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The identification of archaeological biomarkers is one of the main objectives of analytical chemistry in the archaeological field. However, no information is currently available on biomarkers able to unambiguously indicate the presence of olive oil, a cornerstone of Mediterranean ancient societies lifestyle, in an organic residue. This study aims to bridge this gap by a thorough characterization of the degradation products of extra-virgin olive oils (EVOOs) resulting from in-lab thermal oxidative treatments, with the primary goal of revealing potential archaeological biomarkers for olive oil. Thirty-three EVOOs sourced from eleven different monocultivars across five Italian regions (Sicily, Apulia, Lazio, Tuscany, and Liguria) and Spain, were analyzed before and after thermal oxidation. In addition, an identical thermal treatment was employed on pure triglyceride standards (triolein, trilinolein, and tristearin), due to the high concentration of their fatty acids in EVOO discerning their degradation patterns. A combination of analytical strategies was employed, including HPLC-MS and HPLC-ELSD for the complete evaluation of the intact lipids (triglycerides, diglycerides, and their oxidative species) in olive oils before and after oxidation, and HS-SPME-GC-MS and GC-FID for the characterization of secondary oxidation products formed by the thermal treatment. In addition, to elucidate the fatty acid distribution in the oxidized EVOOs by GC-MS and GC-FID techniques a derivatization step was performed to convert lipid compounds into trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives. A chemometric approach was used to thoroughly interpret the data obtained from intact and oxidized samples. This comprehensive investigation sheds light on the chemical transformations of EVOOs under thermal oxidative conditions and indicates mono-carboxylic acids such as pentanoic, hexanoic, heptanoic, octanoic, nonanoic, and decanoic acids as potential archaeological biomarkers for the presence of lipid substances coming from olive oil in archaeological organic residues. Finally, lipid contents from twenty-four real archaeological samples, grouped in amphorae (10), unguentaria (5), and lamps (9), excavated from the Roman domus of Villa San Pancrazio in Taormina (Italy), were determined. The analytical results obtained from amphorae samples revealed the presence of the selected olive oil-specific archaeological biomarkers, an information extremely interesting considering that this type of amphorae have so far been solely associated with the storage of wine., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background and Study Aims: Endoscopic papillectomy (EP) is considered a safe procedure for ampullary lesions. Few data are available on management of residual and recurrent adenomas. The aims of the present study were to evaluate long-term recurrence rate, median time-to-recurrence after EP and treatment of both residual and recurrent adenomas., Patients and Methods: Consecutive patients who underwent EP of major and minor papilla at our endoscopy center between 2011 and 2022 were enrolled. Residual adenoma was defined as the endoscopic evidence of adenomatous tissue after EP. Recurrent adenoma was defined as the presence of adenomatous tissue after the first endoscopic follow-up and complete adenoma resection., Results: 95 patients satisfied the inclusion criteria. Pathology after resection showed adenoma with low-grade dysplasia (LGD) in 52 patients, high-grade dysplasia (HGD) in 25 patients, adenocarcinoma in 6 patients, NET in 4 patients and not-neoplastic duodenal mucosa in 8 patients. Adverse events occurred in 25 % of patients. The median follow-up after EP was 22.5 months. Local residual was observed in 27 patients (28,4 %) and recurrence after the endoscopic retreatments occurred in 11 patients (11,6 %). Furthermore, recurrence occurred in 16 of 68 patients with adenoma-free after a first endoscopic follow-up and 9 patients developed at least a second recurrence. All the recurrences but one were endoscopically treated., Conclusions: EP and its ancillary treatments for residual and recurrent adenomas is an effective treatment for ampullary tumors. Long-term surveillance demonstrates that recurrences can be mainly treated endoscopically., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Editrice Gastroenterologica Italiana S.r.l. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The validity of omega 3 fatty acids (ω3 FAs), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), as dietary supplements has been widely proved. It's well known in fact, that they protect against cardiovascular diseases, reduce the levels of triacylglycerides (TAGs) and cholesteryl esters (CEs) in blood, and have anti-inflammatory activity. For these reasons, in the last few years the production of dietary supplement containing ω3 has increased significantly. In this context, the possibility to obtain ω3 and other high value molecules from alternative sources as fish waste, in accordance with the principles of circular economy, becomes an enormous attractive. In addition, the opportunity of creating new products, with greater health benefits, represents an interesting challenge. The current study was focused on the extraction of ω3 fatty acids and peptides from tuna waste industry, to realize a new dietary supplement. To this purpose, a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method was developed to separate, isolate, and enrich the different fractions subsequently used to produce an innovative formulate. The obtained supplement was characterized in terms of fatty acids esterified ester (FAEE) composition by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to both flame ionization detection (FID) and mass spectrometry (MS), and content of heavy metals