Author: "Davood Anvari" / Publisher: elsevier - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

6 results on '"Davood Anvari"'

1. Current status and future prospects of Echinococcus multilocularis vaccine candidates: A systematic review

Author: Maryam Hataminejad, Davood Anvari, Nahid Khaleghi, Tooran Nayeri, Reza Shirazinia, Seyyed Ali Shariatzadeh, Seyed Abdollah Hosseini, Abolghasem Siyadatpanah, and Shirzad Gholami
Subjects: Alveolar echinococcosis, DNA vaccine, Echinococcus multilocularis, Immunization, Protein vaccine, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract: The larval stages of Echinococcus multilocularis (E. multilocularis) are what cause the zoonotic disease known as alveolar echinococcosis (AE). Identifying the antigens that trigger immune responses during infection is extremely important for the development of vaccines against Echinococcus infections. Several studies conducted in recent decades have described the specific traits of the protective antigens found in E. multilocularis and their role in immunizing different animal hosts. The objective of the current systematic review was to summarize the findings of relevant literature on this topic and unravel the most effective vaccine candidate antigens for future research. A comprehensive search was conducted across five databases, including ProQuest, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science, until March 1, 2023. Two reviewers autonomously conducted the screening and evaluation of data extraction and quality assessment. In the present study, a total of 41 papers matched the criteria for inclusion. The study findings indicate that the combination of Em14-3-3 and BCG is widely considered the most often employed antigens for E. multilocularis immunization. In addition, the study describes antigen delivery, measurement of immune responses, adjuvants, animal models, as well as routes and doses of vaccination. The research indicated that recombinant vaccines containing EMY162, EM95, and EmII/3-Em14-3-3 antigens and crude or purified antigens containing ribotan-formulated excretory/secretory antigens exhibited the most favorable outcomes and elicited protective immune responses.
Published: 2024
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2. Identification and genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus from human clinical samples in Guilan province, north of Iran

Author: Masoumeh Gholami Koohestan, Reza Saberi, Ahmad Daryani, Shahabbedin Sarvi, Meysam Sharifdini, Davood Anvari, Seyyed Ali Shariatzadeh, Seyed Abdollah Hosseini, and Shirzad Gholami
Subjects: Echinococcus granulosus, Hydatid cyst, Genotype, Northern Iran, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a significant health problem in both human and veterinary medicine. It is caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus). The objective of this study was to investigate molecular diversity of E. granulosus from the paraffin-embedded human (FFPE) tissue samples using sequencing of mitochondrial genes. Thirty-five FFPE tissue samples were collected from different regions of Guilan province, north of Iran. Demographic data were recorded using a questionnaire. Five sections (1 mm) of the tissue were prepared and deparaffined using xylene and ethanol methods. Molecular analysis was performed using the Nad1 and Cox1 genes using PCR and DNA sequencing. Totally, 25 cases (71.43%) were women and 10 cases (28.57%) were men. The most affected age group was 21–30 yr old. The most of cysts were isolated from the liver (n = 19; 54.29%) and others in the lung (n = 16; 45.71%). The Cox1 and Nad1 genes were successfully amplified in 16 (45.71%) and 12 (34.28%) DNA samples from FFPE tissue. Sequencing analysis revealed that all samples were E. granulosus sensu stricto complex (G1 and G3). In this study, E. granulosus sensu stricto complex G1 and G3 were identified in human hydatid cysts and showed the presence of sheep/dog cycle in human infection. This finding confirmed and completed previous studies on the geospatial distribution of E. granulosus sensu stricto complex G1 and G3 in the southern and coastal areas of the Caspian Sea region.
Published: 2024
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3. The burden of metabolic risk factors in North Africa and the Middle East, 1990–2019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease StudyResearch in context

Author: Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Javad Khanali, Mahsa Heidari-Foroozan, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Sahba Rezazadeh-Khadem, Negar Rezaei, Parnian Shobeiri, Zahra Esfahani, Nazila Rezaei, Ali H. Mokdad, Mohsen Naghavi, Bagher Larijani, Farshad Farzadfar, Amirali Aali, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Meriem Abdoun, Abdorrahim Absalan, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Niveen ME. Abu-Rmeileh, Ahmed Abu-Zaid, Ali Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadi, Ayman Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Marjan Ajami, Mostafa Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, Hanadi Al Hamad, Tariq A. Alalwan, Khalid F. Alhabib, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Mahmoud A. Alomari, Saleh A. Alqahatni, Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi, Javad Javad Aminian Dehkordi, Mehrdad Amir-Behghadami, Sohrab Amiri, Davood Anvari, Jalal Arabloo, Judie Arulappan, Ashokan Arumugam, Zahra Aryan, Mohammad Athar, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Abolfazl Avan, Sina Azadnajafabad, Samad Azari, Hosein Azizi, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Nader Bagheri, Sara Bagherieh, Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Vijayalakshmi S. Bhojaraja, Souad Bouaoud, Muhammad Hammad Butt, Luciana Aparecida Campos, Abdulaal Chitheer, Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Shirin Djalalinia, Milad Dodangeh, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Iffat Elbarazi, Muhammed Elhadi, Waseem El-Huneidi, Rana Ezzeddini, Mohammad Fareed, Hossein Farrokhpour, Ali Fatehizadeh, Yaseen Galali, Amir Ghaderi, Mansour Ghafourifard, Mohammad Ghasemi Nour, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Maryam Gholamalizadeh, Pouya Goleij, Mohamad Golitaleb, Parham Habibzadeh, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Rabih Halwani, Hamidreza Hasani, Maryam Hashemian, Amr Hassan, Soheil Hassanipour, Hadi Hassankhani, Kamal Hezam, Reza Homayounfar, Seyed Kianoosh Hosseini, Kaveh Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Soodabeh Hoveidamanesh, Jalil Jaafari, Haitham Jahrami, Elham Jamshidi, Tahereh Javaheri, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Ali Kabir, Amirali Karimi, Neda Kaydi, Mohammad Keykhaei, Yousef Saleh Khader, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Moien A.B. Khan, Kashif Ullah Khan, Yusra H. Khan, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Farzad Kompani, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Mohammed Kuddus, Savita Lasrado, Sang-woong Lee, Soleiman Mahjoub, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Elham Mahmoudi, Elaheh Malakan Rad, Narges Malih, Ahmad Azam Malik, Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi, Yosef