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6. Introduction

Author

Scott A. Weinstein, David A. Warrell, and Daniel E. Keyler

Published
2022

7. Pentastomiasis

Author

Dennis Tappe and David A. Warrell

Published
2020

8. Injurious Arthropods

Author

David A Warrell

Subjects
business.industry, Medicine, business
Published
2020

9. Bats

Author

David A. Warrell

Published
2020

10. 'Venomous' Bites From 'Non-Venomous' Snakes

Author

Scott A Weinstein, David A. Warrell, Daniel E Keyler, Scott A Weinstein, David A. Warrell, and Daniel E Keyler

Subjects
Venom--Physiological effect, Venom--Toxicology, Poisonous snakes--Venom, Snakebites--Treatment, Colubridae
Abstract

'Venomous'Bites from'Non-Venomous'Snakes, Second Edition thoroughly examines the potential hazards associated with bites by non-front-fanged snakes (popularly, but inaccurately, called'rear-fanged snakes'). This diverse group contains approximately 80% of living snake species (approximately 2,900 species). A large proportion of these snakes were previously assigned to the family Colubridae but, as a consequence of expanding systematics investigations, have been split into multiple families and subfamilies. Many of these snakes produce venoms or oral secretions that contain toxins and other biologically active substances. A large variety of non–front-fanged snakes figure in the pet industry, yet little documented information or formal study of their potential medical importance has been published. Therefore, although the possible medical importance of many of these species has been subjected to speculation since the mid-19th century, there is a limited amount of useful descriptive information regarding the real hazard (or lack thereof) of this wide variety of snakes. The first edition of this book provided'one-stop shopping'by offering information regarding their possible toxicity and clinical relevance as well as recommendations for medical management of their bites. The second edition expands and updates the content with detailed information about the effects and medical management of bites by a broad representation of non–front-fanged species. The hypothetical venomous nature of some lizards considered as non-venomous such as the Komodo monitor or dragon and their allies, as well as the medical effects of their bites, is also examined. The dynamic taxonomy of advanced snakes is updated, and the bases for some of these fluid changes are discussed. Likewise, terminology is also updated in order to reflect the ongoing debates regarding the definition of'venom'and the balanced reinforcement of nonmedical criteria used to define the biological basis of the term'venomous.'- Fills a gap in toxicological, medical, and herpetological literature by providing a comprehensive review of this entire assemblage of non–front-fanged snakes, with particular attention given to their capacity to cause harm to humans - Offers a patient-centered, evidence-based approach which is applied to analyzing documented case reports of bites inflicted by a broad representation of species - Provides expanded and updated detailed information on the clinical management of medically significant bites from non–front-fanged snakes, which is also methodically reviewed, and specific recommendations are provided - Includes updates of the fluid taxonomy of advanced snakes and also of terminology with particular regard to the definition of'venom'and the nonmedical criteria used to define the biological basis of the'venomous condition'in snakes and lizards

Published
2021

11. Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses

Author

David A. Warrell and Mary J. Warrell

Subjects
business.industry, medicine, Rabies, medicine.disease, business, Virology
Published
2017

12. Relapsing Fevers

Author

David A. Warrell

Subjects
business.industry, Medicine, bacterial infections and mycoses, business
Abstract

Louse-borne relapsing fever and tick-borne relapsing fever are characterized by repeated episodes of high fever separated by afebrile periods. They are caused by Borrelia spirochaetes distinct from those responsible for Lyme borrelioses. Untreated patients may suffer as many as five (louse-borne relapsing fever) or ten (tick-borne relapsing fever) febrile relapses of decreasing severity. B. myamotoi is much less likely to relapse. Humans are the sole reservoir of epidemic louse-borne relapsing fever caused by B. recurrentis and transmitted by body lice (Pediculus humanus corporis). Endemic tick-borne relapsing fevers are caused by at least 17 different Borrelia species and have their own particular species of soft Ornithodoros, or, in the case of B. myamotoi and B. lonestari, hard Ixodes or Ablyomma tick vectors that also act as reservoirs. Transmission transplacentally, or by needlestick, blood transfusion, or laboratory accident is also possible.

