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3. Building cardiac surgical programs in lower-middle income countries

Author

Keith Dindi, Michael T. Cain, Agneta Odera, David L. Joyce, Lyle D. Joyce, Arega Leta, and Russell E. White

Subjects
Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Adult: Education, Surgery, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Abstract

OBJECTIVES: Medical care in low-income countries is often limited by inadequate resources, treatment facilities, and the necessary infrastructure for healthcare delivery. We hypothesized that the development of an independently functioning, internationally supported Kenyan cardiac surgical training program could address these issues through targeted investment. METHODS: A review was conducted of the programmatic structure and clinical outcomes from January 2008 to October 2021 at Tenwek Hospital, Bomet, Kenya. Program development phases included (1) cardiovascular care provided by 1 full-time US board-certified cardiothoracic surgeon; (2) short-term volunteer surgical teams from the United States and Canada; and (3) development of a cardiothoracic residency program based on the Society of Thoracic Surgeons training curriculum. Patient demographics and outcomes were analyzed throughout each phase of program development. RESULTS: A total of 817 cardiac procedures were performed during the study period, including 236 congenital (28.8%) and 581 adult (71.1%) procedures. Endemic rheumatic valvular heart disease predominated (581 patients, 62.3%). Local surgical team case volume grew over the study period, overtaking visiting team volume in 2019. Perioperative mortality was 2.1% and consistent between the visiting teams and the locally trained teams. Surgical training via a 3-year cardiothoracic residency is now in its fourth year, with the 2 graduates now retained as full-time teaching staff. CONCLUSIONS: Global health partnerships have the potential to address unmet needs in cardiac care within low- and middle-income countries. These data support the concept that acceptable clinical outcomes and consistent growth in volume can be achieved during the transition toward fully independent cardiac surgical care.

Published
2023

5. Strategies for laboratory professionals to drive laboratory stewardship

Author

Janowiak Diane C, Lee H. Hilborne, Terra E. White, and Wesley B. Wong

Subjects
Medicine (General), Process management, Clinical laboratory, media_common.quotation_subject, Clinical Biochemistry, Medical laboratory, Plan (drawing), Patient care, Article, R5-920, Health care, Quality (business), Change management, QD1-999, media_common, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, business.industry, Laboratory stewardship, Test (assessment), Leadership, Chemistry, Incentive, Quality of health care, Stewardship, business
Abstract

Appropriate laboratory testing is critical in today's healthcare environment that aims to improve patient care while reducing cost. In recent years, laboratory stewardship has emerged as a strategy for assuring quality in laboratory medicine with the goal of providing the right test, for the right patient, at the right time. Implementing a laboratory stewardship program now presents a valuable opportunity for laboratory professionals to exercise leadership within health systems and to drive change toward realizing aims in healthcare. The proposed framework for program implementation includes 5 key elements: 1) a clear vision and organizational alignment; 2) appropriate skills for program execution and management; 3) resources to support the program; 4) incentives to motivate participation; and, 5) a plan of action that articulates program objectives and metrics. This framework builds upon principles of change management, with emphasis on engagement with clinical and administrative stakeholders and the use of clinical data as the basis for change. These strategies enable laboratory professionals to cultivate organizational support for improving laboratory use and take a leading role in providing high-quality patient care.

Published
2021

6. Clinical trials, real-world evidence, and digital medicine

Author

Gabriela Feldberg, Mishal Patel, Jim Weatherall, Richard Dearden, Sajan Khosla, Glynn Dennis, Thomas E. White, Khader Shameer, and Faisal Khan

Subjects
Clinical trial, Offset (computer science), business.industry, Computer science, Data stream mining, Process (engineering), Personalized medicine, business, Real world evidence, Data science, Productivity, Wearable technology
Abstract

The development of new medicines through the clinical trials process offers countless opportunities for the application of approaches such as those offered by artificial intelligence and machine learning. Broadly speaking, the application of these techniques is usually aimed at doing one of the following: 1. Increasing the speed and therefore reducing the time to develop a medicine and get it to patients who need it. 2. Becoming more accurate at picking the winners—those potential new medicines that will go on to succeed, rather than produce negative clinical trial results. 3. Generating productivity or efficiency gains to offset the large costs of running clinical trial programs. These are all difficult problems to solve. However, the good news is that the clinical trials process tends to generate large volumes of data, some of which are of good quality—because it is required to be according to regulatory standards. These data are vital for using AI and machine learning techniques to achieve gains in one of the three opportunity areas outlined above. In addition, new data streams are maturing all the time—such as patient data from sensors and wearable devices, genomic testing, and real-world evidence.

Published
2021
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7. List of Contributors

Author

Gregory Aaen, Israel F. Abroms, Ulrika Ådén, Gunnar Ahlsten, Robert B. Aird, Samiah A. Al-Zaidy, Fred Andermann, Banu Anlar, Alexis Arzimanoglou, Stephen Ashwal, Erika Augustine, Karen Ballaban-Gil, Nigel S. Bamford, Charles F. Barlow, Thomas Bast, David Bates, Robert J. Baumann, Enrico Bertini, Alidor Beya, Michael Blaw, John Bodensteiner, Daniel J. Bonthius, Amy E. Brin, Knut Brockmann, John Keith Brown, Stuart B. Brown, Audrey Christine Brumback, Michelle Bureau, James R. Burke, Annie Bye, Carol Camfield, Peter Camfield, Jaume Campistol Plana, Dee James Canale, Onasis Caneris, Roberto H. Caraballo, Alison Chantal Caviness, Hsiao-Tuan Chao, Catherine A. Chapman, Enrique Chaves-Carballo, Yoon-Jae Cho, Hans-Jürgen Christen, Harry T. Chugani, Giovanni Cioni, David Clark, Edward Robert Scheffer Cliff, Frederick B. Cochran, Bruce H. Cohen, Maynard M. Cohen, Kevin Collins, Athanasios Covanis, Macdonald Critchley, J. Helen Cross, Patricia K. Crumrine, Paolo Curatolo, Pamela A. Davies, Gabrielle deVeber, Darryl C. De Vivo, Linda S. de Vries, Liesbeth De Waele, William DeMyer, Anita Devlin, William B. Dobyns, W. Edwin Dodson, Kirsty Donald, Frank H. Duffy, David W. Dunn, Henry G. Dunn, Leon S. Dure, Paul Richard Dyken, Férechté Encha-Razavi, Gerald Erenberg, Melinda L. Estes, Philippe Evrard, Donna Ferriero, Peggy Ferry, Archie Fine, Edward J. Fine, John S. Fine, Richard S. Finkel, Alain Fischer, Christine Fischer, Lance Fogan, Glenn W. Fowler, Yitzchak Frank, Heather J. Fullerton, Tetsuo Furukawa, Ronald S. Gabriel, Aristea S. Galanopoulou, David Gardner-Medwin, Bhuwan Garg, Pierre Genton, Mark S. George, Thierry Gineste, Christopher C. Giza, Nathalie Goemans, Gerald S. Golden, Jeffrey Alan Golden, Gary W. Goldstein, Christopher Gomez, Manuel R. Gomez, Timothy Gomez, Howard P. Goodkin, Neil Gordon, Pierre Gressens, Helmut Groger, Renzo Guerrini, Christina A. Gurnett, Emanuela Gussoni, Richard Haas, Bengt Hagberg, Jerome S. Haller, Adam L. Hartman, Fred Haruda, Deborah Hirtz, Gwendolyn R. Hogan, Guy M. Hunt, Susan T. Iannaccone, Terrie Eleanor Inder, Victor Ionasescu, Katrien Jansen, Yuwu Jiang, Henry J. Kaminski, Shigehiko Kamoshita, Peter B. Kang, David M. Kaufman, Walter E. Kaufmann, Edward M. Kaye, Peter Kellaway, Rhona S. Kelley, Charles Kennedy, Young-Min Kim, Michael Kirby, Adam Kirton, Eliane Kobayashi, Eric H. Kossoff, Michail Koutroumanidis, Lauren Krupp, Bernadette M. Lange, Douglas J. Lanska, Mary Jo Lanska, Paul D. Larsen, Samuel J. Lassoff, John Laterra, Bernard Lemieux, Nicholas J. Lenn, William J. Logan, Elizabeth Lomax, Lawrence D. Longo, A. Lorris Betz, Bala V. Manyam, Warren A. Marks, E. Wayne Massey, Laszlo J. Mate, Ian McKinlay, William T. McLean, Ailsa McLellan, Mark F. Mehler, Johannes C. Melchior, David J. Michelson, Steven P. Miller, Suzanne L. Miller, J. Gordon Millichap, Robert A. Minns, Eli M. Mizrahi, Ann B. Moser, Solomon L. Moshé, Hiltrud Muhle, Francesco Muntoni, Sakkubai Naidu, Vinodh Narayanan, Nardo Nardocci, Jeffrey J. Neil, Ann Neumeyer, Michael J. Noetzel, Yoshiko Nomura, Douglas R. Nordli, Kathryn North, Yoko Ohtsuka, Finbar J.K. O’Callaghan, Roger J. Packer, Gregory M. Pastores, Marc C. Patterson, Phillip L. Pearl, Michel Philippart, Helena S. Pihko, Gordon Piller, Thomas F. Platz, Annapurna Poduri, Michael A. Pollack, Brenda E. Porter, Michèle Provis, Dietz Rating, Harold Reich, Bernd Remler, Jong M. Rho, Peter Richards, Edward P. Richardson, Sylvia O. Richardson, E. Steve Roach, Arthur L. Rose, Marvin P. Rozear, Lucien J. Rubinstein, Robert S. Rust, Arushi Gahlot Saini, Suzanne Saint-Anne Dargassies, Harvey B. Sarnat, Mohammad Sarwar, Richard Satran, Sanford Schneider, Waltraud Schrank, Rodney C. Scott, Syndi Seinfeld, Duygu Selcen, Nenad Sestan, Steven Shapiro, Elliott H. Sherr, Michael Shevell, Lloyd Shield, Richard L. Sidman, Faye S. Silverstein, Michael Sinnreich, O. Carter Snead, Regan Solomons, Emilio Soria-Duran, Carl E. Stafstrom, E. Steven Roach, Harold Stevens, Hans Michael Strassburg, David A. Stumpf, Thomas Sullivan, Herbert M. Swick, Charles N. Swisher, Takao Takahashi, Ingrid Tein, Laura Tochen, Eva E. Thomas, Alan Thompson, Svinder S. Toor, H. Richard Tyler, Peter Uldall, David K. Urion, Ahsan Moosa Naduvil Valappil, Ronald Van Toorn, Jennifer Vermilion, Doris Vidaver, Betty R. Vohr, Brigitte Vollmer, Joseph J. Volpe, Deborah P. Waber, Mark S. Wainwright, Lucius Waites, Christopher Walsh, Adolf Weindl, Mary Anne Whelan, Larry E. White, Vicky Holets Whittemore, Jo Wilmshurst, Elaine Wirrell, Nicole I. Wolf, Paul Youssef, John Zempel, Huda Y. Zoghbi, Sameer M. Zuberi, and Mary Zupanc

Published
2021
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9. Soil carbon and nitrogen data during eight years of cover crop and compost treatments in organic vegetable production

Author

Michel A. Cavigelli, Eric B. Brennan, and Kathryn E. White

Subjects
Organic farming, Nitrogen, Biomass, engineering.material, lcsh:Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, Crop, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Organic matter, Cover crop, lcsh:Science (General), 030304 developmental biology, Data Article, chemistry.chemical_classification, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Nutrient management, Compost, Cover crops, Soil carbon, Organic vegetable production, Agronomy, chemistry, engineering, Environmental science, lcsh:R858-859.7, Nitrogen budgets, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, lcsh:Q1-390
Abstract

Data presented are on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) inputs, and changes in soil C and N in eight systems during the first eight years of a tillage-intensive organic vegetable systems study that was focused on romaine lettuce and broccoli production in Salinas Valley on the central coast region of California. The eight systems differed in organic matter inputs from cover crops and urban yard-waste compost. The cover crops included cereal rye, a legume-rye mixture, and a mustard mixture planted at two seeding rates (standard rate 1x versus high rate 3x). There were three legume-rye 3x systems that differed in compost inputs (0 versus 7.6 Mg ha-1 vegetable crop-1) and cover cropping frequency (every winter versus every fourth winter). The data include: (1) changes in soil total organic C and total N concentrations and stocks and nitrate N (NO3-N) concentrations over 8 years, (2) cumulative above ground and estimated below ground C and N inputs, cover crop and crop N uptake, and harvested crop N export over 8 years, (3) soil permanganate oxidizable carbon (POX-C) concentrations and stocks at time 0, 6 and 8 years, and (4) cumulative, estimated yields of lettuce and broccoli (using total biomass and harvest index values) over the 8 years. The C inputs from the vegetables and cover crops included estimates of below ground inputs based on shoot biomass and literature values for shoot:root. The data in this article support and augment information presented in the research article "Winter cover crops increase readily decomposable soil carbon, but compost drives total soil carbon during eight years of intensive, organic vegetable production in California".