Manla, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Parham Mardi, Abdoljalal Marjani, Sahar Masoudi, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Ritesh G. Menezes, Vildan Mevsim, Yousef Mohammad, Mokhtar Mohammadi, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Noushin Mohammadifard, Arif Mohammed, Sara Momtazmanesh, Fateme Montazeri, Maryam Moradi, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Negar Morovatdar, Christopher J.L. Murray, Zuhair S. Natto, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Ali Nowroozi, Morteza Oladnabi, Ahmed Omar Bali, Emad Omer, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, Raffaele Pezzani, Ashkan Pourabhari Langroudi, Sima Rafiei, Mehran Rahimi, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Shayan Rahmani, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Vahid Rahmanian, Chythra R. Rao, Sina Rashedi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Reza Rawassizadeh, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Malihe Rezaee, Maryam Rezaei, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Gholamreza Roshandel, Aly Saad, Maha Mohamed Saber-Ayad, Siamak Sabour, Leila Sabzmakan, Basema Saddik, Erfan Sadeghi, Saeid Sadeghian, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Morteza Saki, Saina Salahi, Sarvenaz Salahi, Amir Salek Farrokhi, Marwa Rashad Salem, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Abdallah M. Samy, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Brijesh Sathian, Melika Shafeghat, Syed Mahboob Shah, Jaffer Shah, Ataollah Shahbandi, Fariba Shahraki-Sanavi, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Mohd Shanawaz, Kiomars Sharafi, Javad Sharifi-Rad, Jeevan K. Shetty, Zahra Shokri Varniab, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Soraya Siabani, Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar, Seidamir Pasha Tabaeian, Seyed-Amir Tabatabaeizadeh, Mohammad Tabish, Majid Taheri, Yasaman Taheri Abkenar, Moslem Taheri Soodejani, Amir Taherkhani, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Bereket M. Tigabu, Alireza Vakilian, Siavash Vaziri, Bay Vo, Fereshteh Yazdanpanah, Arzu Yigit, Vahit Yiğit, Mazyar Zahir, Burhan Abdullah Zaman, Maryam Zamanian, Moein Zangiabadian, Iman Zare, and Zahra Zareshahrabadi
Subjects: Global burden of disease, Metabolic risk factors, High systolic blood pressure, High fasting plasma glucose, High body-mass index, High-LDL, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract: Summary: Background: The objective of this study is to investigate the trends of exposure and burden attributable to the four main metabolic risk factors, including high systolic blood pressure (SBP), high fasting plasma glucose (FPG), high body-mass index (BMI), and high low-density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL) in North Africa and the Middle East from 1990 to 2019. Methods: The data were retrieved from Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Summary exposure value (SEV) was used for risk factor exposure. Burden attributable to each risk factor was incorporated in the population attributable fraction to estimate the total attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Findings: While age-standardized death rate (ASDR) attributable to high-LDL and high-SBP decreased by 26.5% (18.6–35.2) and 23.4% (15.9–31.5) over 1990–2019, respectively, high-BMI with 5.1% (−9.0–25.9) and high-FPG with 21.4% (7.0–37.4) change, grew in ASDR. Moreover, age-standardized DALY rate attributed to high-LDL and high-SBP declined by 30.2% (20.9–39.0) and 25.2% (16.8–33.9), respectively. The attributable age-standardized DALY rate of high-BMI with 8.3% (−6.5–28.8) and high-FPG with 27.0% (14.3–40.8) increase, had a growing trend. Age-standardized SEVs of high-FPG, high-BMI, high-SBP, and high-LDL increased by 92.4% (82.8–103.3), 76.0% (58.9–99.3), 10.4% (3.8–18.0), and 5.5% (4.3–7.1), respectively. Interpretation: The burden attributed to high-SBP and high-LDL decreased during the 1990–2019 period in the region, while the attributable burden of high-FPG and high-BMI increased. Alarmingly, exposure to all four risk factors increased in the past three decades. There has been significant heterogeneity among the countries in the region regarding the trends of exposure and attributable burden. Urgent action is required at the individual, community, and national levels in terms of introducing effective strategies for prevention and treatment that account for local and socioeconomic factors. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2023
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4. Mapping development and health effects of cooking with solid fuels in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–18: a geospatial modelling study

Author: Joseph Jon Frostad, QuynhAnh P Nguyen, Mathew M Baumann, Brigette F Blacker, Laurie B Marczak, Aniruddha Deshpande, Kirsten E Wiens, Kate E LeGrand, Kimberly B Johnson, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Amir Abdoli, Hassan Abolhassani, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Michael R M Abrigo, Niveen ME Abu-Rmeileh, Victor Adekanmbi, Anurag Agrawal, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Ziyad Al-Aly, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Vahid Alipour, Khalid A Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk, Adeladza Kofi Amegah, Saeed Amini, Fatemeh Amiri, Dickson A Amugsi, Robert Ancuceanu, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Davood Anvari, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Marcel Ausloos, Getinet Ayano, Yared Asmare Aynalem, Samad Azari, Ashish D Badiye, Atif Amin Baig, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Maciej Banach, Sanjay Basu, Neeraj Bedi, Michelle L Bell, Derrick A Bennett, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Sadia Bibi, Somayeh Bohlouli, Soufiane Boufous, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Dejana Braithwaite, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Zahid A Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Josip Car, Rosario Cárdenas, Felix Carvalho, Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Ester Cerin, Soosanna Kumary Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Pankaj Chaturvedi, Sarika Chaturvedi, Simiao Chen, Dinh-Toi Chu, Sheng-Chia Chung, Saad M A Dahlawi, Giovanni Damiani, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Jai K Das, Aditya Prasad Dash, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Diego De Leo, Jan-Walter De Neve, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Sagnik Dey, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Meghnath Dhimal, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Daniel Diaz, Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu, Fariba Dorostkar, Leila Doshmangir, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Hisham Atan Edinur, Ferry Efendi, Maha El Tantawi, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Ibtihal Fadhil, Nazir Fattahi, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Masoud Foroutan, Takeshi Fukumoto, Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane, Mansour Ghafourifard, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Syed Amir Gilani, Tiffany K Gill, Alessandra C Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Ayman Grada, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Davide Guido, Yuming Guo, Rajat Das Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Reyna Alma Gutiérrez, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Randah R Hamadeh, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Soheil Hassanipour, Khezar Hayat, Behzad Heibati, Reza Heidari-Soureshjani, Nathaniel J Henry, Claudiu Herteliu, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mohamed Hsairi, Guoqing Hu, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Chidozie C D Iwu, Jalil Jaafari, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Tahereh Javaheri, Ravi Prakash Jha, John S Ji, Jost B Jonas, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Rohollah Kalhor, Naser Kamyari, Tanuj Kanchan, Umesh Kapil, Neeti Kapoor, Gbenga A Kayode, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Yousef Saleh Khader, Nauman Khalid, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Maseer Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Khaled Khatab, Mona M Khater, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Jagdish Khubchandani, Gyu Ri Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Luke D Knibbs, Parvaiz A Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, G Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Dian Kusuma, Carlo La Vecchia, Ben Lacey, Faris Hasan Lami, Qing Lan, Savita Lasrado, Paolo Lauriola, Paul H Lee, Sonia Lewycka, Shanshan Li, Daiane Borges Machado, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Mina Maheri, Azeem Majeed, Afshin Maleki, Reza Malekzadeh, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Natalie Maria Martinez, Santi Martini, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Benjamin K Mayala, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G Menezes, Endalkachew Worku Mengesha, Tuomo J Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Irmina Maria Michalek, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Maryam Mirzaei, Roya Mirzaei, Babak Moazen, Yousef Mohammad, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Shafiu Mohammed, Ali H Mokdad, Lorenzo Monasta, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Paula Moraga, Lidia Morawska, Abbas Mosapour, Simin Mouodi, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Satinath Mukhopadhyay, Sandra B Munro, Christopher J L Murray, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Mohsen Naghavi, Sanjeev Nair, Vinay Nangia, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Javad Nazari, Ionut Negoi, Henok Biresaw Netsere, Josephine W Ngunjiri, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Bogdan Oancea, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In-Hwan Oh, Andrew T Olagunju, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Ahmed Omar Bali, Obinna E Onwujekwe, Nikita Otstavnov, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Mayowa O Owolabi, Mahesh P A, Anamika Pandey, Eun-Cheol Park, Eun-Kee Park, Sangram Kishor Patel, Hai Quang Pham, Thomas Pilgrim, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Khem Narayan Pokhrel, Maarten J Postma, Zahiruddin Quazi Syed, Navid Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Fakher Rahim, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Sowmya J Rao, Davide Rasella, Prateek Rastogi, Goura Kishor Rath, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Lal Rawal, Reza Rawassizadeh, Andre M N Renzaho, Bhageerathy Reshmi, Negar Rezaei, Nima Rezaei, Aziz Rezapour, Jennifer Rickard, Leonardo Roever, Luca Ronfani, Morteza Rostamian, Enrico Rubagotti, Godfrey M Rwegerera, Basema Saddik, Ehsan Sadeghi, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Rajesh Sagar, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Marwa Rashad Salem, Abdallah M Samy, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Brijesh Sathian, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, David C Schwebel, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Saeed Shahabi, Amira A Shaheen, Izza Shahid, Masood Ali Shaikh, Ali S Shalash, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Mohammed Shannawaz, Kiomars Sharafi, Aziz Sheikh, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Ranjitha S Shetty, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Jae Il Shin, K M Shivakumar, Soraya Siabani, Tariq Jamal Siddiqi, Balbir Bagicha Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Yitagesu Sintayehu, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Ireneous N Soyiri, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Leo Stockfelt, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Takahiro Tabuchi, Amir Taherkhani, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Eugenio Traini, Saif Ullah, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Era Upadhyay, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Santosh Varughese, Francesco S Violante, Bay Vo, Giang Thu Vu, Yasir Waheed, Yuan-Pang Wang, Catherine A Welgan, Andrea Werdecker, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Sanni Yaya, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mustafa Z Younis, Taraneh Yousefinezhadi, Chuanhua Yu, Yong Yu, Sojib Bin Zaman, Yunquan Zhang, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Michael Brauer, Simon I Hay, and Robert C Reiner, Jr
Subjects: Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Summary: Background: More than 3 billion people do not have access to clean energy and primarily use solid fuels to cook. Use of solid fuels generates household air pollution, which was associated with more than 2 million deaths in 2019. Although local patterns in cooking vary systematically, subnational trends in use of solid fuels have yet to be comprehensively analysed. We estimated the prevalence of solid-fuel use with high spatial resolution to explore subnational inequalities, assess local progress, and assess the effects on health in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) without universal access to clean fuels. Methods: We did a geospatial modelling study to map the prevalence of solid-fuel use for cooking at a 5 km × 5 km resolution in 98 LMICs based on 2·1 million household observations of the primary cooking fuel used from 663 population-based household surveys over the years 2000 to 2018. We use observed temporal patterns to forecast household air pollution in 2030 and to assess the probability of attaining the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target indicator for clean cooking. We aligned our estimates of household air pollution to geospatial estimates of ambient air pollution to establish the risk transition occurring in LMICs. Finally, we quantified the effect of residual primary solid-fuel use for cooking on child health by doing a counterfactual risk assessment to estimate the proportion of deaths from lower respiratory tract infections in children younger than 5 years that could be associated with household air pollution. Findings: Although primary reliance on solid-fuel use for cooking has declined globally, it remains widespread. 593 million people live in districts where the prevalence of solid-fuel use for cooking exceeds 95%. 66% of people in LMICs live in districts that are not on track to meet the SDG target for universal access to clean energy by 2030. Household air pollution continues to be a major contributor to particulate exposure in LMICs, and rising ambient air pollution is undermining potential gains from reductions in the prevalence of solid-fuel use for cooking in many countries. We estimated that, in 2018, 205 000 (95% uncertainty interval 147 000–257 000) children younger than 5 years died from lower respiratory tract infections that could be attributed to household air pollution. Interpretation: Efforts to accelerate the adoption of clean cooking fuels need to be substantially increased and recalibrated to account for subnational inequalities, because there are substantial opportunities to improve air quality and avert child mortality associated with household air pollution. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2022