Published
2017

13. List of Contributors

Author

Fredrick M. Abrahamian, Michael J. Aldape, Edelweiss Aldasoro, Upton D. Allen, Hythem Al-Sum, Milan J. Anadkat, Katherine Anders, Emmanouil Angelakis, Brian John Angus, Anastasia Antoniadou, Fabio Arena, Joop E. Arends, Jose R. Arribas, Andrew W. Artenstein, John C. Atherton, John N. Aucott, Tar-Ching Aw, Hilary M. Babcock, Robin Bailey, Thomas C. Bailey, Adam Z. Banks, David J. Barillo, Ernie-Paul Barrette, Martijn P. Bauer, Roger Bayston, C. Ben Beard, Justin Beardsley, Nick J. Beeching, Rodolfo E. Bégué, Guido Beldi, Constance A. Benson, Elie F. Berbari, Jean-Michel Berenger, Christoph Berger, Jose I. Bernardino, Jacques Bille, Alexander C. Billioux, Ari Bitnun, Iain Blair, Stéphane Blanche, Thomas P. Bleck, Chantal P. Bleeker-Rovers, Gijs Bleijenberg, Karen C. Bloch, Johannes Blum, Emily A. Blumberg, Robert A. Bonomo, Marc J.M. Bonten, Rafik Bourayou, Emilio Bouza, K. Ashley Brandt, Florence Bretelle, Sylvain Brisse, Warwick J. Britton, Itzhak Brook, Matthijs C. Brouwer, Sarah K. Browne, Amy E. Bryant, Silja Bühler, Eileen M. Bulger, R. Mark L. Buller, Leah A. Burke, Christian Burri, Marcus W. Butler, Thierry Calandra, David P. Calfee, Antonia Calvo-Cano, D. William Cameron, Joseph A. Carcillo, Gail Carson, Stephen T. Chambers, Remi N. Charrel, Vinh Chau Van Nguyen, Stéphane Chevaliez, Tom M. Chiller, Eirini Christaki, Kevin K. Chung, David B. Clifford, Nathan Clumeck, Jonathan Cohen, John Collinge, Christopher P. Conlon, Curdin Conrad, Fiona J. Cooke, Jennifer Rittenhouse Cope, G. Ralph Corey, John H. Cross, Burke A. Cunha, Cheston B. Cunha, Benoit D'Journo, George L. Daikos, Johannes M.A. Daniels, Robert N. Davidson, Nicholas P.J. Day, Kevin M. De Cock, Thushan I. de Silva, Henry J.C. de Vries, Stéphane de Wit, Julie Delaloye, David W. Denning, David T. Dennis, Shireesha Dhanireddy, Elodi J. Dielubanza, David J. Diemert, Mehmet Doganay, Tom Doherty, Christiane Dolecek, Arjen M. Dondorp, Abby Douglas, Michel Drancourt, Grégory Dubourg, Michael N. Dudley, Guillaume Durand, Benjamin J. Eckhardt, Androulla Efstratiou, Miquel B. Ekkelenkamp, Ambika Eranki, Hakan Erdem, Gerome V. Escota, Heather L. Evans, Alice Chijioke Eziefula, Florence Fenollar, Alan Fenwick, Joshua Fierer, Roger G. Finch, James M. Fleckenstein, Christina Forstner, Federico Foschi, Pierre-Edouard Fournier, Martyn A. French, Kenneth L. Gage, Lynne S. Garcia, Joaquim Gascon, Arturo S. Gastañaduy, Philippe Gautret, William M. Geisler, Khalil G. Ghanem, Tommaso Giani, Maddalena Giannella, Bruce L. Gilliam, Michel Gilliet, Carol A. Glaser, Youri Glupczynski, John W. Gnann, Ellie J.C. Goldstein, Bruno Gottstein, Frederique Gouriet, Patti E. Gravitt, Michael D. Green, Stephen T. Green, Andreas H. Groll, Roy M. Gulick, Arjun Gupta, Gilbert Habib, Stephan Harbarth, Marianne Harris, Frederick G. Hayden, David J. Hetem, Philip C. Hill, Bernard Hirschel, Aimee C. Hodowanec, Louis Hoffart, Christian Hoffmann, Steven M. Holland, Peter W. Horby, David J. Horne, Sami Hraiech, Mark W. Hull, Angela Huttner, Richard J.M. Ingram, Jasmin Islam, Michael G. Ison, Scott H. James, Claire Jenkins, Stephen G. Jenkins, Jørgen Skov Jensen, Christine Johnston, Theodore B. Jones, Stephen J. Jordan, Kathleen G. Julian, Yasuyuki Kato, Carol A. Kauffman, Keith S. Kaye, Michael P. Keane, James Keeney, Paul Kelly, Stephen J. Kent, Winfried V. Kern, Yoav Keynan, Andrea A. Kim, Isabelle Koné-Paut, Chris Kosmidis, Aloys C.M. Kroes, Frank P. Kroon, Thomas G. Ksiazek, F. Matthew Kuhlmann, Ed J. Kuijper, Jennie H. Kwon, George B. Kyei, Karine Lacombe, Philippe Lagacé-Wiens, Jean-Christophe Lagier, Theresa Lamagni, Luce Landraud, Fanny Lanternier, Kerry L. LaPlante, Stephen D. Lawn, Steven J. Lawrence, Hakan Leblebicioglu, Nelson Lee, James E. Leggett, Philippe Lehours, Pierre-Yves