Published
2020

10. The metabolic bone disease associated with the Hyp mutation is independent of osteoblastic HIF1α expression

Author

Matthew R. Allen, Taryn A. Cass, Kenneth E. White, Erica L. Clinkenbeard, Colin S. Ip, and Julia M. Hum

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, X-linked hypophosphatemia, lcsh:Diseases of the musculoskeletal system, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Phosphate, Biology, urologic and male genital diseases, Metabolic bone disease, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, FGF23, Internal medicine, Bone cell, medicine, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Hypoxia inducible factor-1α, PHEX, Osteoblast, medicine.disease, stomatognathic diseases, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Endocrinology, Osteocyte, Osteocalcin, biology.protein, lcsh:RC925-935, Hypophosphatemia
Abstract

Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) controls key responses to systemic phosphate increases through its phosphaturic actions on the kidney. In addition to stimulation by phosphate, FGF23 positively responds to iron deficiency anemia and hypoxia in rodent models and in humans. The disorder X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is characterized by elevated FGF23 in concert with an intrinsic bone mineralization defect. Indeed, the Hyp mouse XLH model has disturbed osteoblast to osteocyte differentiation with altered expression of a wide variety of genes, including FGF23. The transcription factor Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF1α) has been implicated in regulating FGF23 production and plays a key role in proper bone cell differentiation. Thus the goals of this study were to determine whether HIF1α activation could influence FGF23, and to test osteoblastic HIF1α production on the Hyp endocrine and skeletal phenotypes in vivo. Treatment of primary cultures of osteoblasts/osteocytes and UMR-106 cells with the HIF activator AG490 resulted in rapid HIF1α stabilization and increased Fgf23 mRNA (50–100 fold; p

Published
2017

12. Contributors

Author

Martijn Arns, Marvin H. Berman, Eugenia (Genie) Bodenhamer-Davis, Valdeane W. Brown, Linda Brownback, Thomas S. Brownback, Thomas G. Browne, David S. Cantor, Dan Chartier NA, Thomas F. Collura, Jonathan Cowan, R. Adam Crane, John Davis, Scott L. Decker, Nicholas Dogris, Jim Evans, Les Fehmi, Sebern F. Fisher, Lauren Frey, Gerald Gluck, Jay Gunkelman, D. Corydon Hammond, Ann Marie Horvat, Merlyn Hurd, Victoria L. Ibric, Joe Kamiya, Harry Kerasidis, Cynthia Kerson, J. Lucas Koberda, Juri D. Kropotov, Stephen Larsen, Lea Leonard, Robert E. Longo, Joel F. Lubar, Joy Lunt, Randall R. Lyle, Robert E. McCarthy, Penny S. Montgomery, John K. Nash, Jeff Nichols, Len Ochs, Siegfried Othmer, Susan FitzGerald Othmer, Peter A. Parks, Sarah Bremer Parks, Harold L. Russell, William Carl Scott, Susan B. Shor, Mark B. Shtark, Mark Llewellyn Smith, Tato Sokhadze, Richard Soutar, Fred S. Starr, M. Barry Sterman, Ute Strehl, John Styffe, Tanju Sürmeli, Paul G. Swingle, Hsin-Yi (Jean) Tang, Robert W. Thatcher, Lynda Thompson, Michael Thompson, David Trudeau, Robert P. Turner, Jonathan Walker, Nancy E. White, and Nancy L. Wigton

Published
2020
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16. List of Contributors

Author

Alexandra Aguilar-Pérez, Matthew R. Allen, Mary F. Barbe, Teresita Bellido, Nicoletta Bivi, Andrea Bonetto, Lynda F. Bonewald, Angela Bruzzaniti, David B. Burr, Laura M. Calvi, Julia F. Charles, Robert H. Choplin, Timothy J. Corbin, Robin Daly, Linda A. DiMeglio, Robyn K. Fuchs, Theresa A. Guise, Christopher J. Hernandez, Kathleen M. Hill Gallant, Mary Beth Humphrey, Erik A. Imel, Melissa A. Kacena, Dongbing Lai, Jiliang Li, Bruce H. Mitlak, Sharon M. Moe, Katherine J. Motyl, Mary C. Nakamura, Thomas L. Nickolas, Munro Peacock, Roger Phipps, Lilian I. Plotkin, Alexander G. Robling, G. David Roodman, Tae-Hwi Schwantes-An, Viral N. Shah, David L. Stocum, Joseph M. Wallace, Connie M. Weaver, and Kenneth E. White

Published
2019
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17. List of Contributors

Author

Anthony Abdullah, Michael Abrouk, Tashmeeta Ahad, Imtiaz Ahmed, Anwar Al Hammadi, Caroline Allen, Amer Ali Almohssen, Wisam Alwan, Mahreen Ameen, Sadegh Amini, Bryan E. Anderson, Grant J. Anhalt, Donald J. Baker, Harini Rajgopal Bala, Julia Baltz, David Banach, Cedric C. Banfield, Robert Baran, Ajoy Bardhan, Melissa C. Barkham, Ysabel M. Bello, Emma Benton, Wilma F. Bergfeld, Eric Berkowitz, Brian Berman, Jeffrey D. Bernhard, Daniel Bernstein, John Berth-Jones, Chinmoy Bhate, Bhavnit K. Bhatia, Jonathan E. Blume, Nevianna Bordet, Catherine Borysiewicz, Gary J. Brauner, Robert T. Brodell, Marc D. Brown, Robert M. Burd, Anne E. Burdick, Niraj Butala, Jeffrey P. Callen, Ivan D. Camacho, Helena Camasmie, Daniel Caplivski, Mitchell S. Cappell, Genevieve A. Casey, Lawrence S. Chan, Loi-Yuen Chan, Jennifer K. Chen, Chen 'Mary' Chen, Nicole Yi Zhen Chiang, Anthony J. Chiaravalloti, Fiona J. Child, Anthony C. Chu, Timothy H. Clayton, Steven R. Cohen, Elizabeth A. Cooper, Susan M. Cooper, Nick Collier, Christina M. Correnti, Ian H. Coulson, M. Laurin Council, Shawn E. Cowper, Nicholas M. Craven, Daniel Creamer, Ponciano D. Cruz, Carrie Ann R. Cusack, Adam Daunton, Mark D.P. Davis, Robert S. Dawe, David P. D’Cruz, David de Berker, Danielle M. DeHoratius, Min Deng, Seemal R. Desai, Georgina Devlin, John J. DiGiovanna, Alexander Doctoroff, Roni P. Dodiuk-Gad, Dawn Z. Eichenfield, Lawrence F. Eichenfield, Drore Eisen, Ure Eke, Dirk M. Elston, Patrick O.M. Emanuel, Clinton W. Enos, Shaheen H. Ensanyat, Anna F. Falabella, Aaron S. Farberg, Lawrence S. Feigenbaum, Kristen Heins Fernandez, Nicole Fett, Andrew Y. Finlay, Bahar F. Firoz, Elnaz F. Firoz, James E. Fitzpatrick, Amy E. Flischel, Kelly A. Foley, Derek Freedman, Georgina A. Fremlin, Richard Fried, Philip Friedlander, Adam Friedman, Amy K. Forrestel, Brian S. Fuchs, Joanna E. Gach, Anjela Galan, Jaya Ganesh, Amit Garg, Lauren Geller, Carlo M. Gelmetti, Elizabeth Ghazi, Sneha Ghunawat, Leonard H. Goldberg, Mark J.D. Goodfield, Marsha L. Gordon, Asha Gowda, Daniel A. Grabell, Matthew Grant, Clive E.H. Grattan, Malcolm W. Greaves, Justin J. Green, Christopher E.M. Griffiths, Charles A. Gropper, Anna L. Grossberg, Aditya K. Gupta, Ali S. Hadi, Suhail M. Hadi, Iris A. Hagans, Bethany R. Hairston, Analisa Vincent Halpern, Caroline Halverstam, Natasha Harper, Matthew J. Harries, John Harris, Shannon Harrison, Michael M. Hatch, Adrian H.M. Heagerty, Adelaide A. Hebert, Stephen E. Helms, Camile L. Hexsel, Doris M. Hexsel, Warren R. Heymann, Elisabeth M. Higgins, Claire L. Higgins, Whitney A. High, Herbert Hönigsmann, Marcelo G. Horenstein, George J. Hruza, Andrea Hui, Ran Huo, Sally H. Ibbotson, Sherrif F. Ibrahim, Andrew Ilchyshyn, Dina Ismail, Stefania Jablonska, Heidi T. Jacobe, William D. James, Aysha Javed, Gregor B.E. Jemec, Graham A. Johnston, Stephen K. Jones, Jacqueline M. Junkins-Hopkins, Jessica Kaffenberger, Kelly R. Kane, Antonios Kanelleas, Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Laura Karas, Ruwani P. Katugampola, Bruce E. Katz, Roselyn Kellen, Murtaza Khan, Hooman Khorasani, Ellen J. Kim, Hee J. Kim, Brian Kirby, Joslyn S. Kirby, Rachel S. Klein, Kate Kleydman, Dimitra Koch, John J. Kohorst, John Y.M. Koo, Sandra A. Kopp, Neil J. Korman, Carrie Kovarik, Kenneth H. Kraemer, Bernice R. Krafchik, Karthik Krishnamurthy, Knut Kvernebo, Charlene Lam, Peter C. Lambert, James A.A. Langtry, Amir A. Larian, Cecilia A. Larocca, E. Frances Lawlor, Clifford M. Lawrence, Mark G. Lebwohl, Oscar Lebwohl, Julia S. Lehman, Tabi A. Leslie, Stuart R. Lessin, Jacob O. Levitt, Fiona M. Lewis, Maryam Liaqat, Kristina J. Liu, Michael P. Loosemore, Thomas A. Luger, Omar Lupi, Boris D. Lushniak, Calum C. Lyon, Andrea D. Maderal, Bassel H. Mahmoud, Slawomir Majewski, Richard B. Mallett, Steven M. Manders, Ranon Mann, Yasaman Mansouri, David J. Margolis, Orit Markowitz, Alexander Marsland, Agustin Martin-Clavijo, Daniela Martinez, Catalina Matiz, Marcus Maurer, Kevin McKerrow, Nekma Meah, Giuseppe Micali, Robert G. Micheletti, Leslie G. Millard, James E. Miller, Jillian W. Wong Millsop, Daniel Mimouni, Ginat W. Mirowski, Sultan A. Mirza, Sonja Molin, Adisbeth Morales-Burgos, Warwick L. Morison, Cato Mørk, Colin A. Morton, Richard J. Motley, Megan Mowbray, Eavan G. Muldoon, Anna E. Muncaster, George J. Murakawa, Jenny E. Murase, Michele E. Murdoch, Adam S. Nabatian, Mio Nakamura, Rajani Nalluri, Zeena Y. Nawas, Glen R. Needham, Glenn C. Newell, Julia Newton-Bishop, Adam V. Nguyen, Rosemary L. Nixon, Jack C. O’Brien, Stephanie Ogden, Suzanne M. Olbricht, Sally Jane O’Shea, Cindy E. Owen, Michael Pan, Lisa Pappas-Taffer, Jennifer L. Parish, Lawrence Charles Parish, Michael Payette, Gary L. Peck, Sandra Pena, Jarad Peranteau, Frederick A. Pereira, William Perkins, Clifford S. Perlis, Robert G. Phelps, Tania J. Phillips, Maureen B. Poh-Fitzpatrick, Miriam Keltz Pomeranz, Samantha R. Pop, Pierluigi Porcu, James B. Powell, Lori D. Prok, Tia M. Pyle, Surod Qazaz, Vikram Rajkomar, Rabia S. Rashid, Mehdi Rashighi, Ravi Ratnavel, Christie G. Regula, Michael Renzi, Jean Revuz, Rachel V. Reynolds, Elisabeth Richard, Gabriele Richard, Darrell S. Rigel, Wanda Sonia Robles, Megan Rogge, Alain H. Rook, Jamie R. Manning, Ted Rosen, Misha Rosenbach, David Rosenfeld, Christopher Rowland Payne, Adam I. Rubin, Courtney Rubin, Malcolm H.A. Rustin, Thomas Ruzicka, Sara Samimi, Lawrence A. Schachner, Noah Scheinfeld, Bethanee J. Schlosser, Rhonda E. Schnur, Robert A. Schwartz, Matthew J. Scorer, Bryan A. Selkin, Jamie Seymour, Christine M. Shaver, Christopher R. Shea, Neil H. Shear, Tang Ngee Shim, Hiroshi Shimizu, Julia Siegel, Elisha Singer, Maral Kibarian Skelsey, Chris Sladden, Michael Sladden, Janellen Smith, Joanne E. Smucker, Najwa Somani, Lacy L. Sommer, Mary Sommerlad, Christine Soon, Jennifer A. Sopkovich, Nicholas A. Soter, James M. Spencer, Richard C.D. Staughton, Jane C. Sterling, Cord Sunderkötter, Saleem M. Taibjee, Deborah Tamura, Eunice Tan, William Y-M. Tang, Lynsey Taylor, Bruce H. Thiers, Lucy J. Thomas, Cody R. Thornton, Anne-Marie Tobin, Rochelle R. Torgerson, Antonella Tosti, Fragkiski Tsatsou, Yukiko Tsuji-Abe, William F.G. Tucker, Stephen K. Tyring, Jeremy Udkoff, Robin H. Unger, Walter P. Unger, Sarah Utz, Martha C. Valbuena, Peter van de Kerkhof, Abby S. Van Voorhees, Ramya Vangipuram, David Veitch, Vanessa Venning, Sarah G. Versteeg, Martha Viera, Carmela C. Vittorio, Ruth Ann Vleugels, Gorav N. Wali, Joanna Wallengren, Joy Wan, Karolyn A. Wanat, Gabriele Weichert, Anja K. Weidmann, Jeffrey M. Weinberg, Victoria P. Werth, Lucile E. White, Adam H. Wiener, Jonathan K. Wilkin, Nathaniel K. Wilkin, Jason Williams, Niall Wilson, Karen Wiss, Joseph A. Witkowski, Lauren E. Wiznia, Henry K. Wong, Junie Li Chun Wong, Andrew L. Wright, Cooper C. Wriston, Benedict C. Wu, Adam Wulkan, Andrea L. Zaenglein, Irshad Zaki, Joshua A. Zeichner, Tian Hao Zhu, John J. Zone, Christos C. Zouboulis, and Torstein Zuberbeir