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5. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Soufiane Boufous, Yousef Veisani, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Edward J Mills, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, William James Dangel, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Catherine O. Johnson, Gregory A. Roth, Giuseppe Gorini, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Alberto Ortiz, Samad Azari, Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew Gebreslassie, Salime Goharinezhad, Stephanie R. M. Zimsen, Peng Zheng, Michael Assmus, Elisabetta Pupillo, Bach Xuan Tran, Lal B. Rawal, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Noushin Mohammadifard, Stephen S Lim, Ata Rafiee, Maria Inês Schmidt, Vincent C. Iannucci, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Leah E. Cahill, Tauseef Ahmad, Platon D. Lopukhov, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Abdullah Al Mamun, Iqbal R. F. Elyazar, Giovanni Damiani, Mohammad Hossein Bakhshaei, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Virginia Núñez-Samudio, Alyssa Pennini, Dietrich Plass, Atkilt Esaiyas Etisso, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Alexandrea Watson, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Paul S Briant, Frank B. Osei, Blair R. Bumgarner, Maciej Banach, Ravensara S. Travillian, Kai-Lan Chang, Shirin Djalalinia, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Silvano Gallus, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Bernhard T. Baune, Aaron van Donkelaar, Azeem Majeed, Hans Kromhout, Robert Ancuceanu, Blessing J. Akombi, Pushpendra Singh, Nayu Ikeda, William M. Gardner, Zahid A Butt, Mohammad Abdollahi, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Rahman Shiri, Benn Sartorius, Ai-Min Wu, Bing Fang Hwang, Flavia M. Cicuttini, Hiroyasu Iso, Luis Camera, Amin Soheili, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine, Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Iman Halvaei, Saqib Ali, Giulio Castelpietra, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Parkes J Kendrick, Hamidreza Haririan, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Jeff T. Zhao, Samiah Alam, Sorin Hostiuc, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Behzad Karami Matin, Cyrus Alinia, Takahiro Tabuchi, Manu Raj Mathur, Søren Thorgaard Skou, Thomas Khaled Dwayne Classen, Reza Heidari-Soureshjani, Massimo Cirillo, Nikita Otstavnov, Mehdi Bohluli, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Animut Tagele Tamiru, Masoumeh Sadeghi, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Itamar S. Santos, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Lars Johansson, Arielle Wilder Eagan, Nevine El Nahas, Silvia Schiavolin, Kevin D. Shield, Dinh-Toi Chu, Shiva Borzouei, Paul S. F. Yip, Beatrix Haddock, Gianfranco Alicandro, Vasily Vlassov, Deanna Anderlini, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Khalid A Altirkawi, Farahnaz Joukar, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Ratilal Lalloo, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Rohollah Kalhor, Daniel Youngwhan Cho, Weijia Fu, João Pedro Silva, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Mehdi Ahmadi, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, José Neves, Gaorui Guo, Tomas Y. Yeheyis, John S. Ji, Charles D. H. Parry, Maryam Ghadimi, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Serge Resnikoff, Anna E. Torre, Vinod C Nayak, Jamileh Shadid, Susanne Breitner, Mohammad Khammarnia, Mathilde Touvier, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Hosna Janjani, Floriane Ausloos, Irmina Maria Michalek, Alexandra S. Boon-Dooley, Jessica A. Cruz, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Abiodun M. Adeoye, André Faro, Bartosz Miazgowski, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Erin C Mullany, Giannina Ferrara, Martin McKee, Emmanuel Peprah, Oommen John, Reza Saeedi, Yasser Vasseghian, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Sarah Wulf Hanson, Yingxi Zhao, Omid Shafaat, Ali Rajabpour-Sanati, Farid Najafi, Ana Maria Mantilla Herrera, Fatemeh Rajati, Tarun Gupta, Łukasz Szumowski, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Zhi Jiang Zhang, Osayomwanbo Osarenotor, Tanvir M. Huda, Perminder S. Sachdev, Farhad Ghamari, Era Upadhyay, Vivek Kumar, Guoqing Hu, Vinay Nangia, Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov, Saeed Shahabi, Golnaz Heidari, Ashraf Nabhan, Robert C. Reiner, Aziz Rezapour, Justin J. Lang, Rakhi Dandona, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Anna-Karin Danielsson, André Karch, Filippo Ariani, Ahmed Abdelalim, Masih Tajdini, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Mohamed Hsairi, Jae Il Shin, Jasvinder A. Singh, Meghan D. Mooney, Fiona B. Bennitt, Hesam Alizade, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Pradhum Ram, Soraya Siabani, Evanson Z. Sambala, Reza Malekzadeh, Falk Schwendicke, Lalit Dandona, Masoud Moradi, Molly R Nixon, Roya Mirzaei, Rachel Feldman, Hosni Salem, Alberto L. García-Basteiro, Lorainne Tudor Car, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Ramesh Holla, Ritesh G. Menezes, Taraneh Yousefinezhadi, Hai Quang Pham, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Luisa Sorio Flor, Priya Rathi, Ali Bijani, Harvey Whiteford, Shanshan Li, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, Joshua A. Salomon, Franz Castro, Lisa M. Force, Abdilahi Yousuf Yousuf, Mina Anjomshoa, Ken Takahashi, Maigeng Zhou, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Maseer Khan, Irina Filip, Santi Martini, Randah R. 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Mini, Christian Razo, Manuela L. Ferreira, Diego De Leo, Francesco Saverio Violante, Aristidis Tsatsakis, Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani, Tea Lallukka, Dickson A. Amugsi, Anna Poznańska, Graeme J. Hankey, Kewal Krishan, Maryam Zamanian, Eirini Skiadaresi, Jai K Das, Felix Greaves, Tessa M. Pilz, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Mansour Ghafourifard, M. DeLang, Morteza Mahmoudi, Alton Lu, Brian J. Hall, Ravi Prakash Jha, David Edvardsson, Xiu Ju George Zhao, Farshad Farzadfar, Hadi Hassankhani, Samuel M. Ostroff, Gerhard Sulo, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Neeraj Bhala, Stefan Lorkowski, Mohammad Rabiee, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Rashid Abdi Guled, Abdallah M. Samy, Roman Topor-Madry, Michal Grivna, Afsaneh Arzani, Ayesha Humayun, Simin Liu, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Davoud Adham, Ahad Bakhtiari, Shafiu Mohammed, Paolo Lauriola, Abbas Mosapour, Sophia Emmons-Bell, Khurshid Alam, Rajat Das Gupta, Matilde Leonardi, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Jeffrey V. Lazarus, Mohamed M. 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S. B., Caetano Dos Santos, F. L., Camera, L. A., Elyazar, I. R. F., Ayalew Gebreslassie, A. A. A., Ginindza, T. G., Matin, B. K., Morgado-Da-Costa, J., Khaneghah, A. M., Mahesh, P. A., Toroudi, H. P., Syed, Z. Q., Salem, M. R., Skou, S. T., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Tudor Car, L. T., and Moghadam, T. Z.