Levy, Rainer G. Leyh, Rebecca A. Lillis, Direk Limmathurotsakul, Jennifer Lin, H.D. Alan Lindquist, Benjamin A. Lipsky, Christina Liscynesky, David Looney, Olivier Lortholary, Franklin D. Lowy, Benjamin J. Luft, Philip A. Mackowiak, Paul A. MacPherson, Valérie Maghraoui-Slim, Patrick W. Mallon, Julie E. Mangino, Oriol Manuel, Oscar Marchetti, Kristen M. Marks, Kieren A. Marr, Jeanne Marrazzo, Jonas Marschall, David H. Martin, Frédéric Matonti, Richard S. Matulewicz, Kenneth H. Mayer, Russell J. McCulloh, Rose McGready, Rennatus Mdodo, Simon Mead, Francis Mégraud, Graeme Meintjes, Sarah C. Metcalf, Marian G. Michaels, Giovanni Battista Migliori, Michael A. Miles, Alastair Miller, Matthew J. Mimiaga, Marie-Paule Mingeot-Leclercq, Elizabeth Ann Misch, Makedonka Mitreva, Julio S.G. Montaner, Caroline B. Moore, Patricia Muñoz, Jose Muñoz, Clinton K. Murray, Didier Musso, Mable Mutengo, Misha M. Mutizwa, Kurt G. Naber, Pavithra Natarajan, Santiago Neme, Paul N. Newton, Ronald A. Nichols, Lindsay E. Nicolle, François Nosten, Luigi D. Notarangelo, Thomas B. Nutman, Paul Nyirjesy, P. Ronan O'Connell, Steven M. Opal, L. Peter Ormerod, Douglas R. Osmon, Marie Boulze Pankert, Giuseppe Pantaleo, Laurent Papazian, Diane M. Parente, Philippe Parola, Shadi Parsaei, Manuel A. Pascual, Rupa Patel, Eleni Patrozou, Jean-Michel Pawlotsky, Sharon J. Peacock, Jean-Claude Pechère, Ivan Pelegrin, Barry S. Peters, Edgar J.G. Peters, Jeannine M. Petersen, Lyle R. Petersen, Vidmantas Petraitis, Luu-Ly Pham, Albert Picado, Adrian Pilatz, Benoit Pilmis, María-Jesús Pinazo, Mathias W. Pletz, Jason M. Pogue, Evelyn L. Polgreen, Philip M. Polgreen, Klara M. Posfay-Barbe, William G. Powderly, Rachel Presti, Guy Prod'hom, Mirja Puolakkainen, Thomas C. Quinn, Didier Raoult, Raymund R. Razonable, Robert C. Read, Robert R. Redfield, Rob J. Rentenaar, Steven J. Reynolds, Camillo Ribi, Malcolm D. Richardson, Michele L. Ritter, Antoine Roch, Jürgen Kurt Rockstroh, Amanda Rojek, José R. Romero, Suzan H.M. Rooijakkers, Daniel Rosenbluth, Sergio D. Rosenzweig, Gian Maria Rossolini, Ethan Rubinstein, Greg Ryan, Steven A. Safren, Vikrant V. Sahasrabuddhe, Pekka A.I. Saikku, Mohammad M. Sajadi, Michelle R. Salvaggio, Carlos A.Q. Santos, Michael J. Satlin, Anthony J. Schaeffer, Christoph Schimmer, Robert T. Schooley, Richard F. Schumacher, Beverly E. Sha, Daniel S. Shapiro, Gerard Sheehan, David M. Shlaes, Shmuel Shoham, Cameron P. Simmons, Dennis W. Simon, Matthew S. Simon, Kari A. Simonsen, Mary P.E. Slack, Tyrel T. Smith, Jack D. Sobel, Maria Souli, Shruti Sridhar, James M. Steckelberg, Dennis L. Stevens, Heather Strah, A. Willem Sturm, Somnuek Sungkanuparph, Sarah J. Tabrizi, Evelina Tacconelli, Chen Sabrina Tan, Randy A. Taplitz, Guillemette Thomas, Lora D. Thomas, Franck Thuny, Guy Thwaites, Frederic Tissot, Tone Tønjum, Francesca J. Torriani, Christian Toso, Paul M. Tulkens, Allan R. Tunkel, Claire E. Turner, Andrew P. Ustianowski, Françoise van Bambeke, Reinout van Crevel, Diederik van de Beek, Christian van Delden, Menno M. van der Eerden, Jos W.M. van der Meer, Tom van der Poll, Jakko van Ingen, Jos van Putten, Bernard P. Vaudaux, Sten H. Vermund, Raphael P. Viscidi, Kumar Visvanathan, Govinda S. Visvesvara, Lorenz von Seidlein, Florian M.E. Wagenlehner, Anna Wald, Thomas J. Walsh, David C. Warhurst, David W. Warnock, David A. Warrell, Mary J. Warrell, Adilia Warris, Richard R. Watkins, David J. Weatherall, Rainer Weber, Wolfgang Weidner, Jonathan R. White, Peter J. White, James Whitehorn, Richard J. Whitley, Christopher J.M. Whitty, Willem Joost Wiersinga, Mark H. Wilcox, Thomas N. Williams, Cara C. Wilson, Mary Elizabeth Wilson, Hilmar Wisplinghoff, Robin Wood, Richard G. Wunderink, David Wyles, Zhi-Tao Yang, Jonathan S. Yoder, Najam A. Zaidi, Andrea J. Zimmer, Jane N. Zuckerman, and Alimuddin Zumla