Published
2018
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19. Nexalin and Related Forms of Subcortical Electrical Stimulation

Author

Nancy E. White and Leonard M. Richards

Subjects
Stimulation, Subcortical stimulation, Psychology, Neuroscience
Abstract

Researchers have been captivated for more than a hundred years by the therapeutic potential that lay in electrically stimulating the brain. As each new method came about, earlier in Europe and later in the US, numerous stimulation waveforms blossomed and faded, each leaving electrical breadcrumbs for the next generation of researchers to follow. This review follows waveforms from their more rudimentary nature to today’s more advanced electrical formulations and focuses on one electrical formulation in particular that opens two exciting new areas of exploration. One of these is the therapeutic potential presented by subcortical stimulation. The second area follows on the heels of research that is systematically unravelling the brain’s complex electrical operating language. This review indicates how today’s advanced waveforms open up the potential for subcortical stimulation to join the brain’s electrical conversations, gently guiding it toward higher functioning.

Published
2017
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21. Contributors

Author

Joseph A. Abboud, Christopher S. Ahmad, John M. Apostolakos, Leslie Fink Barnes, Jan Bartoníček, Carl J. Basamania, Asheesh Bedi, Mohit Bhandari, Kamal I. Bohsali, Pascal Boileau, Aaron J. Bois, John J. Brems, Wayne Z. Burkhead Jr, Curtis Bush, Simon Carter, Michael Codsi, David N. Collins, Ernest U. Conrad, John Conway, Frank A. Cordasco, Matthew F. Dilisio, Xavier A. Duralde, Neal S. ElAttrache, Bassem T. Elhassan, Nathan Evaniew, Peter D. Fabricant, Brian T. Feeley, Evan L. Flatow, John M. Flynn, Albert O. Gee, Guillem Gonzalez-Lomas, Thomas P. Goss, Manny Halpern, Richard J. Han, Patrick D.G. Henry, Laurence D. Higgins, John W. Hinchey, Justin L. Hodgins, Jason E. Hsu, Eiji Itoi, Kirk L. Jensen, Christopher M. Jobe, Herman S. Johal, Natascha Kraus, Thomas Lawrence, George F. LeBus, Mario Lenza, Ofer Levy, Steven B. Lippitt, C. Benjamin Ma, Pierre Mansat, Frederick A. Matsen, Augustus D. Mazzocca, Jesse A. McCarron, Ryan A. Mlynarek, Todd C. Moen, Brent Mollon, Alexa Narzikul, Amit Nathani, Stephen J. O'Brien, Bradford O. Parsons, Scott D. Pennington, Djuro Petkovic, Wesley P. Phipatanakul, Robert H. Quinn, Prem N. Ramkumar, Robin R. Richards, Daniel S. Robertson, Charles A. Rockwood Jr, Markus Scheibel, Adam J. Seidl, Scott P. Steinmann, Samuel A. Taylor, Philip Tirman, I.A. Trail, Andreas Voss, Gilles Walch, Marie E. Walcott, Jon J.P. Warner, Robert W. Westermann, Alex E. White, Michael A. Wirth, Brian R. Wolf, Justin S. Yang, and Joseph D. Zuckerman

Published
2017
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22. List of Contributors

Author

Marvin H. Berman, Paul Chazot, Tom Collura, James R. Evans, Michael R. Hamblin, Berthold Langguth, Eric Miller, Lynn Miller, Siegfried Othmer, Susan F. Othmer, Leonard M. Richards, Dirk De Ridder, Dave Siever, Theresia Stöckl, Wing Tin To, Robert P. Turner, Sven Vanneste, Nancy E. White, and Udo Will

Published
2017
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23. Contributors

Author

Lloyd Paul Aiello, Kyriaki S. Alatzoglou, Erik K. Alexander, Carolyn A. Allan, Bruno Allolio, Nobuyuki Amino, Bradley D. Anawalt, Peter Angelos, Valerie A. Arboleda, Richard J. Auchus, Lloyd Axelrod, Rebecca S. Bahn, H.W. Gordon Baker, MD, PhD, FRACP, Shlomi Barak, Randall B. Barnes, Andreas Barthel, Murat Bastepe, Emma K. Beardsley, Paolo Beck-Peccoz, Graeme I. Bell, Wenya Linda Bi, John P. Bilezikian, Manfred Blum, Steen J. Bonnema, Stefan R. Bornstein, Roger Bouillon, Andrew J.M. Boulton, Glenn D. Braunstein, F. Richard Bringhurst, Frank J. Broekmans, Marcello D. Bronstein, Edward M. Brown, Wendy A. Brown, Serdar E. Bulun, Henry B. Burch, Henry G. Burger, Richard O. Burney, Morton G. Burt, Enrico Cagliero, Glenda G. Callender, Maria Luiza Avancini Caramori, Robert M. Carey, Tobias Carling, Francesco Cavagnini, Jerry D. Cavallerano, Etienne Challet, Shu Jin Chan, R. Jeffrey Chang, Roland D. Chapurlat, V. Krishna Chatterjee, Francesco Chiofalo, Luca Chiovato, Kyung J. Cho, Emily Christison-Lagay, Daniel Christophe, George P. Chrousos, John A. Cidlowski, David R. Clemmons, Robert V. Considine, Marco Conti, Georges Copinschi, Kyle D. Copps, Michael A. Cowley, Leona Cuttler, Mehul T. Dattani, Stephen N. Davis, Mario De Felice, Leslie J. De Groot, David M. de Kretser, Ralph A. DeFronzo, Ahmed J. Delli, Marie B. Demay, Michael C. Dennedy, Roberto Di Lauro, Rosemary Dineen, Su Ann Ding, Sean F. Dinneen, Daniel J. Drucker, Jacques E. Dumont, Kathleen M. Dungan, Ian F. Dunn, Michael J. Econs, David A. Ehrmann, Graeme Eisenhofer, Berrin Ergun-Longmire, Erica A. Eugster, Sadaf I. Farooqi, Martin Fassnacht, Bart C.J.M. Fauser, Gianfranco Fenzi, Ele Ferrannini, David M. Findlay, Courtney Anne Finlayson, Delbert A. Fisher, Isaac R. Francis, Mason W. Freeman, Lawrence A. Frohman, Mark Frydenberg, Peter J. Fuller, Jason L. Gaglia, Gianluigi Galizia, Thomas J. Gardella, Katharine C. Garvey, Harry K. Genant, Michael S. German, Evelien F. Gevers, Francesca Pecori Giraldi, Linda C. Giudice, Andrea Giustina, Anna Glasier, Francis H. Glorieux, Allison B. Goldfine, Louis J. Gooren, David F. Gordon, Karen A. Gregerson, Raymon H. Grogan, Milton D. Gross, Ashley B. Grossman, Matthias Gruber, Valeria C. Guimarães, Mark Gurnell, Nadine G. Haddad, Daniel J. Haisenleder, David J. Handelsman, John B. Hanks, Mark J. Hannon, Erika Harno, Matthias Hebrok, Mark P. Hedger, Laszlo Hegedüs, Jerrold J. Heindel, Arturo Hernandez, Maria K. Herndon, Ken K.Y. Ho, Nelson D. Horseman, Ieuan A. Hughes, Christopher J. Hupfeld, Hero K. Hussain, Valeria Iodice, Benjamin C. James, J. Larry Jameson, Glenville Jones, Nathalie Josso, Harald Jüppner, Agata Juszczak, Jeffrey Kalish, Edwin L. Kaplan, Niki Karavitaki, Monika Karczewska-Kupczewska, Ahmed Khattab, David C. Klein, Ronald Klein, Gunnar Kleinau, Michaela Koontz, John J. Kopchick, Peter Kopp, Irina Kowalska, Stephen M. Krane, Knut Krohn, Henry M. Kronenberg, Elizabeth M. Lamos, Andrea Lania, Sue Lynn Lau, Edward R. Laws, John H. Lazarus, Diana L. Learoyd, Harold E. Lebovitz, Åke Lenmark, Edward O. List, Kate Loveland, David A. Low, Paolo E. Macchia, Noel K. Maclaren, Geraldo Madeiros-Neto, Carine Maenhaut, Christa Maes, Katharina M. Main, Carl D. Malchoff, Diana M. Malchoff, Rayaz A. Malik, Susan J. Mandel, Christos S. Mantzoros, Eleftheria Maratos-Flier, Michele Marino, John C. Marshall, T. John Martin, Thomas F.J. Martin, Christopher J. Mathias, Elizabeth A. McGee, Travis McKenzie, Robert I. McLachlan, Juris J. Meier, Shlomo Melmed, Boyd E. Metzger, Heino F.L. Meyer-Bahlburg, Robert P. Millar, Walter L. Miller, Madhusmita Misra, Mark E. Molitch, Molly B. Moravek, Damian G. Morris, Sapna Nagar, Jon Nakamoto, Maria I. New, Lynnette K. Nieman, John H. Nilson, Georgia Ntali, Moira O’Bryan, Stephen O’Rahilly, Kjell Öberg, Jerrold M. Olefsky, Matthew T. Olson, Karel Pacak, Furio Pacini, Shetal H. Padia, Ralf Paschke, Francisco J. Pasquel, Katherine Wesseling Perry, Luca Persani, Louis H. Philipson, Christian Pina, Frank B. Pomposelli, John T. Potts, Charmian A. Quigley, Marcus O. Quinkler, Christine Campion Quirk, Ewa Rajpert-De Meyts, Eric Ravussin, David W. Ray, Samuel Refetoff, Ravi Retnakaran, Rodolfo A. Rey, Christopher J. Rhodes, E. Chester Ridgway, Gail P. Risbridger, Robert A. Rizza, Bruce G. Robinson, Pierre P. Roger, Michael G. Rosenfeld, Robert L. Rosenfield, Peter Rossing, Robert T. Rubin, Ileana G.S. Rubio, Neil B. Ruderman, Jose Russo, Irma H. Russo, Isidro B. Salusky, Nanette Santoro, Kathleen M. Scully, Patrick M. Sexton, Gerald I. Shulman, Paolo S. Silva, Shonni J. Silverberg, Frederick R. Singer, Niels E. Skakkebaek, Malgorzata E. Skaznik-Wikiel, Dorota Skowronska-Krawczyk, Carolyn L. Smith, Philip W. Smith, Roger Smith, Steven R. Smith, Peter J. Snyder, Donald L. St. Germain, René St-Arnaud, Donald F. Steiner, Paul M. Stewart, Marek Strączkowski, Jerome F. Strauss, Dennis M. Styne, Karena L. Swan, Ronald S. Swerdloff, Lyndal J. Tacon, Javier A. Tello, Rajesh V. Thakker, Christopher J. Thompson, Henri J.L.M. Timmers, Jorma Toppari, Michael L. Traub, Michael A. Tsoukas, Robert Udelsman, Guillermo E. Umpierrez, Greet Van den Berghe, Gilbert Vassart, Ashley H. Vernon, Eric Vilain, Theo J. Visser, Paolo Vitti, Geoffrey A. Walford, Christina Wang, Anthony P. Weetman, Nancy L. Weigel, Gordon C. Weir, Roy E. Weiss, Anne White, Kenneth E. White, Morris F. White, Michael P. Whyte, Wilmar M. Wiersinga, Holger S. Willenberg, Joseph I. Wolfsdorf, Fredric E. Wondisford, Ka Kit Wong, John J. Wysolmerski, Mabel Yau, Morag J. Young, Lisa M. Younk, Run Yu, Tony Yuen, Martha A. Zeiger, Bernard Zinman, and R. Thomas Zoeller