Subjects: Male, Nutritional Sciences, Specific risk, Contaminación del Aire Interior, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Socioeconomic Factor, systematic analysis, Global Health, Body Mass Index, Global Burden of Disease, Health Risk Behavior, Health Risk Behaviors, Disease studies, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, METABOLIC RISKS, 030212 general & internal medicine, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Factores de Riesgo, 2. Zero hunger, education.field_of_study, Public health, Injuries, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, General Medicine, GBD, risck factors, attributable burden of disease, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, Relative risk, Environmental health, Health, Hypertension, Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, Risk Factors, A990 Medicine and Dentistry not elsewhere classified, Female, Leading risk factors, Global Health Metrics, Cohort study, Human, medicine.medical_specialty, Substance-Related Disorders, Population, UNITED-STATES, Risk Assessment, DIET, ITC-HYBRID, 03 medical and health sciences, Life Expectancy, MORTALITY, DISABILITY, POLLUTION, CLUSTERS, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, General & Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, Risk factor, education, Global burden, business.industry, Risk Factor, Malnutrition, Klinisk medicin, Global Burden of Diseases, Environmental Exposure, medicine.disease, Enfermedades, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.00 [https], Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Years of potential life lost, Socioeconomic Factors, Risk factors, Disease study, Hyperglycemia, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, NA, Clinical Medicine, business, RA
Abstract: Background Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. Methods GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk-outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk-outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk-outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each age-sex-location-year. (6) PAFs and attributable burden for combinations of risk factors were estimated taking into account mediation of different risk factors through other risk factors. Across all six analytical steps, 30 652 distinct data sources were used in the analysis. Uncertainty in each step of the analysis was propagated into the final estimates of attributable burden. Exposure levels for dichotomous, polytomous, and continuous risk factors were summarised with use of the summary exposure value to facilitate comparisons over time, across location, and across risks. Because the entire time series from 1990 to 2019 has been re-estimated with use of consistent data and methods, these results supersede previously published GBD estimates of attributable burden. Findings The largest declines in risk exposure from 2010 to 2019 were among a set of risks that are strongly linked to social and economic development, including household air pollution; unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing; and child growth failure. Global declines also occurred for tobacco smoking and lead exposure. The largest increases in risk exposure were for ambient particulate matter pollution, drug use, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body-mass index. In 2019, the leading Level 2 risk factor globally for attributable deaths was high systolic blood pressure, which accounted for 10.8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9.51-12.1) deaths (19.2% [16.9-21.3] of all deaths in 2019), followed by tobacco (smoked, second-hand, and chewing), which accounted for 8.71 million (8.12-9.31) deaths (15.4% [14.6-16.2] of all deaths in 2019). The leading Level 2 risk factor for attributable DALYs globally in 2019 was child and maternal malnutrition, which largely affects health in the youngest age groups and accounted for 295 million (253-350) DALYs (11.6% [10.3-13.1] of all global DALYs that year). The risk factor burden varied considerably in 2019 between age groups and locations. Among children aged 0-9 years, the three leading detailed risk factors for attributable DALYs were all related to malnutrition. Iron deficiency was the leading risk factor for those aged 10-24 years, alcohol use for those aged 25-49 years, and high systolic blood pressure for those aged 50-74 years and 75 years and older. Interpretation Overall, the record for reducing exposure to harmful risks over the past three decades is poor. Success with reducing smoking and lead exposure through regulatory policy might point the way for a stronger role for public policy on other risks in addition to continued efforts to provide information on risk factor harm to the general public. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Published: 2020
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6. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Sorin Hostiuc, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Jorge R. Ledesma, Carsten Flohr, Masoumeh Sadeghi, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Behzad Karami Matin, Cyrus Alinia, Mehdi Bohluli, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Bernhard T. Baune, Ehsan Ahmadpour, Dinh-Toi Chu, Beatrix Haddock, Gianfranco Alicandro, Vasily Vlassov, Mohammad Taghi Khodayari, Gianna Gayle Herrera Amul, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Fereshteh Ansari, Michael K. Hole, Azeem Majeed, Iman Halvaei, Saqib Ali, Arianna Maever L. Amit, Tomas Y. Yeheyis, John S. Ji, Martin McKee, Jamileh Shadid, Leonardo Roever, Peng Jia, Ettore Beghi, Pablo M. Lavados, Young Eun Kim, Vahid Alipour, Sowmya J. Rao, Ahmad Daryani, Cathleen Keller, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Nicole K. DeCleene, Ebrahim Babaee, Saman Esmaeilnejad, Boris Bikbov, William M. Gardner, Lydia M. Haile, Luca Ronfani, Azalea M. Thomson, Irena Ilic, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Yingxi Zhao, Guoqing Hu, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Ilais Moreno Velásquez, Nathaniel J. Henry, Brijesh Sathian, Daniel Kim, Peter Memiah, Mohammad Hadi Abbasi, Andrea Farioli, Zahra Kamiab, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Matthew C. Doxey, Tommi Vasankari, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Luisa Sorio Flor, Priya Rathi, Shanshan Li, Tanvir M. Huda, Dillon O Sylte, Rosario