Published
2017

14. Isolation and characterization of cotiaractivase, a novel low molecular weight prothrombin activator from the venom of Bothrops cotiara

Author

Mark C. Wilkinson, Paul Y. Kim, Robin Wait, Sripadi Prabhakar, Nicole Zitzmann, David A. Warrell, R. David G. Theakston, Steve P. Watson, Gemma L.J. Fuller, Michael E. Nesheim, Yotis A. Senis, Helen Brittan, Gavin D. Laing, Aura S. Kamiguti, and Ángel García

Subjects
Molecular Sequence Data, Biophysics, Venom, Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Prothrombinase, Crotalid Venoms, Animals, Bothrops, Amino Acid Sequence, Molecular Biology, Serine protease, Metalloproteinase, biology, Chemistry, Bothrops cotiara, biology.organism_classification, Molecular biology, Molecular Weight, Snake venom, Metalloproteases, biology.protein, Prothrombin, PMSF
Abstract

In this study, we isolated a novel prothrombin activator from the venom of Bothrops cotiara, a Brazilian lance-headed pit viper (Cotiara, Jararaca preta, Biocotiara), which we have designated "cotiaractivase" (prefix: cotiar- from B. cotiara; suffix: -activase, from prothrombin activating activity). Cotiaractivase was purified using a phenyl-Superose hydrophobic interaction column followed by a Mono-Q anion exchange column. It is a single-chain polypeptide with a molecular weight of 22,931 Da as measured by mass spectroscopy. Cotiaractivase generated active alpha-thrombin from purified human prothrombin in a Ca2+-dependent manner as assessed by S2238 chromogenic substrate assay and SDS-PAGE. Cotiaractivase cleaved prothrombin at positions Arg271-Thr272 and Arg320-Ile321, which are also cleaved by factor Xa. However, the rate of thrombin generation by cotiaractivase was approximately 60-fold less than factor Xa alone and 17 x 10(6)-fold less than the prothrombinase complex. The enzymatic activity of cotiaractivase was inhibited by the chelating agent EDTA, whereas the serine protease inhibitor PMSF had no effect on its activity, suggesting that it is a metalloproteinase. Interestingly, S2238 inhibited cotiaractivase activity non-competitively, suggesting that this toxin contains an exosite that allows it to bind prothrombin independently of its active site. Tandem mass spectrometry and N-terminal sequencing of purified cotiaractivase identified peptides that were identical to regions of the cysteine-rich and disintegrin-like domains of known snake venom metalloproteinases. Cotiaractivase is a unique low molecular weight snake venom prothrombin activator that likely belongs to the metalloproteinase family of proteins.