Published
2016
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24. Contributors

Author

Engy Abdellatif, Aryeh M. Abeles, Abby G. Abelson, Abhishek Abhishek, Steven B. Abramson, Jonathan D. Adachi, Michael A. Adams, Thomas Aigner, Shizuo Akira, Daniel Aletaha, Antonios O. Aliprantis, Adriana Almeida de Jesus, Roy D. Altman, Mary-Carmen Amigo, Martin Aringer, Dana P. Ascherman, Shervin Assassi, Sergei P. Atamas, Pedro Ming Azevedo, Alan N. Baer, Dominique Baeten, Colin Baines, Nancy A. Baker, Emese Balogh, Alejandro Balsa, Xenofon Baraliakos, Thomas Bardin, Les Barnsley, Joan M. Bathon, Angela Bauch, Jill J.F. Belch, Nicholas Bellamy, Teresita Bellido, Michael Benjamin, Michael W. Beresford, Brian Berman, Bonnie Lee Bermas, George Bertsias, John P. Bilezikian, Yelda Bilginer, Julius Birnbaum, Felicity L. Bishop, Jane F. Bleasel, Markus Böhm, Marcy B. Bolster, Stefano Bombardieri, Michael Bonelli, Sydney L. Bonnick, Dimitrios T. Boumpas, Aline Bozec, Richard D. Brasington, Juergen Braun, Matthew A. Brown, Ian N. Bruce, William D. Bugbee, Marwan A.S. Bukhari, Rubén Burgos-Vargas, Gerd-Rüdiger Burmester, Jane C. Burns, David B. Burr, Frank Buttgereit, Vivian P. Bykerk, Leonard H. Calabrese, Jeffrey P. Callen, Sabrina Cavallo, Tim E. Cawston, Vinod Chandran, Michael Denis Chard, Prateek Chaudhary, Lan X. Chen, Hyon K. Choi, Ernest H. Choy, Lisa Christopher-Stine, Alvina D. Chu, Daniel J. Clauw, Philip J. Clements, Megan E.B. Clowse, J. Gerry Coghlan, Philip G. Conaghan, Cyrus Cooper, Karen H. Costenbader, Paul Creamer, José C. Crispín, Bruce N. Cronstein, Raymond Cross, Natalie E. Cusano, Maurizio Cutolo, Chris D'Adamo, Vivette D'Agati, David P. D'Cruz, Hanne Dagfinrud, David I. Daikh, Nicola Dalbeth, Seamus E. Dalton, Shouvik Dass, Aileen M. Davis, Karel De Ceulaer, Chad L. Deal, Kevin D. Deane, Alessandra Della Rossa, Paul F. Dellaripa, Elaine Dennison, Christopher P. Denton, Paul Dieppe, Michael Doherty, Patricia Dolan, Rachelle Donn, Olga Dvorkina, George S.M. Dyer, Richard Eastell, N. Lawrence Edwards, Paul Emery, Gurhan Erturan, Luis R. Espinoza, Steve Eyre, Antonios C. Fanouriakis, Joshua Farber, Shawn Farrokhi, Anders Fasth, Eugen Feist, Debbie Feldman, David T. Felson, John D. Fisk, G. Kelley Fitzgerald, Raymond H. Flores, David A. Fox, Clair A. Francomano, Jennifer Frangos, Anthony J. Freemont, Kevin B. Fricka, Daniel E. Furst, Cem Gabay, Massimo Gadina, J.S. Hill Gaston, Steffen Gay, Lianne S. Gensler, Laura Geraldino-Pardilla, Danielle M. Gerlag, Ellen M. Ginzler, Alison M. Gizinski, Dafna D. Gladman, Garry E. Gold, Raphaela Goldbach-Mansky, Sarah Goldingay, Sharon M. Gordon, Rachel Gorodkin, Jörg J. Goronzy, Simon Görtz, Rodney Grahame, Andrew J. Grainger, Ellen M. Gravallese, Jeffrey D. Greenberg, Bansari Gujar, Matilda Hagan, Karlene Hagley, Alan J. Hakim, John C. Hall, Vedat Hamuryudan, John G. Hanly, Eric P. Hanson, Boulos Haraoui, John B. Harley, Philip J. Hashkes, Gillian A. Hawker, Philip N. Hawkins, Turid Heiberg, Dick Heinegård, Simon M. Helfgott, Pauline Y.P. Ho, Marc C. Hochberg, Jacqueline Hochman, Chelsea J. Hodgkiss-Harlow, Robert W. Hoffman, Markus Hoffmann, V. Michael Holers, Michael F. Holick, Christopher Holroyd, Osvaldo Hübscher, David J. Hunter, M. Elaine Husni, Robert D. Inman, Zacharia Isaac, Maura D. Iversen, Douglas A. Jabs, William Jackson, Sarada Jaimungal, Judith A. James, Rose-Marie Javier, Alyssa K. Johnsen, Joanne M. Jordan, Tsuneyasu Kaisho, Cees G.M. Kallenberg, David Kane, Mohit Kapoor, Elizabeth W. Karlson, Dimitrios G. Kassimos, Daniel L. Kastner, Jeffrey N. Katz, Jonathan Kay, Jennifer A. Kelly, Edward Keystone, Munther A. Khamashta, Dinesh Khanna, Ingvild Kjeken, Alisa E. Koch, Matthew F. Koff, Leah Kottyan, Loukia A. Koutsogeorgopoulou, Virginia Byers Kraus, Pradeep Kumar, Tore K. Kvien, Robert Lafyatis, Robert B.M. Landewé, Carol A. Langford, Arthur N. Lau, Ronald M. Laxer, Thomas J. Learch, George Lewith, Yi Li, Katherine P. Liao, Geoffrey Littlejohn, Pilar Lorenzo, Thomas A. Luger, Ingrid E. Lundberg, Karin Lundberg, Klaus P. Machold, C. Ronald MacKenzie, Alfred D. Mahr, Eric Manheimer, Joan C. Marini, Javier Marquez, Debbie Marsden, Johanne Martel-Pelletier, Emilio Martín-Mola, Manuel Martínez-Lavín, Elena M. Massarotti, Eric L. Matteson, Stephen J. Matzat, Reza Mayahi, Maureen Davidica Mayes, Timothy McAlindon, Hayley McBain, Bill McCarberg, Edward F. McCarthy, Geraldine McCarthy, Michael F. McDermott, Dennis McGonagle, Lachy McLean, Peter A. Merkel, Jamal A. Mikdashi, Frederick W. Miller, Paul D. Miller, Kirsten Minden, Paul A. Monach, Kathleen Mulligan, Gauthier Namur, Esperanza Naredo, Kim E. Naylor, Amanda E. Nelson, Stanton P. Newman, Ellen Nordal, Ulrich Nöth, Eleana Ntatsaki, John J. O'Shea, Chester V. Oddis, Alejandro Olivé, Mohammed A. Omair, Michael J. Ombrello, Antonina Omisade, Voon H. Ong, Patrik Önnerfjord, Philippe Orcel, Caroline Ospelt, Seza Ozen, Stephen A. Paget, Dipak R. Patel, Carlo Patrono, Jean-Pierre Pelletier, Rosa Maria Rodrigues Pereira, Clarissa A. Pilkington, Michael H. Pillinger, Carlos Pineda, Robert M. Plenge, Andrew Price, Luminita Pricop, Lars Rackwitz, Angelo Ravelli, Anthony C. Redmond, Westley H. Reeves, Elaine F. Remmers, Luis Requena, Clio Ribbens, Bruce C. Richardson, Elena Riera Alonso, Graham Riley, Christopher Ritchlin, Susan Y. Ritter, Ivan O. Rosas, Drew D. Rowan, Martin Rudwaleit, Marina Rull, Marite Rygg, Kenneth G. Saag, Jane E. Salmon, Donald M. Salter, Daniel J. Salzberg, Philip N. Sambrook, Tore Saxne, Hans-Georg Schaible, Jose U. Scher, Georg Schett, Nicole Schmitz, Benjamin Schreiber, H. Ralph Schumacher, Daniella Muallem Schwartz, David G.I. Scott, Margaret Seton, Lauren M. Shapiro, Nancy Sharby, Jeffrey Siegel, Richard M. Siegel, Joachim Sieper, Richard M. Silver, Shonni J. Silverberg, Julia F. Simard, Barry P. Simmons, Robert W. Simms, Nora G. Singer, Malcolm D. Smith, Stacy E. Smith, Josef S. Smolen, Tim D. Spector, Virginia D. Steen, Allen C. Steere, Günter Steiner, Andre F. Steinert, George Stojan, John H. Stone, Vibeke Strand, Rainer H. Straub, Elizabeth A. Streeten, Giulio Superti-Furga, Deborah P.M. Symmons, Zoltan Szekanecz, Paul P. Tak, Antonio Tavoni, Peter C. Taylor, Robert Terkeltaub, Sarah S. Thomas, Jennifer E. Thorne, Jonathan H. Tobias, Adriana H. Tremoulet, George C. Tsokos, Rocky S. Tuan, Carl Turesson, Sebastian H. Unizony, Ana M. Valdes, Wim B. van den Berg, Désirée van der Heijde, Ronald Frits van Vollenhoven, John Varga, Dimitrios Vassilopoulos, Edward M. Vital, Karen Walker-Bone, Daniel J. Wallace, Gary Warburton, Robert J. Ward, Richard Watts, Mihir D. Wechalekar, Lucy R. Wedderburn, Michael E. Weinblatt, Matthew R. Weir, Claire Y.J. Wenham, Sterling G. West, Cornelia M. Weyand, Kenneth E. White, Kevin L. Winthrop, John B. Wong, Anthony D. Woolf, Jane Worthington, Huji Xu, Hasan Yazici, D.A. Young, Sebahattin Yurdakul, Yuqing Zhang, and Haoyang Zhuang