Cárdenas, Agegnehu Bante, Helen Ippolito, Alyssa Acebedo, Jeffrey D. Stanaway, Anwar Faraj, João Pedro Silva, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Pushpendra Kumar, Sangram Kishor Patel, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Holly E. Erskine, Eugene Sobngwi, Filippo Ariani, Shane D. Morrison, Mohammad Aghaali, Meghan D. Mooney, Vera Marisa Costa, Palash Chandra Banik, Rupak Desai, Ken Takahashi, Maigeng Zhou, Morteza Oladnabi, Bogdan Oancea, Daniela Ribeiro, Mohammad Farahmand, Irmina Maria Michalek, Yetunde O. John-Akinola, Khem Narayan Pokhrel, Emilie R Maddison, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Damian G. Hoy, Hosni Salem, V. Prakash, Shuhei Nomura, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Anders Larsson, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Somayeh Bohlouli, Joana Morgado-da-Costa, Siamak Sabour, Theo Vos, Han Yong Wunrow, Khaled Khatab, Alireza Zangeneh, Ann Kristin Knudsen, Marissa B Reitsma, Hannah J. Henrikson, Randah R. Hamadeh, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Giuseppe Grosso, Ziyad Al-Aly, Taraneh Yousefinezhadi, Joseph L Ward, Roba Khundkar, Ricardo Santiago Gomez, Reza Malekzadeh, John J. McGrath, Sandra B. Munro, Shahin Soltani, Amy E. Peden, Rufus Akinyemi, Marcel Ausloos, Naohiro Yonemoto, Bogdan Wojtyniak, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Guilherme Borges, Sadia Bibi, Farhad Islami, Hamed Mirzaei, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, M. Ashworth Dirac, Hosna Janjani, Kairat Davletov, Hermann Brenner, Yuichiro Yano, Elissa M. 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L., Department of Public Health, Clinicum, Department of Neurosciences, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Environmental Sciences, Public Health, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Sálfræðideild (HR), Department of Psychology (RU), Samfélagssvið (HR), School of Social Sciences (RU), Háskólinn í Reykjavík, Reykjavik University, GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborator, Violante FS, Department of Earth Observation Science, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, and UT-I-ITC-ACQUAL
Subjects: Male, Life expectancy, Disability-Adjusted Life Year, Diseases, Disease, communicable disease, systematic analysis, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, 80 and over, Medicine, 10. No inequality, Child, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, injuries, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Sjúkdómar, DEMENTIA, FALLS, General Medicine, Forvarnir, 3. Good health, Child, Preschool, Human, GBD, Population health, 03 medical and health sciences, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, education, Aged, Spatial Analysis, Global burden, Disability, Prevention, DISABILITY, Infant, Spatial Analysi, Mortality rate, Global Burden of Disease, Diseases, Injuries, Systematic analysis, PREVENTION, Years of potential life lost, Risk factors, Disease study, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, RISK-FACTORS, Clinical Medicine, RA, Demography, Fötlun, Dánartíðni, Áhættuþættir, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Risk Factors, Cause of Death, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, 1. No poverty, Disability-Adjusted Life Years, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Middle Aged, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Female, Infant, Newborn, Young Adult, Lýðheilsa, CLINICAL-TRIALS, Population, Settore MED/01 - Statistica Medica, diseases, ITC-HYBRID, Heilbrigðisvísindi, General & Internal Medicine, Mortality, Preschool, Disease burden, business.industry, Risk Factor, Klinisk medicin, Newborn, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.00 [https], Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Áverkar, Systematic analysis, NA, business
Abstract: Publisher's version (útgefin grein), Background In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990-2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0-9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10-24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10-24 years were also in the top ten in the 25-49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50-74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd., Research reported in this publication was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; the University of Melbourne; Queensland Department of Health, Australia; the National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia; Public Health England; the Norwegian Institute of Public Health; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; the Cardiovascular Medical Research and Education Fund; the National Institute on Ageing of the National Institutes of Health (award P30AG047845); and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health (award R01MH110163). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funders. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this Article and they do not necessarily represent the views, decisions, or policies of the institutions with which they are affiliated, the National Health Service (NHS), the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), the UK Department of Health and Social Care, or Public Health England; the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the US Government, or MEASURE Evaluation; or the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). This research used data from the Chile National Health Survey 2003, 2009-10, and 2016-17. The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Health, the survey copyright owner, for allowing them to have the database. All results of the study are those of the authors and in no way committed to the Ministry. The Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study project is a longitudinal study by the University of Costa Rica's Centro Centroamericano de Poblacion and Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud, in collaboration with the University of California at Berkeley. The original pre-1945 cohort was funded by the Wellcome Trust (grant 072406), and the 1945-55 Retirement Cohort was funded by the US National Institute on Aging (grant R01AG031716). The principal investigators are Luis Rosero-Bixby and William H Dow and co-principal investigators are Xinia Fernandez and Gilbert Brenes. The accuracy of the authors' statistical analysis and the findings they report are not the responsibility of ECDC. ECDC is not responsible for conclusions or opinions drawn from the data provided. ECDC is not responsible for the correctness of the data and for data management, data merging and data collation after provision of the data. ECDC shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data. The Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study is an international study carried out in collaboration with WHO/EURO. The international coordinator of the 1997-98, 2001-02, 2005-06, and 2009-10 surveys was Candace Currie and the databank manager for the 1997-98 survey was Bente Wold, whereas for the following surveys Oddrun Samdal was the databank manager. A list of principal investigators in each country can be found on the HBSC website. Data