Published
2016

15. Contributors

Author

Steven Abrams, Adekunle M. Adesina, Dwomoa Adu, Sitara S.R. Ajjampur, Voahangy Andrianaivoarimanana, Angelakis Emmanouil, Jeffrey K. Aronson, Inoshi Atukorala, Guy Baily, Till Bärnighausen, Buddha Basnyat, Andrew Bastawrous, Imelda Bates, Daniel G. Bausch, Nicholas A.V. Beare, Raman Bedi, Nick J. Beeching, Nicholas J. Bennett, Anita Berlin, Ahmed I. Bhigjee, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, David E. Bloom, Lucille Hellen Blumberg, Marleen Boelaert, Francis J. Bowden, Bernard J. Brabin, Freddie Bray, Rodney A. Bray, Simon J. Brooker, Matthijs C. Brouwer, Reto Brun, Enrico Brunetti, Susan Bull, Donald A.P. Bundy, Christian Burri, Amaya Bustinduy, Thashi Chang, François Chappuis, Wirongrong Chierakul, Peter L. Chiodini, John D. Clemens, Gordon C. Cook, Mark F. Cotton, John B.S. Coulter, Nigel A. Cunliffe, Bart J. Currie, Marian J. Currie, David A.B. Dance, Nicholas P.J. Day, Kevin DeCock, Jacqueline Deen, Sarah R Doffman, Arjen Dondorp, H. Rogier van Doorn, Martin W. Dünser, Edward M. Eitzen, Delia A. Enria, Jeremy Farrar, Christina Faust, Nicholas A. Feasey, Abebaw Fekadu, Günther Fink, Peter U. Fischer, Carlos Franco-Paredes, Neil French, Hector H. Garcia, Roger I. Glass, Melita A. Gordon, Stephen B. Gordon, Bruno Gottstein, Stephen M. Graham, Andy Haines, Roy A. Hall, Charlotte Hanlon, The late C. Anthony Hart, Melissa R. Haswell, Sophie Hawkesworth, Roderick J. Hay, Jeannine M. Heckmann, Markus M. Heimesaat, Anselm J.M. Hennis, Tran Tinh Hien, Achim Hoerauf, Peter J. Hotez, Salal Humair, Cheryl A. Johansen, Roch Christian Johnson, Malcolm K. Jones, Thomas Junghanss, Sasithorn Kaewkes, Gagandeep Kang, Paul Kelly, Charles H. King, Sandeep P. Kishore, Patricia Kissinger, David Lalloo, Trudie Lang, Oliver Liesenfeld, Diana N.J. Lockwood, David C.W. Mabey, The late M. Monir Madkour, Barbara J. Marston, Refiloe Masekela, Philippe Mayaud, James S. McCarthy, Rose McGready, Paul S. McNamara, Laura Merson, Robert F. Miller, Glen D. Liddell, Kevin Mortimer, Ayesha A. Motala, Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu, Flor M. Munoz, Melba Munoz Roldan, Theonest Mutabingwa, Osamu Nakagomi, Yukifumi Nawa, Robert Newton, Lisa F.P. Ng, François H. Nosten, Jennifer O’Hea, Shirley Owusu-Ofori, Daniel H. Paris, Michael Parker, Philip J. Peters, Fraser J. Pirie, Gerd Pluschke, Andrew M. Prentice, Thomas C. Quinn, Minoarisoa Esther Rajerison, Didier Raoult, Maherisoa Ratsitorahina, K. Srinath Reddy, Steven J. Reynolds, John Richens, Marcus J. Rijken, Sara Ritchie, Janet Robinson, Angela M.C. Rose, Juan C. Salazar, T. Alafia Samuels, Marcus J. Schultz, Crispian Scully, Paul Shears, Paul E. Simonsen, Paiboon Sithithaworn, David W. Smith, Tom Solomon, Vaughan R. Southgate, Banchob Sripa, M. Leila Srour, Marija Stojkovic, Shyam Sundar, Jecko Thachil, Raj Thuraisingham, C. Louise Thwaites, Guy Thwaites, M. Estée Török, Nigel Unwin, Diederik van de Beek, Francisco Vega-Lopez, Govinda S. Visvesvara, Lorenz von Seidlein, Katie Wakeham, Stephen L. Walker, Honorine Ward, Mary J. Warrell, David A. Warrell, Gary J. Weil, Graham B. White, Nicholas J. White, Stephen G. Withington, Vanessa Wong, Robin Wood, Sarah Wyllie, Lam Minh Yen, Paul R. Young, Sophie Yacoub, and Ken Zafren