Published
2015
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25. Skeletal Genetics

Author

Tim Corbin, Kenneth E. White, and Daniel L. Koller

Subjects
Genetics, Mutation, education.field_of_study, Population, Inheritance (genetic algorithm), Gene targeting, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Phenotype, symbols.namesake, Mendelian inheritance, symbols, medicine, education, Gene, Common disease-common variant
Abstract

Changes in the human skeleton can result from DNA variants that are transmitted from parent to child via the normal meiotic processes. Genetic diseases can be inherited in rare disorders through Mendelian (single-gene) fashion via defined modes of inheritance, or through DNA changes that are much more common in the human population, and can consist of variants in multiple genes. Variants contributing to Mendelian traits usually produce large effects on gene function, with a single variant often being solely responsible for the observed bone phenotype. In contrast, in common diseases containing a heritable component, each genetic variant typically has a small effect, with the sum of these effects producing the observed phenotype. Once a gene or variant is found that links to a Mendelian disorder or to a structural or functional bone phenotype, these variants can be studied in vivo through the use of transgenic mouse models. The techniques and theory underlying isolating genetic changes that relate to diseases of bone, as well as the use of animal models for understanding bone function and targeted therapeutics, will be discussed in this chapter.

Published
2014
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26. List of Contributors

Author

Ozan Akkus, Matthew R. Allen, William J Babler, Teresita Bellido, Nicoletta Bivi, Angela Bruzzaniti, David B. Burr, Tim Corbin, Linda A. DiMeglio, Robyn K. Fuchs, Tien-Min Gabriel Chu, Kathleen M. Hill Gallant, Erik A. Imel, Daniel L. Koller, Kelly Krohn, Jiliang Li, Bruce H. Mitlak, Lilian I. Plotkin, Alexander G. Robling, Sean Shih-Yao Liu, David L. Stocum, Joseph M. Wallace, Connie M. Weaver, and Kenneth E. White

Published
2014
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27. Hoody, goody or buddy? How travel mode affects social perceptions in urban neighbourhoods

Author

Birgitta Gatersleben, E White, and Niamh Murtagh

Subjects
Social psychology (sociology), Engineering, business.industry, Psychological research, media_common.quotation_subject, Perspective (graphical), Human factors and ergonomics, Poison control, Transportation, Affect (psychology), Perception, Automotive Engineering, business, Mode choice, Social psychology, Applied Psychology, Civil and Structural Engineering, media_common
Abstract

When travelling through a new environment people can and do make very quick judgements about the local conditions. This paper explores the idea that such judgements are affected by the travel mode they use. We hypothesise that drivers generate a more superficial impression of the things they observe than those who walk because they are exposed to less information. This prediction is based on social psychological research that demonstrates that information that becomes available in "thin slices" affects superficial judgements. A survey study (n = 644) demonstrated that perceptions of a less affluent area are indeed negatively related to more driving and positively related to more walking, but only for those who do not live there. Perceptions of a neighbouring affluent area are positively related to more driving. Two experimental studies (n = 245 and n = 91) demonstrated that explicit (but not implicit) attitudes towards a group of young people in an ambiguous social situation are more negative when they are viewed from the perspective of a car user in particular in relation to a pedestrian perspective. These findings suggest that mode use may affect communities by influencing social judgements. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Published
2013

28. MBE of transparent semiconducting oxides

Author

James S. Speck, Mark E. White, Min-Ying Tsai, and Oliver Bierwagen

Subjects
Materials science, business.industry, Doping, Nucleation, Oxide, Nanotechnology, Faceting, chemistry.chemical_compound, Semiconductor, chemistry, Material quality, Optoelectronics, business, Molecular beam epitaxy, Diode
Abstract

Transparent semiconducting oxides (TSOs) such as ZnO, In 2 O 3 , SnO 2 and Ga 2 O 3 have recently come into the focus of research. With comparably low material quality, these oxides have been widely used as active material in gas sensors and – highly n-doped – as transparent conducting oxide (TCO) contacts in light-emitting diodes, displays, solar cells and smart windows. Grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), TSOs can approach semiconductor quality standards, allowing for new applications and for the investigation of the intrinsic physics of TSOs and TCOs. This chapter addresses general aspects of oxide MBE, summarises the state-of-the-art of MBE-grown In 2 O 3 , SnO 2 and Ga 2 O 3 . Growth issues met during MBE, such as the parasitic formation of volatile suboxides, faceting, nucleation issues, formation of secondary phases and dislocations and domains, are pointed out and solutions are presented. The transport properties of unintentionally doped SnO 2 and In 2 O 3 , and doping of SnO 2 are demonstrated.

Published
2013
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29. Contributors

Author

S. Andrieu, Donat J. As, V. Avrutin, Zahida Batool, Abdelhak Bensaoula, Oliver Bierwagen, Victorz Blinov, Chris Boney, Sangam Chatterjee, Alexej Chernikov, J.Y. Chi, Alan Colli, Bruce Davidson, Molly Doran, K. Dumesnil, Adam Duzik, James N. Eckstein, Roman Engel-Herbert, Secondo Franchi, Alex Freundlich, Rafael Fritz, Chaturvedi Gogineni, Mircea Guina, Drew Hanser, M. Heiblum, Isaac Hernández-Calderón, Konstanze Hild, Yoshiji Horikoshi, Thomas J.C. Hosea, Alex Ignatiev, Sebastian Imhof, J. Kossut, S.V. Ivanov, Roland Jäger, Zenan Jiang, Shirong Jin, Shane R. Johnson, A.V. Katkov, Ł. Kłopotowski, Martin Koch, Stephan W. Koch, Nobuyuki Koguchi, Kolja Kolata, Naohiro Kuze, Ryan B. Lewis, Klaus Lischka, Xianfeng Lu, Faustino Martelli, Mostafa Masnadi-Shirazi, F. Matsukura, Joanna Mirecki Millunchick, Patricia M. Mooney, E. Moreau, H. Morkoç, Alexander Nikiforov, Jiro Nishinaga, Gang Niu, Mark O'Steen, Kunishige Oe, Seongshik Oh, H. Ohno, Ü. Özgür, Oleg Pchelyakov, Dmitry Pridachin, Eric Readinger, Nathaniel A. Riordan, Oleg Rubel, Silvia Rubini, Guillaume Saint-Girons, Stefano Sanguinetti, Achim Schöll, Frank Schreiber, I.V. Sedova, Ichiro Shibasaki, Leonid Sokolov, S.V. Sorokin, James S. Speck, Gunther Springholz, Stephen J. Sweeney, John C. Thomas, Angela Thränhardt, Thomas Tiedje, Min-Ying Tsai, V. Umansky, D. Vignaud, Bertrand Vilquin, Kerstin Volz, Shu Min Wang, Guang Wang, Maitri Warusawithana, Z.R. Wasilewski, Mark E. White, P. Wojnar, Qi-Kun Xue, Masahiro Yoshimoto, Xiaofang Zhai, and Mao Zheng

Published
2013
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30. Contributors