by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The effects of ω3 supplementation on metabolism and circulating lipid profiles was tested on 12 volunteers and assessed by GC-FID analysis of whole blood collected on paper support (Dried Blood Spot, DBS) at the beginning of the study and after thirty days. The results of plasma fatty acids levels after 30 days showed a significant decrease in the ω6/ω3 ratio, as well as the saturated/polyunsaturated fatty acids (SFA/PUFA) ratio, compared to subjects who took the ω3 ethyl esters unformulated. The novel formulated supplements proved to be extremely interesting and promising products, due to a significant increase in bioavailability, that makes it highly competitive in the current panorama of the nutraceutical industry., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The use of IRMS as a GC detector has a history going back decades, however the critical issue of wrong δ 13 C measurements resulting from impure peaks has been often underestimated. To this regard, multidimensional separation techniques are effective tools to improve the reliability of the data, with respect to those obtained after monodimensional analysis. The present research aims to draw attention to one critical issue, related to the reliability of the δ 13 C data obtained by means of monodimensional GC-C-IRMS. Although already known from the literature, such aspect has been greatly overlooked, as is reflected in the few papers reporting the use of MDGC, among the plethora of published research dealing with GC-C-IRMS applications. Hereby, a set of natural samples of complex composition were analysed to investigate the presence of minor or even undetected coelutions, and to which extent it affected the isotope ratio determination. Apart from chromatographic effects, and issues related to analytes conversion to CO 2 prior to IRMS measurement, unpredictable co-elutions with compounds, either resulting from oxidation or intentionally added in fraudulent practices, could also contribute to a shift of the δ 13 C data, up to 10‰ and higher. Last, the influence of column bleed was investigated, as affecting the determination of the δ 13 C data for compounds that were eluted at high temperatures. It was finally demonstrated by the selected key studies that implementation of MDGC separation is mandatory to prevent the aforementioned issues, aiming to guarantee accurate results. In the light of the above conclusions, and considering the level of automation of heart-cut devices nowadays available, routine practice of MDGC results highly recommendable in any IRMS applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography is a well-established method for the unraveling of very complex real-world samples. With regard to food and natural products such a technique turned out to be a very promising approach due to its high resolving power and improved identification capability, especially in combination with mass spectrometry. In this context, polyphenols comprise a particular complex class of bioactive compounds, due to their nature and content in commonly consumed foodstuffs, making their analysis challenging. The present contribution shows an overview of the two commonly employed approaches used for polyphenol analysis, viz. RP-LC × RP-LC and HILIC × RP-LC. Furthermore, the latest implementations as well as limitations and future perspectives are critically reported., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The global Cannabis Sativa market, including essential oils, foods, personal-care products, and medical formulations has gained much attention over the last years due to the favorable regulatory framework. Undoubtedly, the enormous interest about cannabis cultivation mainly derives from the well-known pharmacological properties of cannabinoids and terpenes biosynthesized by the plants. In this review, the most recently used analytical methodologies for detecting both cannabinoids and terpenes are described. Well-established and innovative extraction protocols, and chromatographic separations, such as GC and HPLC, are reviewed highlighting their respective advantages and drawbacks. Lastly, GC × GC techniques are also reported for accurate identification and quantification of terpenes in complex cannabis matrices., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

In a randomized, phase 3 study, superior complete/near-complete response (CR/nCR) rates and extended progression-free survival were demonstrated with bortezomib-thalidomide-dexamethasone (VTD) versus thalidomide-dexamethasone (TD) as induction therapy before, and consolidation after, double autologous stem cell transplantation for newly diagnosed myeloma patients (intention-to-treat analysis; VTD, n = 236; TD, n = 238). This per-protocol analysis (VTD, n = 160; TD, n = 161) specifically assessed the efficacy and safety of consolidation with VTD or TD. Before starting consolidation, CR/nCR rates were not significantly different in the VTD (63.1%) and TD arms (54.7%). After consolidation, CR (60.6% vs 46.6%) and CR/nCR (73.1% vs 60.9%) rates were significantly higher for VTD-treated versus TD-treated patients. VTD consolidation significantly increased CR and CR/nCR rates, but TD did not (McNemar test). With a median follow-up of 30.4 months from start of consolidation, 3-year progression-free survival was significantly longer for the VTD group (60% vs 48% for TD). Grade 2 or 3 peripheral neuropathy (8.1% vs 2.4%) was more frequent with VTD (grade 3, 0.6%) versus TD consolidation. The superior efficacy of VTD versus TD as induction was retained despite readministration as consolidation therapy after double autologous transplantation. VTD consolidation therapy significantly contributed to improved clinical outcomes observed for patients randomly assigned to the VTD arm of the study. The study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01134484.