Published
2014

16. Venomous and Poisonous Animals

Author

David A. Warrell

Subjects
Poisonous animals, Traditional medicine, business.industry, Medicine, business, medicine.disease, Envenomation, Snake bites
Published
2014

18. Viral CNS Infections

Author

David A. Warrell and Mary J. Warrell

Subjects
business.industry, Viral CNS Infections, Medicine, business, Virology
Published
2013

19. List of Contributors

Author

Jose M Acuin, Rodney D Adam, Tsiri Agbenyega, AM Shamsir Ahmed, Tahmeed Ahmed, S Asad Ali, Gregory M Anstead, George E Armah, Stephen J Aston, Ronald C Ballard, Elizabeth D Barnett, Imelda Bates, Charles W Beadling, Nicholas J Beeching, Michael L Bennish, Caryn Bern, Frank J Bia, Brian H Bird, Allyson K Bloom, Gerard Bodeker, Robert W Bradsher, Nynke van den Broek, Simon Brooker, John T Brooks, W Abdullah Brooks, Philippe Brouqui, Michael Brown, Fabrizio Bruschi, Donald AP Bundy, Danai Bunnag, Benjamin Caballero, Michael V Callahan, Aulasa J Camerlin, Grant L Campbell, Jonathan R Carapetis, Enitan D Carrol, Eric Caumes, Remi N Charrel, Anna M Checkley, Mala Chhabra, Tepirou Chher, Charlotte M Chiong, M Jobayer Chisti, David C Christiani, Bradley A Connor, Edward S Cooper, Philip J Cooper, R Richard Coughlin, John H Cross, Nigel N Cunliffe, Mark Danta, Nicholas PJ Day, Paron Dekumyoy, Nilanthi deSilva, Gregory Deye, Rebecca Dillingham, H Rogier van Doorn, Barbara Doudier, Michel Drancourt, Françoise Dromer, Michael Eddleston, Samer S El-Kamary, Jeremy Farrar, Wafaie Fawzi, Nicholas A Feasey, Vanessa Field, Marc Fischer, Susan Fisher-Hoch, Kevin Forsyth, LeAnne M Fox, Arthur M Friedlander, Gerson Galdos-Cardenas, Hector H Garcia, Lynne S Garcia, Anna-Maria Geretti, Achilleas Gikas, Robert H Gilman, Victor Javier Sanchez Gonzalez, Melita A Gordon, Richard A Gosselin, Stephen M Graham, Alison D Grant, James J Gray, John R Graybill, Bertrand Graz, Stephen Green, Jeffrey K Griffiths, Bruno Gryseels, Duane J Gubler, Rathi Guhadasan, Aron J Hall, Davidson Hamer, David Harley, Jason B Harris, Amy L Hartman, Oliver Hassall, Roderick J Hay, Chris F Heyns, David R Hill, Martin H Hobdell, Caroline M den Hoed, Meredith L Holtz, M Iqbal Hossain, Peter J Hotez, Eric R Houpt, Cynthia R Howard, Chien-Ching Hung, Munirul Islam, Elizabeth Joekes, Victoria Johnston, Sam Kampondeni, Gagandeep Kang, Powel Kazanjian, Jay S Keystone, Wasif Ali Khan, Arthur Y Kim, Christopher L King, Amy D Klion, Richard Knight, Peter James Krause, Sanjeev Krishna, Ernst J Kuipers, Angelle D LaBeaud, David G Lalloo, Xavier De Lamballerie, Saba Lambert, Regina C LaRocque, John Lawrenson, Myron M Levine, Daniel H Libraty, Diana NJ Lockwood, Kinke M Lommerse, Olivier Lortholary, Rogelio López-Vélez, Benjamin A Lopman, David Mabey, Alan J. Magill, Ciro Maguiña, Syed Faisal Mahmood, Kathryn Maitland, Hadi Manji, Barbara J Marston, Anu Mathew, Christine E Mathews, Max Maurin, Paola J Maurtua-Neumann, Philippe Mayaud, Bongani M Mayosi, Joseph B McCormick, Stephen McKew, Susan LF McLellan, Peter C McMinn, Joseph D Mega, Donald E Meier, Matthieu Million, Veena Mittal, Elizabeth M Molyneux, Susan P Montgomery, Pedro Morera, Pedro L Moro, William J Moss, K Darwin Murrell, Osamu Nakagomi, Toyoko Nakagomi, Neha Nanda, James P Nataro, Eileen E Navaro, Ronald C Neafie, Ricardo Negroni, Ann M Nelson, Paul N Newton, Robert Newton, Stuart T Nichol, Francesca F Norman, Marcio RT Nunes, Thomas B Nutman, Richard A Oberhelman, Edward C Oldfield, Eloy E Ordaya, Christopher D Paddock, Slobodan Paessler, Ilias C Papanikolaou, Georgios Pappas, Luc Paris, Philippe Parola, Christopher M Parry, Manish M Patel, Sharon J Peacock, Rosanna Peeling, Hans Persson, Philip J Peters, Jonathan J Phillips, Richard O Phillips, Farah Naz Qamar, Atif Rahman, Jamilla Rajab, Didier Raoult, Michael F Rein, Aurélié Renvoisé, Jean-Marc Reynes, Frank O Richards, John Richens, Anne W Rimoin, Robert Riviello, Ema G Rodrigues, Allan R Ronald, Benjamin M Rosenthal, David Rosmarin, Ernesto Ruiz-Tiben, Edward T Ryan, Debasish Saha, Arturo Saavedra, Peter M Schantz, Tony Schountz, Sandra K Schumacher, James J Sejvar, Aisha Sethi, Kwonjune J Seung, Om Prakash Sharma, Trueman W Sharp, Anuraj H Shankar, Sonya S Shin, David R Shlim, Nicholas J van Sickels, Freddy Sitas, Thomas L Snelling, Cristina Socolovschi, Tom Solomon, J Erin Staples, Robert C Stewart, August Stich, G Thomas Strickland, Kathryn N Suh, Andreas Suhrbier, Khuanchai Supparatpinyo, Catherine G Sutcliffe, Brett E Swierczewski, John L Tarpley, Hugh R Taylor, Terrie Taylor, Harry J Thomas, C Louise Thwaites, Guy E Thwaites, Tejpratap SP Tiwari, Phan Van Tu, Angus W Turner, Edouard Vannier, Pedro FC Vasconcelos, Fransisco Vega-López, Jorge J Velarde, Nicholas J Vietri, Govinda S Visvesvara, Keyur S Vyas, Katie Wakeham, Thomas J Walsh, Mark H Wansbrough-Jones, David A Warrell, Mary J Warrell, Haider J Warraich, George Watt, Yupaporn Wattanagoon, Dorn Watthanakulpanich, Scott C Weaver, Rachel B Webman, Paul J Weidle, Louis M Weiss, Nicholas J White, Christopher JM Whitty, Dana M Woodhall, Stephen G Wright, Ramnik J Xavier, Lihua Xiao, Hongjie Yu, and Anita KM Zaidi