Author

Aryeh M. Abeles, Abby G. Abelson, Abhishek Abhishek, Steven B. Abramson, Michael A. Adams, David M. Adlam, Thomas Aigner, Shizuo Akira, Ivona Aksentijevich, Daniel Aletaha, Antonios O. Aliprantis, Cornelia F. Allaart, Pamela G. Allen, Roy D. Altman, Martin Aringer, Dana P. Ascherman, Shervin Assassi, Sergei P. Atamas, Alan N. Baer, Dominique Baeten, Nancy Baker, Alejandro Balsa, Les Barnsley, Joan M. Bathon, Michael A. Becker, Jill JF Belch, Nicholas Bellamy, Teresita Bellido, R. Michael Benitez, Michael Benjamin, Michael W. Beresford, Brian M. Berman, Bonnie Lee Bermas, George Bertsias, John P. Bilezikian, Philip E. Blazar, Jane F. Bleasel, Markus Böhm, Christelle Boileau, Marcy B. Bolster, Stefano Bombardieri, Sydney Bonnick, Dimitrios T. Boumpas, Richard D. Brasington, Ferdinand Breedveld, Earl W. Brien, Anne C. Brower, Matthew A. Brown, Ian N. Bruce, William D. Bugbee, Marwan A.S. Bukhari, Rubén Burgos-Vargas, Jane C. Burns, David B. Burr, Patricia C. Cagnoli, Leonard H. Calabrese, Jeffrey P. Callen, Juan J. Canoso, Sabrina Cavallo, Tim E. Cawston, Michael Denis Chard, Lan X. Chen, Ernest H.S. Choy, Daniel J. Clauw, Philip J. Clements, Nona T. Colburn, Laura A. Coleman, Philip G. Conaghan, Cyrus Cooper, Felicia Cosman, Karen H. Costenbader, Paul Creamer, José C. Crispin, Lindsey A. Criswell, Bruce N. Cronstein, Raymond Cross, Natalie E. Cusano, John J. Cush, Maurizio Cutolo, Vivette D’Agati, Hanne Dagfinrud, David I. Daikh, Seamus E. Dalton, Shouvik Dass, Jean-Pierre David, Aileen Davis, Chad L. Deal, Karel De Ceulaer, Chris Deighton, Paul F. Dellaripa, Alessandra Della Rossa, David Dempster, Elaine Dennison, Christopher P. Denton, John Denton, Roshan Dhawale, Michael Doherty, Patricia Dolan, Rachelle Donn, Mary Anne Dooley, Maxime Dougados, Michael F. Drummond, George S.M. Dyer, Brandon E. Earp, N. Lawrence Edwards, Patrick Ellender, Paul Emery, Luis R. Espinoza, Joshua M. Farber, Anders Fasth, Debbie Feldman, David T. Felson, G. Kelley Fitzgerald, Raymond H. Flores, David A. Fox, Clair A. Francomano, Anthony J. Freemont, Izzet Fresko, Kevin B. Fricka, Daniel E. Furst, Cem Gabay, Sherine E. Gabriel, Bernat Galarraga, Boel Andersson Gäre, Patrick Garnero, Lianne S. Gensler, Danielle M. Gerlag, Piet P. Geusens, Jon T. Giles, Ellen M. Ginzler, Alison M. Gizinski, Garry Gold, Tania Gonzalez-Rivera, Caroline Gordon, Rachel Gorodkin, Jorg J. Goronzy, Simon Görtz, Elena Gournelos, Rodney Grahame, Andrew J. Grainger, Ellen M. Gravallese, Jeffrey D. Greenberg, Karlene Hagley, Alan J. Hakim, Vedat Hamuryudan, Boulos Haraoui, Adam Harder, John B. Harley, E. Nigel Harris, Philip J. Hashkes, Gillian Hawker, Philip N. Hawkins, Turid Heiberg, Dick Heinegård, Simon M. Helfgott, Jenny E. Heller, Ariane L. Herrick, Laurence D. Higgins, J. S. Hill Gaston, Marc C. Hochberg, Markus Hoffmann, V. Michael Holers, Michael F. Holick, Christopher Holroyd, Osvaldo Hübscher, Tom W.J. Huizinga, David J. Hunter, M. Elaine Husni, Robert D. Inman, Zacharia Isaac, Maura D. Iversen, Douglas A. Jabs, Hayley James, Rose-Marie Javier, David Jayne, Alyssa K. Johnsen, Joanne M. Jordan, Melanie S. Joy, Tsuneyasu Kaisho, Cees G.M. Kallenberg, Yuka Kanno, Elizabeth W. Karlson, Dimitrios G. Kassimos, Daniel L. Kastner, Jeffrey N. Katz, Arthur Kavanaugh, Jonathan Kay, Jennifer A. Kelly, Edward Keystone, Munther A. Khamashta, Dinesh Khanna, Peter W. Kim, Ingvild Kjeken, Alisa E. Koch, Matthew F. Koff, Virginia Byers Kraus, Hillal Maradit Kremers, Hollis Elaine Krug, Pradeep Kumar, Tore K. Kvien, Robert Lafyatis, Talia Landau, Robert B.M. Landewé, Carol A. Langford, Ronald M. Laxer, Thomas J. Learch, Marjatta Leirisalo-Repo, George T. Lewith, Yi Li, Katherine P. Liao, Geoffrey Littlejohn, Michael D. Lockshin, Pilar Lorenzo, Thomas A. Luger, Ingrid E. Lundberg, Harvinder S. Luthra, Klaus P. Machold, C. Ronald Mackenzie, Maren Lawson Mahowald, Alfred D. Mahr, Joan C. Marini, Eresha Markalanda, Javier Marquez, Johanne Martel-Pelletier, Emilio Martin-Mola, Manuel Martinez-Lavin, Elena M. Massarotti, Eric L. Matteson, Maureen Mayes, Bongani M. Mayosi, Timothy McAlindon, Rex M. McCallum, Geraldine McCarthy, W. Joseph McCune, Stephany A. McGann, Dennis McGonagle, Lachy McLean, Philip J. Mease, Peter A. Merkel, Jamal A. Mikdashi, Frederick W. Miller, Paul D. Miller, Kirsten Minden, Dimitris I. Mitsias, Girish M. Mody, Paul A. Monach, Larry W. Moreland, Haralampos M. Moutsopoulos, Gauthier Namur, Esperanza Naredo, David J. Nashel, Amanda E. Nelson, Stanton P. Newman, Johannes C. Nossent, Ulrich Nöth, Philip O’Connor, Chester V. Oddis, K. Sigvard Olsson, Michael J. Ombrello, Philippe Orcel, John J. O'Shea, Stephen A. Paget, Carlo Patrono, Jean-Pierre Pelletier, Silvia Pierangeli, Heather Pierce, Clarissa A. Pilkington, Michael H. Pillinger, Carlos Pineda, Robert M. Plenge, Luminita Pricop, Lars Rackwitz, Gautam Ramani, Angelo Ravelli, Westley H. Reeves, Elaine F. Remmers, Heikki Repo, Luis Requena, Clio Ribbens, Graham Riley, Christopher Ritchlin, Ivan O. Rosas, Ronenn Roubenoff, A.D. Rowan, Martin Rudwaleit, Kenneth G. Saag, Jane E. Salmon, David C. Salonen, Donald M. Salter, Daniel J. Salzberg, Philip N. Sambrook, Benjamin Sanofsky, Tore Saxne, Hans-Georg Schaible, Georg Schett, Nicole Schmitz, Lew C. Schon, H. Ralph Schumacher, David G.I. Scott, Brooke Seidelmann, Andrea L. Sestak, Margaret Seton, Nancy A. Shadick, Lauren Shapiro, Lewis L. Shi, Prodromos Sidiropoulos, Richard M. Siegel, Joachim Sieper, Richard M. Silver, Shonni J. Silverberg, Julia F. Simard, Barry P. Simmons, Robert W. Simms, John Sims, Nora G. Singer, Malcolm D. Smith, Stacy E. Smith, Josef S. Smolen, Tim D. Spector, E. William St. Clair, Virginia D. Steen, Günter Steiner, Andre F. Steinert, John H. Stone, Millicent A. Stone, Rainer H. Straub, Deborah P.M. Symmons, Zoltán Szekanecz, Ilona S. Szer, Paul P. Tak, Antonio Tavoni, Peter C. Taylor, Robert Terkeltaub, Mohamed M. Thabet, Jennifer E. Thorne, George C. Tsokos, Rocky S. Tuan, Carl Turesson, Athanasios G. Tzioufas, Patricia A. Uber, Wim B. van den Berg, Désirée van der Heijde, Floris A. van Gaalen, John Varga, Dimitrios Vassilopoulos, Archana R. Vasudevan, Patrick J.W. Venables, Edward M. Vital, Richard J. Wakefield, Jennifer G. Walker, Robert J. Ward, Richard Watts, Lucy R. Wedderburn, Michael E. Weinblatt, Matthew R. Weir, Claire Y.J. Wenham, Sterling G. West, Cornelia M. Weyand, Kenneth E. White, Frances M.K. Williams, Kevin L. Winthrop, Anthony D. Woolf, Jane Worthington, John Wright, Hasan Yazici, Yusuf Yazici, John R. York, D.A. Young, Sebahattin Yurdakul, Guangju Zhai, Yuqing Zhang, and Haoyang Zhuang

Published
2011
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32. Contributors

Author

Lloyd Paul Aiello, Erik K. Alexander, Carolyn A. Allan, Bruno Allolio, Peter Angelos, Sree Appu, Richard J. Auchus, Joseph Avruch, Lloyd Axelrod, Rebecca S. Bahn, H.W.G. Baker, Randall B. Barnes, Murat Bastepe, John D. Baxter, Paolo Beck-Peccoz, Graeme I. Bell, John P. Bilezikian, Stephen R. Bloom, Manfred Blum, Steen J. Bonnema, Diego Botero, Roger Bouillon, Andrew J.M. Boulton, Glenn D. Braunstein, F. Richard Bringhurst, Frank J. Broekmans, Marcello D. Bronstein, Edward M. Brown, Chuong Bui, Col. Henry B. Burch, Henry G. Burger, Richard O. Burney, John B. Buse, Peter C. Butler, Paolo Cappabianca, Maria Luiza Avancini Caramori, Robert M. Carey, Esther Carlton, David Carmody, Jose F. Caro, Francesco Cavagnini, Jerry Cavallerano, Luigi M. Cavallo, Shu Jin Chan, R. Jeffrey Chang, Roland D. Chapurlat, V. Krishna Chatterjee, Luca Chiovato, Kyung J. Cho, Daniel Christophe, Teng-Teng Chung, John A. Cidlowski, Adrian J.L. Clark, Peter E. Clark, David R. Clemmons, Robert V. Considine, Georges Copinschi, Kyle D. Copps, C. Hamish Courtney, Leona Cuttler, Melita L. Daley, Mehul Dattani, Stephen N. Davis, Oreste de Divitiis, Mario De Felice, Ralph A. DeFronzo, Leslie J. De Groot, David de Kretser, Ahmed J. Delli, Pierre D. Delmas, Marie B. Demay, Paul Devroey, Roberto Di Lauro, Sean F. Dinneen, Jacques E. Dumont, Kathleen M. Dungan, Daniel J. Drucker, Michael J. Econs, David A. Ehrmann, Graeme Eisenhofer, Gregory F. Erickson, Barbro Eriksson, Eric Espiner, Felice Esposito, Victoria Esser, Erica A. Eugster, Sadaf Farooqi, Martin Fassnacht, Bart C.J.M. Fauser, Gianfranco Fenzi, Ele Ferrannini, David M. Findlay, Courtney Finlayson, Delbert A. Fisher, Maguelone G. Forest, Daniel W. Foster, Mason Wright Freeman, Mark Frydenberg, Peter Fuller, Robert F. Gagel, Jason L. Gaglia, Gianluigi Galizia, Chuanyun Gao, Thomas J. Gardella, Bruce D. Gaylinn, Harry K. Genant, Michael S. German, Mohammad A. Ghatei, Linda C. Giudice, Anna Glasier, Francis H. Glorieux, Javier González-Maeso, Louis J. Gooren, David F. Gordon, Karen A. Gregerson, Milton D. Gross, Ashley Grossman, Valéria C. Guimarães, Mark Gurnell, Nadine Haddad, Daniel J. Haisenleder, David J. Handelsman, John B. Hanks, Mark John Hannon, Simon W. Hayward, Matthias Hebrok, Laszlo Hegedüs, Georg Hennemann, Maria K. Herndon, Peter Hindmarsh, Ken K.Y. Ho, Nelson D. Horseman, Mara J. Horwitz, Mimi Hu, Ieuan A. Hughes, Christopher J. Hupfeld, Hero K. Hussain, Peter Illingworth, J. Larry Jameson, Nathalie Josso, Harald Jüppner, Jeffrey Kalish, Edwin L. Kaplan, Jeffrey B. Kerr, Ronald Klein, Meyer Knobel, Efstratios Kolibianakis, John J. Kopchick, Peter Kopp, Márta Korbonits, Melvyn Korobkin, Stephen M. Krane, Knut Krohn, Henry M. Kronenberg, John M. Kyriakis, Sue Lynn Lau, John H. Lazarus, Diana L. Learoyd, Harold E. Lebovitz, Paul Lee, Åke Lernmark, Laura J. Lewis-Tuffin, Zhi-Liang Lu, Paolo Emidio Macchia, Noel K. Maclaren, Carine Maenhaut, Christa Maes, Katharina M. Main, Carl D. Malchoff, Diana Mark Malchoff, Rayaz A. Malik, Susan J. Mandel, Christos Mantzoros, Eleftheria Maratos-Flier, Stefania Marchisotta, Michele Marinò, John C. Marshall, Thomas F.J. Martin, T. John Martin, Gabriel Á. Martos-Moreno, Christopher J. Mathias, Michael Mauer, Elizabeth A. McGee, Neil J. McKenna, Robert I. McLachlan, Geraldo Medeiros-Neto, Juris J. Meier, Shlomo Melmed, Boyd E. Metzger, Robert Millar, Walter L. Miller, Madhusmita Misra, Mark E. Molitch, David D. Moore, Damian G. Morris, Allan U. Munck, Jon Nakamoto, Anikó Náray-Fejes-Tóth, Ralf Nass, David M. Nathan, Maria I. New, Carolyn Nguyen, Lynnette K. Nieman, John H. Nilson, Jeffrey A. Norton, Robert H. Oakley, Kjell Öberg, Jerrold M. Olefsky, Stephen O’Rahilly, Umut Ozcan, Karel Pacak, Furio Pacini, Shetal H. Padia, Ralf Paschke, Adam Pawson, Alison C. Peck, Francesca Pecori Giraldi, Luca Persani, Richard L. Phelps, Louis H. Philipson, Kevin Phillips, Aldo Pinchera, Frank B. Pomposelli, John T. Potts, Charmian A. Quigley, Marcus Quinkler, Christine Campion Quirk, Miriam T. Rademaker, Ewa Rajpert-De Meyts, Eric Ravussin, David W. Ray, Nancy King Reame, Samuel Refetoff, Ravi Retnakaran, Rodolfo A. Rey, Christopher J. Rhodes, E. Chester Ridgway, Gail P. Risbridger, Robert A. Rizza, Bruce Robinson, Pierre P. Roger, Michael G. Rosenfeld, Robert L. Rosenfield, James H. Rosing, Peter Rossing, Robert T. Rubin, Neil Ruderman, Irma H. Russo, Jose Russo, Wael Antoine Salameh, Isidoro B. Salusky, Mary H. Samuels, Richard J. Santen, Nanette Santoro, Virginia D. Sarapura, Stuart C. Sealfon, Patrick M. Sexton, Gerald I. Shulman, Paolo S. Silva, Shonni J. Silverberg, Frederick R. Singer, Niels E. Skakkebaek, Dorota Skowronska-Krawczyk, Carolyn L. Smith, Philip W. Smith, Roger Smith, Steven R. Smith, Peter J. Snyder, Richard Stanhope, René St-Arnaud, Donald F. Steiner, Adam Stevens, Andrew F. Stewart, Paul M. Stewart, Donald L. St. Germain, Jim Stockigt, Jerome F. Strauss, Lillian Marie Swiersz, Lyndal J. Tacon, Shahrad Taheri, Rajesh V. Thakker, Chris Thompson, Michael O. Thorner, Henri J.L.M. Timmers, Jorma Toppari, Cristina Traggiai, Michael L. Traub, Yolanda Tseng, Fred W. Turek, Eve Van Cauter, Greet Van den Berghe, André C. Van Steirteghem, Gilbert Vassart, Eric Vilain, Theo J. Visser, Michael P. Wajnrajch, Gary Wand, Paul Webb, Anthony P. Weetman, Nancy L. Weigel, Gordon C. Weir, Roy E. Weiss, Katherine Wesseling-Perry, Anne White, Kenneth E. White, Morris F. White, Michael P. Whyte, Wilmar M. Wiersinga, Joseph I. Wolfsdorf, and Bernard Zinman

