EqP and terrestrial data) fall within the range of the EFs EqP regionalized . The EFs TBLM regionalized cover a larger range of values than the EFs EqP regionalized but the two methods are not correlated. This paper highlights the importance of including speciation into the terrestrial EF and shows that using the regionalized EqP approach is not an acceptable proxy for terrestrial ecotoxicological data even if it can be applied to all metals., (Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V.)