used in this paper come from the 2009-10 Ghana Socioeconomic Panel Study Survey, which is a nationally representative survey of more than 5000 households in Ghana. The survey is a joint effort undertaken by the Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER) at the University of Ghana and the Economic Growth Centre (EGC) at Yale University. It was funded by EGC. ISSER and the EGC are not responsible for the estimations reported by the analysts. The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics granted the researchers access to relevant data in accordance with license number SLN2014-3-170, after subjecting data to processing aiming to preserve the confidentiality of individual data in accordance with the General Statistics Law, 2000. The researchers are solely responsible for the conclusions and inferences drawn upon available data. Data for this research was provided by MEASURE Evaluation, funded by USAID. The authors thank the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, conducted by the National Research University Higher School of Economics and ZAO Demoscope together with Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the Institute of Sociology, Russia Academy of Sciences for making data available. This paper uses data from the Bhutan 2014 STEPS survey, implemented by the Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; the Kuwait 2006 and 2014 STEPS surveys, implemented by the Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; the Libya 2009 STEPS survey, implemented by the Secretariat of Health and Environment with the support of WHO; the Malawi 2009 STEPS survey, implemented by Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; and the Moldova 2013 STEPS survey, implemented by the Ministry of Health, the National Bureau of Statistics, and the National Center of Public Health with the support of WHO. This paper uses data from Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) Waves 1 (DOI:10.6103/SHARE. w1.700), 2 (10.6103/SHARE.w2.700), 3 (10.6103/SHARE.w3.700), 4 (10.6103/SHARE.w4.700), 5 (10.6103/SHARE.w5.700), 6 (10.6103/SHARE.w6.700), and 7 (10.6103/SHARE.w7.700); see Borsch-Supan and colleagues (2013) for methodological details. The SHARE data collection has been funded by the European Commission through FP5 (QLK6-CT-2001-00360), FP6 (SHARE-I3: RII-CT-2006-062193, COMPARE: CIT5-CT-2005-028857, SHARELIFE: CIT4-CT-2006-028812), FP7 (SHARE-PREP: GA N degrees 211909, SHARE-LEAP: GA N degrees 227822, SHARE M4: GA N degrees 261982) and Horizon 2020 (SHARE-DEV3: GA N degrees 676536, SERISS: GA N degrees 654221) and by DG Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion. Additional funding from the German Ministry of Education and Research, the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science, the US National Institute on Aging (U01_AG09740-13S2, P01_AG005842, P01_AG08291, P30_AG12815, R21_AG025169, Y1-AG-4553-01, IAG_BSR06-11, OGHA_04-064, HHSN271201300071C), and from various national funding sources is gratefully acknowledged. This study has been realised using the data collected by the Swiss Household Panel, which is based at the Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences. The project is financed by the Swiss National Science Foundation. The United States Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study is a supplement to the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), which is sponsored by the National Institute of Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740). It was conducted jointly by Duke University and the University of Michigan. The HRS is sponsored by the National Institute on Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740) and is conducted by the University of Michigan. This paper uses data from Add Health, a program project designed by J Richard Udry, Peter S Bearman, and Kathleen Mullan Harris, and funded by a grant P01-HD31921 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, with cooperative funding from 17 other agencies. Special acknowledgment is due to Ronald R Rindfuss and Barbara Entwisle for assistance in the original design. Information on how to obtain the Add Health data files is available on the Add Health website. No direct support was received from grant P01-HD31921 for this analysis. The data reported here have been supplied by the United States Renal Data System. The interpretation and reporting of these data are the responsibility of the authors and in no way should be seen as an official policy or interpretation of the US Government. Collection of data for the Mozambique National Survey on the Causes of Death 2007-08 was made possible by USAID under the terms of cooperative agreement GPO-A-00-08-000_D3-00. This manuscript is based on data collected and shared by the International Vaccine Institute (IVI) from an original study IVI conducted. L G Abreu acknowledges support from Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (Brazil; finance code 001) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq, a Brazilian funding agency). I N Ackerman was supported by a Victorian Health and Medical Research Fellowship awarded by the Victorian Government. O O Adetokunboh acknowledges the South African Department of Science and Innovation and the National Research Foundation. A Agrawal acknowledges the Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance Senior Fellowship. S M Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. M Ausloos, C Herteliu, and A Pana acknowledge partial support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. A Badawi is supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada. D A Bennett was supported by the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. R Bourne acknowledges the Brien Holden Vision Institute, University of Heidelberg, Sightsavers, Fred Hollows Foundation, and Thea Foundation. G B Britton and I Moreno Velasquez were supported by the Sistema Nacional de Investigacion, SNI-SENACYT, Panama. R Buchbinder was supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Senior Principal Research Fellowship. J J Carrero was supported by the Swedish Research Council (2019-01059). F Carvalho acknowledges UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 support with funding from FCT/MCTES through national funds. A R Chang was supported by National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases grant K23 DK106515. V M Costa acknowledges the grant SFRH/BHD/110001/2015, received by Portuguese national funds through Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia, IP, under the Norma Transitaria DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. A Douiri acknowledges support and funding from the National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South London at King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and the Royal College of Physicians, and support from the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London. B B Duncan acknowledges grants from the Foundation for the Support of Research of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (IATS and PrInt) and the Brazilian Ministry of Health. H E Erskine is the recipient of an Australian NHMRC Early Career Fellowship grant (APP1137969). A J Ferrari