Published
2010
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34. List of contributors

Author

Murad Alam, Sadegh Amini, Donato J. Arguelles, Marc R. Avram, Navid Bouzari, Fredric S. Brandt, Alex Cazzaniga, David E. Cohen, Joel L. Cohen, Maurice Dahdah, Adam C. Esser, Clemens Fritsch, Mitchel P. Goldman, Gloria F. Graham, C. William Hanke, Christopher B. Harmon, Eric A. Harris, Scott Isenhath, Sharon E. Jacob, David J. Kouba, Susana Leal-Khouri, Ken Lee, Wendy W. Lee, David A. Lubarsky, Ronald R. Lubritz, Gary D. Monheit, Ronald L. Moy, Jeffrey S. Moyer, Andrew A. Nelson, Keyvan Nouri, Bertrand Richert, Thomas Ruzicka, Neil S. Sadick, Gerhard Sattler, Christopher M. Scott, Lucile E. White, Andrea Willey, and Birgit Woerle

Published
2008
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36. Cortical cartography revisited: a frequency perspective on the functional architecture of visual cortex

Author

Amit Basole, David Fitzpatrick, Vincenzo Kreft-Kerekes, and Leonard E. White

Subjects
Orientation column, Communication, Edge orientation, genetic structures, Quantitative Biology::Neurons and Cognition, business.industry, Computer science, Pattern recognition, Stimulus (physiology), Visual field, Optical imaging, Visual cortex, medicine.anatomical_structure, medicine, Spatial frequency, Cortical surface, Artificial intelligence, business
Abstract

Viewed in the plane of the cortical surface, the visual cortex is composed of overlapping functional maps that represent stimulus features such as edge orientation, direction of motion, and spatial frequency. Spatial relationships between these maps are thought to ensure that all combinations of stimulus features are represented uniformly across the visual field. Implicit in this view is the assumption that feature combinations are represented in the form of a place code such that a given pattern of activity uniquely signifies a specific combination of stimulus features. Here we review results of experiments that challenge the place code model for the representation of feature combinations. Rather than overlapping maps of stimulus features, we suggest that patterns of activity evoked by complex stimuli are best understood in the context of a single map of spatiotemporal energy.

Published
2006
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38. Theories of the Effectiveness of Alpha-Theta Training for Multiple Disorders

Author

Nancy E. White

Subjects
Subconscious, Feeling, Job performance, media_common.quotation_subject, Self, Consciousness, Neurofeedback, Creativity, Psychology, Social psychology, media_common, Cognitive psychology, Mental image
Abstract

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the theories of the effectiveness of alpha-theta training for multiple disorders. Alpha-theta neurotherapy has demonstrated that causing the brain to generate theta activity daily over a period of time seems to have enormous benefits, including boosting the immune system, enhancing creativity, and triggering or facilitating “integrative experiences leading to feelings of psychological well-being.” The protocol seems to transcend the patient's lack of motivation to change, initial incapacity to create internal visual imagery, and disbelief in the effectiveness of the treatment. Frequently, a patient's experience and results far exceed the goals targeted. Alpha-theta EEG state of arousal seems to create a link to a subconscious realm where a wider vision of the self without its ego adaptations is contacted. This link may be associated with concepts of context and state-dependent learning and memory. Besides overcoming the problem presented, the treatment appears to evoke in the patient more general, adaptive shifts in behaviors, attitudes, relationships, health, mental processing, job performance, and creativity. A large number of psychiatric diagnoses appear to respond to this treatment. Furthermore, it is speculated that when the conscious mind enters the EEG range of theta and “surrenders” to what some call the “mind field,” the brain system is enabled to go through a dramatic and profound reordering process. In addition to the theories of the effectiveness of alpha-theta training discussed in this chapter, it is the experience of such a spiritual connection that is a major healing force behind the extraordinary healing so often seen with this training.

Published
1999
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40. Contributors

Author

L.A. Coldren, Daniel A. Fishman, Stephen G. Grubb, Fred Heismann, Charles H. Henry, B. Scott Jackson, Charles H. Joyner, Ivan P. Kaminow, Howard D. Kidorf, Thomas L. Koch, Steven K. Korotky, Yuan P. Li, Edmond J. Murphy, Jonathan A. Nagel, B.J. Thibeault, John J. Veselka, Alice E. White, and John L. Zyskind

Published
1997
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41. Categories of cortical structure

Author

Leonard E. White, Anthony-Samuel LaMantia, David R. Riddle, Gabriel Gutiérrez-Ospina, and Dale Purves

Subjects
Visual cortex, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cortical map, Visual space, Cortex (anatomy), medicine, Structure (category theory), Sensory system, Somatic sensory cortex, Biology, Neuroscience, Ocular dominance column
Abstract

Publisher Summary The organization of the mammalian cortex is usually discussed in terms of maps and modules.Maps are topographic cortical (or subcortical) representations in which the geometry of the body is laid out in a more or less continuous fashion that reflects the arrangement of receptor surfaces or musculature. Modules are iterated structures within such maps whose significance and genesis has remained mysterious. These traditional distinctions have sometimes made it difficult to compare diverse cortical systems. For example, the primary somatic sensory map is not easily equated with the cortical map of visual space. Further, iterated modules of similar size and appearance in various cortical regions are not necessarily members of the same class. More useful categories for comparison are cortical structures generated by induction, recognition and subsequent trophic interactions, and iterated cortical units generated by the effects of neural activity on neuronal growth. This analysis of cortical development considers barrels in the somatic sensory cortex and entities such as the primary visual cortex to be members of the same category, and distinguishes barrels from activity-dependent structures such as ocular dominance columns.

Published
1994
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42. WAVE PROPAGATION IN RANDOM MEDIA

Author

S.A. Shapiro, Paul Williamson, R. G. Pratt, P. Hubral, R. E. White, C. Kerner, M. H. Worthington, Peter Harris, and G. Kneib

Subjects
Spatial correlation, Optics, Geography, business.industry, Wave propagation, Attenuation, Piecewise, Coherence (signal processing), Context (language use), Statistical physics, business, Anisotropy, Stability (probability)
Abstract

It is common in exploration seismic processing and simulation to represent the properties of the earth as piecewise constant or smoothly-varying on scales longer than a wavelength. The boundaries typically correspond to faults and major layer interfaces. Such models can account for the major features of seismic wavefields, but of course the earth is in fact heterogeneous on scales from individual grain sizes upwards, and the small-scale fluctuations have subtle but detectable effects on elastic wave propagation. The nature of these fluctuations may have important implications in resource exploration, but typically they cannot be estimated deterministically from the seismic data. It is therefore appropriate to consider representing such small-scale heterogeneity (sub half-wavelength scale) statistically in the context of random media. The aim is to define the fluctuations, and their corresponding effect on elastic waves, by relatively few parameters which vary slowly and may be considered deterministic. In order to assess the usefulness of theoretical results for such media and test the stability of data processing and inversion methods with respect to fluctuations of the data about the expected values it is important to be able to model the seismic wavefield accurately. Effective attenuation of ‘primary’ events by multiple scattering is a well-known phenomenon of propagation in random media. It is clearly of interest to relate the medium's statistical properties to observable attenuation characteristics; however the inverse relation is complicated by the possibility of ‘intrinsic’ (absorptive) attenuating mechanisms as well as multiple scattering. Furthermore statistically reliable estimation of total attenuation coefficients from seismic data is a non-trivial task, even in 1D using VSP data. Anisotropy of wave propagation may also be useful as an indicator of a random medium in some cases. The first part of this report considers parameterizations for generating geologically relevant random models in one or more dimensions. In one dimension the autoregressive moving average (ARMA) paradigm appears reasonably well-suited to describing reflectivity series. Higher dimensionalities are described using spatial correlation functions of the medium properties. We then present a high-order finite difference 2D modelling scheme which is efficient as well as accurate; this was a fundamental tool in our subsequent work. Theoretical work extends the O'Doherty-Anstey formula for attenuation in 1D media to oblique incidence, and shows that the intrinsic and scattering attenuation may be separated by different averaging procedures; the useful information content of data may be assessed using coherence measures. A method of separating coherent and incoherent components is presented. Studies using numerical simulations of VSP data in 1D random media confirm the relevance of the theoretical results but indicate their limitations and demonstrate requirements for the data collection to enable reliable estimation of attenuation. The same methods are also applied to a real dataset, from which stable estimates of attenuation as a function of frequency and depth are obtained. We find that amplitude tomography relies strongly upon initial accurate estimation of the velocity field, since geometric spreading effects may overwhelm those of the attenuation. Traveltime tomography is extended to allow (and image) transverse isotropy with a vertical symmetry axis; synthetic studies show that at least one anisotropy parameter may be recovered, but at some loss of resolution. The method is applied to a real crosshole dataset and the result partially validated by log and lab data.