Published
2013

20. 'Venomous Bites From Non-Venomous Snakes : A Critical Analysis of Risk and Management of 'Colubrid Snake Bites

Author

Scott A Weinstein, David A. Warrell, Daniel E Keyler, Scott A Weinstein, David A. Warrell, and Daniel E Keyler

Subjects
Venom--Physiological effect, Venom--Toxicology, Snakebites--Treatment, Colubridae, Poisonous snakes--Venom
Abstract

This book is the first significant contribution to thoroughly examine the potential hazards associated with snakes of the former family, Colubridae. This family contained >65% of living snake species (approximately 3,000 taxa) and has recently been split into multiple families. Many of these snakes produce oral secretions that contain toxins and other biologically-active substances. A large variety of these snakes figure in the pet industry, yet little documented information or formal study of their potential medical importance has been published. Therefore, although the possible medical importance of many of these species has been subjected to speculation since the mid-nineteenth century, there is a limited amount of useful descriptive information regarding the real hazard (or lack thereof) of snakes belonging to this diverse, artificial family. There is a need for'one-stop shopping'offering information regarding their possible toxicity and clinical relevance as well as recommendations for medical management of their bites. This book is the first synthesis of this information and includes evidence-based risk assessment, hazard rankings and specific recommendations regarding important species, many common in captivity. - Fills a gap in the toxinological, medical and herpetological literature by providing a comprehensive review of this entire assemblage of snakes, with particular attention given to their capacity, real or rumored, to cause harm to humans - A patient-centered, evidence-based approach is applied to analyzing documented case reports of bites inflicted by approximately 100 species - Clinical management of medically significant bites from non-front-fanged colubroids is methodically reviewed, and specific recommendations are provided