was supported by a NHMRC Early Career Fellowship grant (APP1121516). H E Erskine and A J Ferrari are employed by and A M Mantilla-Herrera and D F Santomauro affiliated with the Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, which receives core funding from the Queensland Department of Health. M L Ferreira holds an NHMRC Research Fellowship. C Flohr was supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust. M Freitas acknowledges financial support from the EU (European Regional Development Fund [FEDER] funds through COMPETE POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029248) and National Funds (Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia) through project PTDC/NAN-MAT/29248/2017. A L S Guimaraes acknowledges support from CNPq. C Herteliu was partially supported by a grant co-funded by FEDER through Operational Competitiveness Program (project ID P_40_382). P Hoogar acknowledges Centre for Bio Cultural Studies, Directorate of Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education and Centre for Holistic Development and Research, Kalaghatagi. F N Hugo acknowledges the Visiting Professorship, PRINT Program, CAPES Foundation, Brazil. B-F Hwang was supported by China Medical University (CMU107-Z-04), Taichung, Taiwan. S M S Islam was funded by a National Heart Foundation Senior Research Fellowship and supported by Deakin University. R Q Ivers was supported by a research fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. M Jakovljevic acknowledges the Serbian part of this GBD-related contribution was co-funded through Grant OI175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. P Jeemon was supported by a Clinical and Public Health intermediate fellowship (grant number IA/CPHI/14/1/501497) from the Wellcome Trust-Department of Biotechnology, India Alliance (2015-20). O John is a recipient of UIPA scholarship from University of New South Wales, Sydney. S V Katikireddi acknowledges funding from a NRS Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02), the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12017/13, MC_UU_12017/15), and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU13, SPHSU15). C Kieling is a CNPq researcher and a UK Academy of Medical Sciences Newton Advanced Fellow. Y J Kim was supported by Research Management Office, Xiamen University Malaysia (XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/00010). K Krishan is supported by UGC Centre of Advanced Study awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. M Kumar was supported by K43 TW 010716 FIC/NIMH. B Lacey acknowledges support from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford. J V Lazarus was supported by a Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities Miguel Servet grant (Instituto de Salud Carlos III [ISCIII]/ESF, the EU [CP18/00074]). K J Looker thanks the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation of Interventions at the University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, for research support. S Lorkowski was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (nutriCARD, grant agreement number 01EA1808A). R A Lyons is supported by Health Data Research UK (HDR-9006), which is funded by the UK Medical Research Council, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Economic and Social Research Council, NIHR (England), Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates, Health and Social Care Research and Development Division (Welsh Government), Public Health Agency (Northern Ireland), British Heart Foundation, and Wellcome Trust. J J McGrath is supported by the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professorship), and the Queensland Health Department (via West Moreton HHS). P T N Memiah acknowledges support from CODESRIA. U O Mueller gratefully acknowledges funding by the German National Cohort Study BMBF grant number 01ER1801D. S Nomura acknowledges the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (18K10082). A Ortiz was supported by ISCIII PI19/00815, DTS18/00032, ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0009 Fondos FEDER, FRIAT, Comunidad de Madrid B2017/BMD-3686 CIFRA2-CM. These funding sources had no role in the writing of the manuscript or the decision to submit it for publication. S B Patten was supported by the Cuthbertson & Fischer Chair in Pediatric Mental Health at the University of Calgary. G C Patton was supported by an aNHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellowship. M R Phillips was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, number 81371502 and 81761128031). A Raggi, D Sattin, and S Schiavolin were supported by grants from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C Besta, Linea 4-Outcome Research: dagli Indicatori alle Raccomandazioni Cliniche). P Rathi and B Unnikrishnan acknowledge Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. A L P Ribeiro was supported by Brazilian National Research Council, CNPq, and the Minas Gerais State Research Agency, FAPEMIG. D C Ribeiro was supported by The Sir Charles Hercus Health Research Fellowship (#18/111) Health Research Council of New Zealand. D Ribeiro acknowledges financial support from the EU (FEDER funds through the Operational Competitiveness Program; POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029253). P S Sachdev acknowledges funding from the NHMRC of Australia Program Grant. A M Samy was supported by a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. M M Santric-Milicevic acknowledges the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (contract number 175087). R Sarmiento-Suarez received institutional support from Applied and Environmental Sciences University (Bogota, Colombia) and ISCIII (Madrid, Spain). A E Schutte received support from the South African National Research Foundation SARChI Initiative (GUN 86895) and Medical Research Council. S T S Skou is currently funded by a grant from Region Zealand (Exercise First) and a grant from the European Research Council under the EU's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement number 801790). J B Soriano is funded by Centro de Investigacion en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, ISCIII. R Tabares-Seisdedos was supported in part by the national grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII-FEDER. N Taveira was partially supported by the European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, the EU (LIFE project, reference RIA2016MC-1615). S Tyrovolas was supported by the Foundation for Education and European Culture, the Sara Borrell postdoctoral programme (reference number CD15/00019 from ISCIII-FEDER). S B Zaman received a scholarship from the Australian Government research training programme in support of his academic career., "Peer Reviewed"
Published: 2020
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1. Current status and future prospects of Echinococcus multilocularis vaccine candidates: A systematic review

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3. The burden of metabolic risk factors in North Africa and the Middle East, 1990–2019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease StudyResearch in context

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