Published
1994
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44. [27] Assays for cytochrome P-450 peroxygenase activity

Author

Ronald E. White, Robert C. Blake, Gerald D. Nordblom, and Minor J. Coon

Subjects
Hydroxylation, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, biology, Cytochrome, Benzyl alcohol, Microsome, biology.protein, Substrate (chemistry), Organic chemistry, Cytochrome P450, Reductase, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Abstract

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses assays for cytochrome P- 450 peroxygenase activity. Toluene, which yields benzyl alcohol in the cytochrome P- 450-catalyzed peroxygenase reaction, is a useful substrate in mechanistic studies. To determine benzyl alcohol formation at fixed time intervals, a gas chromatographic assay is employed. Cytochrome P- 450 is versatile enzyme that catalyzes numerous types of chemical reactions with a variety of substrates, including the hydroxylation of xenobiotics, such as drugs, pesticides, dyes, organic solvents, anesthetics, and carcinogens, as well as naturally occurring lipids, including steroids, fatty acids, and prostaglandins. Molecular oxygen serves as the natural donor when electrons are supplied to cytochrome P- 450 by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) via proteins that serve as electron carriers. In the case of liver microsomes or the reconstituted enzyme system, NADPH-cytochrome- P- 450 reductase serves as the carrier and in the overall reaction equimolar amounts of substrate, O 2 , and NADPH are consumed and equimolar amounts of hydroxylated substrate, H 2 O, and NADP are formed. Molecular oxygen can be replaced by a variety of hydroperoxides and related artificial donors. Following the discovery of the ability of cytochrome P- 450-containing microsomal suspensions to promote the oxygenation of an organic substrate at the expense of an alkyl hydroperoxide, other oxidants, such as peroxy acids, periodate, iodosobenzene, iodobenzene diacetate, and N-oxides, are found to function in a similar capacity.

Published
1990
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45. What activities do patients hope to perform following anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty but are unable to? Looking beyond patient-reported outcome measures

Author

Alexander E. White, MD, Nicolas Pascual-Leone, MD, Anthony Finocchiaro, BS, Christopher M. Brusalis, MD, David M. Dines, MD, Joshua S. Dines, MD, Andreas Kontaxis, PhD, Samuel A. Taylor, MD, Lawrence V. Gulotta, MD, and Michael C. Fu, MD, MHS

Subjects
Total shoulder arthroplasty, Return to sport, Clinical outcomes, Survey analysis, Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), Postoperative activities, Orthopedic surgery, RD701-811, Diseases of the musculoskeletal system, RC925-935
Abstract

Background: Patients undergoing anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (aTSA) routinely achieve significant improvements in common patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). While these structured PROMs produce reliable and standardized data for surgeons, individual patient desires and expectations related to postoperative activities may not be completely captured in standard PROMs. The purpose of the present study was to identify specific activities, sports, and/or hobbies that patients wish they could perform but are unable to following aTSA at a minimum of 2 years postoperatively. Methods: Patients who underwent primary aTSA, with a primary diagnosis of glenohumeral osteoarthritis between February 1, 2016 and January 1, 2021, were identified using an institutional clinical registry. A survey was sent to patients at a minimum of 2 years postoperatively, which included a free-text-response section in addition to 8 selection-based questions assessing patients’ ability to perform various activities. Results: The survey was sent to 601 patients and 395 responded (65.7% response rate). The mean age at the time of the surgery for responders was 65.75 ± 8.8 years. There was no significant difference in age (P = .095), sex (P = .691), race (P = .090), or ethnicity (P = .054) between responders and nonresponders. The majority of patients had no difficulty managing toileting (93.7%), driving a car (92.4%), washing their hair (91.9%), and putting on a seatbelt (90.7%). Of the 395 total responders, 131 (33.2%) patients reported at least one desired activity that they could not perform. Of these 131 patients, weightlifting (14.5%), throwing a ball (12.9%), playing tennis (11.4%), carrying/holding groceries (11.4%), and performing pushups/planks (11.4%) were most commonly reported. Conclusion: Following aTSA, patients are able to perform the majority of activities of daily living without difficulty. A subset of patients desire but are unable to participate in several sports and hobbies following aTSA—most commonly, weightlifting, tennis, throwing a ball, and swimming. These limitations present opportunities for further improvements in postoperative outcomes.

Published
2025
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46. Association between precipitation events, drought, and animal operations with Salmonella infections in the Southwest US, 2009–2021

Author

Erika Austhof, Kristen Pogreba-Brown, Alice E. White, Rachel H. Jervis, Joli Weiss, Sarah Shrum Davis, Delaney Moore, and Heidi E. Brown

Subjects
Climate change, Precipitation, Drought, Salmonella, Environmental epidemiology, Enteric diseases, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Background: Temperature and precipitation have previously been associated with Salmonella infections. The association between salmonellosis and precipitation might be explained by antecedent drought conditions; however, few studies have explored this effect. Methods: Using an ecological study design with public health surveillance, meteorological (total precipitation [inches], temperature [average °F], Palmer Drought Severity Index [PDSI, category]), and livestock data we explored the association between precipitation and Salmonella infections reported in 127/141 counties from 2009 to 2021 in the Southwest, US and determined how this association was modified by antecedent drought. To explore the acute effect of precipitation on Salmonella infections we used negative binomial generalized estimating equations adjusted for temperature with a 2-week lag resulting in Incidence Rate Ratios (IRR). Stratified analyses were used to explore the effect of antecedent drought and type of animal density on this association. Results: A one inch increase in precipitation was associated with a 2 % increase in Salmonella infections reported two weeks later (IRR: 1.02, 95 % CI: 1.00, 1.04) after adjusting for average temperature and PDSI. Precipitation following moderate (IRR: 1.22, 95 % CI: 1.17, 1.28) and severe drought (IRR: 1.16, 95 % CI: 1.10, 1.22) was associated with a significant increase in cases, whereas in the most extreme drought conditions, cases were significantly decreased (IRR: 0.89, 95 % CI: 0.85, 0.94). Overall, more precipitation (above a 30-year normal, the 95th and 99th percentiles) were associated with greater increases in cases, with the highest increase following moderate and severe drought. Counties with a higher density of chicken and beef cattle were significantly associated with increased cases regardless of drought status, whereas dairy cattle, and cattle including calves had mixed results. Discussion: Our study suggests precipitation following prior dry conditions is associated with an increase in salmonellosis in the Southwest, US. Public health is likely to see an increase in salmonellosis with extreme precipitation events, especially in counties with a high density of chicken and beef cattle.

Published
2024
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47. Spatio-temporal variation in arthropod-plant interactions: A direct comparison of eDNA metabarcoding of tree crop flowers and digital video recordings

Author

Joshua H. Kestel, Philip W. Bateman, David L. Field, Nicole E. White, Ben L. Phillips, and Paul Nevill

Subjects
Environmental DNA, Digital video recording, Ecosystem services, Agroecosystem, Natural capital accounting, Wild pollinators, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

Collating data about natural capital and the ecosystem services that underpin agricultural productivity, such as the activity of beneficial (e.g., pollinators) and antagonistic (e.g., plant pests) native and introduced arthropod taxa, is critical for timely management strategies. To date, these monitoring efforts have largely relied upon conventional survey and monitoring methods (e.g., sweep netting and morphological identifications), which are difficult to implement at the large scale of agriculture. Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding is a molecular method that amplifies trace amounts of DNA deposited by organisms from diverse substrates including soil, plant tissue and even air. In this study, we used eDNA metabarcoding of tree flowers, complemented with digital video recording (DVR) devices, to detect temporal, fine- and large-scale arthropod community changes across two Persea americana (‘Hass’ avocado) orchards. In total, we detected 42 arthropod families with eDNA metabarcoding. This molecular method detected five times the number of unique taxa (N = 50) compared to the DVRs (N = 10), nearly all of which are unmanaged native species. The number of arthropod eDNA detections increased by 14 % during peak flowering and included species from different functional groups including known arthropod pollinators, pests, parasites and predators. At fine-spatial scales, inflorescence samples collected in the upper and lower canopy show that Hymenoptera taxa were 13 % more likely to be detected in the upper canopy. While at large-spatial scales, eDNA metabarcoding showed that the arthropod communities in both orchards shared less than 50 % similarity at low flowering and became more similar towards peak flowering. With occupancy modelling, we determined that arthropod length did not correlate with eDNA detection probability. Our findings highlight the value of eDNA-based monitoring and illustrate that agroecosystem management requires a growing awareness that the production boundary has expanded, and that the goods and services that unmanaged arthropod species provide need to be included on the balance sheet.

Published
2024
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48. A Comprehensive Review of the Physical Examination for the Biceps-Labrum Complex of the Shoulder

Author

Matthew R. Bryan, B.S., Alex E. White, M.D., Paul M. Inclan, M.D., Stephen J. O’Brien, M.D., and Samuel A. Taylor, M.D.

Subjects
Orthopedic surgery, RD701-811
Abstract

Biceps-labrum complex (BLC) disease is a well-established pain generator in the shoulder. Despite its ubiquity, BLC disease continues to pose a diagnostic challenge for orthopaedic surgeons. The use of magnetic resonance imaging and glenohumeral arthroscopy in the diagnosis of BLC disease has proven to be inadequate when performed independently. As a result, physical examination remains a critical component in the evaluation of BLC disease. The purpose is to provide a comprehensive compendium of physical examination maneuvers in the evaluation of BLC disease.

Published
2024
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49. Medium-term economic impacts of cover crop adoption in Maryland

Author

Yifei Zhang, Yuyuan Che, Roderick M. Rejesus, Michel A. Cavigelli, Kathryn E. White, Serkan Aglasan, Lynn G. Knight, Curtis J. Dell, David Y. Hollinger, Erin D. Lane, and Steven B. Mirsky

Subjects
Q15, Q24, Q28, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract

Cover cropping has the potential to generate private economic benefits to farm operations as well as larger-scale environmental benefits to the broader community. However, cover crop adoption remains limited in the United States (US) (i.e., 4.7 % in 2022 (USDA-NASS, 2024)), primarily due to uncertainty in economic outcomes, with several studies showing potentially negative net returns from cover crop use in the short-term (1–3 years). This study investigates the medium-term (5–7 years) economic impact of cover crop adoption using plot-level data from field experiments in the state of Maryland. The empirical analysis employs ordinary least squares (OLS) statistical models and partial budgeting techniques to achieve the study objective. Our results show that cover crops do not have a statistically significant effect on crop yield, fertilizer costs, or pesticide costs, but we find that cover crop use statistically increases field operation and seed expenses. As a result, the private net return from cover crop adoption in the medium term is generally negative based on the Maryland field trial data used in the analysis. Specifically, the average net return per acre with cover crops is approximately $60-$90 lower for corn and around $60 lower for soybeans compared to fields without cover crops. This empirical finding suggests that public support through incentive payments may help further incentivize cover crop adoption in the US, which can then provide environmental and ecosystem services that are of benefit to the general public.

Published
2024
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50. Endovascular diagnosis and treatment of arterio-esophageal fistula after foreign body ingestion in children: A tale of two cases

Author

Claire E. White-Dzuro, Bryan D. Steitz, Eunice Y. Huang, Christopher M. Baron, Lyndy Wilcox, and Jamie R. Robinson

Subjects
Aorto-esophageal fistula, Foreign body, Pediatric surgery, Interventional radiology, Case series, Pediatrics, RJ1-570, Surgery, RD1-811
Abstract

Introduction: An arterio-esophageal fistula (AEF) is an abnormal communication between an artery and the esophagus. While a rare complication, patients are at risk of disastrous hemorrhage. The goal of this study is to highlight endovascular management options of AEF in children. Case series: We present two cases of children with AEF. Both children were female, 3 years of age or younger, and had hematemesis upon presentation. For each patient, esophageal foreign body impaction was confirmed with radiography prompting emergent surgery. A multidisciplinary team was involved in the management of both patients, consisting of combinations of pediatric surgery, pediatric otolaryngology, pediatric cardiothoracic surgery and pediatric interventional radiology. Angiography successfully localized the AEF in both patients after several hours of unsuccessful open dissection and failed attempts at hemorrhage control. Further, angiographic embolization successfully controlled the hemorrhage in one patient. One of the two children experienced cardiac arrest intraoperatively due to hemorrhagic shock, which resulted in their death. Conclusion: Our study highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary team to care for patients with AEF and the role of endovascular techniques in aiding rapid diagnosis and potential management of the fistula.

Published
2024
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