Published
2011

21. An Overview of the Artificial Assemblage, the Colubridae

Author

David A. Warrell, Daniel E. Keyler, Scott A. Weinstein, and Julian White

Subjects
food.ingredient, food, biology, Colubridae, Atractaspidinae, Toxicodryas, Zoology, Atractaspis, Alsophis, biology.organism_classification, Colubroidea, Lamprophiidae, Boiga
Abstract

The majority of living snakes belong to the superfamily Colubroidea. This group includes viperids, elapids, and atractaspidines that are well-recognized for inflicting medically significant bites. Some of these snakes cause mortality and morbidity in humans. A large number of colubroid species have been traditionally and inaccurately grouped in an artificial family, the Colubridae, for convenience. Although most of this taxonomically fluid assemblage is not known to be venomous biologically or clinically, bites from some of its species have produced effects in humans. These effects range from insignificant or trivial injuries to death. Some investigators have reassigned the distinctive mole vipers, burrowing asps, or stiletto snakes (Atractaspis spp.) from their own family (Atractaspididae) to subfamily status (Atractaspidinae) of the almost wholly non-front-fanged colubroid family, Lamprophiidae. The aforementioned reassignments, as well as those involving other genera, such as Alsophis portoricensis (Borikenophis), Boiga blandingi (Toxicodryas), and so on, emphasize the importance of taxonomic considerations in clinical toxinology.

Published
2011

22. Foreword

Author

David A. Warrell

Published
2011

23. Summary and Conclusions

Author

Scott A. Weinstein, David A. Warrell, Daniel E. Keyler, and Julian White

Subjects
Ecology, Antivenom, Prey capture, Zoology, Herpetology, Biology, Envenomation, Clinical risk factor
Abstract

Publisher Summary The taxonomically artificial ophidian assemblage is under dynamic revision. An indeterminate number of non-front-fanged colubroid species produce secretions of varying toxicity. Analysis of these has identified multiple classes of toxins, and other biologically active components shared with front-fanged species. Most of the characterized postsynaptic neurotoxins exhibit prey specificity. Prey capture/subjugation functions and toxicity have been poorly documented and reports describing the effects of bites from some of the snakes have been hindered by many factors. Only limited quality data is available. Therefore, it is premature to use the term “venomous” for the secretion properties of many of these snakes. Biological function must be considered. Management of envenomation from highly toxic species without antivenom consists of supportive measures. Some of them are controversial, some of them are unclear, and some of them are unlikely to be of benefit. Commercial preparation of certain antivenom may not be feasible. Also, the vast majority of these snakes inflict minor wounds without medically significant effects. Although documented cases of bites by certain species have occasionally included systemic symptoms, there are too few data to firmly establish the risk. This exemplifies the need for careful and cautious analysis. However, it is important to avoid premature assignment of clinical risk. The diversity of this former assemblage of colubroids suggests that many unknown characteristics will probably be discovered from further study of these snakes. Such study holds promise for contributions to the biomedical and clinical sciences, laboratory medicine, herpetology, and evolutionary biology.

Published
2011

24. About the Authors

Author

Scott A. Weinstein, David A. Warrell, Julian White, and Daniel E. Keyler

Published
2011

25. Introduction

Author

Scott A. Weinstein, David A. Warrell, Julian White, and Daniel E. Keyler

Published
2011

26. Medically Significant Bites by 'Colubrid' Snakes

Author

David A. Warrell, Julian White, Daniel E. Keyler, and Scott A. Weinstein

Subjects
Malpolon monspessulanus, Heloderma, biology, Lizard, Philodryas olfersii, Zoology, Anatomy, biology.organism_classification, Oligodon arnensis, biology.animal, parasitic diseases, Gila monster, Rhabdophis, Boiga irregularis
Abstract

The medical risks of representative non-front-fanged colubroid snakes were assessed by critical review of selected cases of bites published from 1890 to 2010. Some previously unpublished cases were also included. Using patient-centered quality of evidence criteria, the reviewed cases were ranked A–D. The cases involved approximately 100 taxa, of which only around 24 inflicted medically significant bites. Most of these received low-quality evidence rankings because of numerous flaws and pitfalls in the reports. The majority of these cases involved insignificant or mild local effects (puncture wounds, abrasions, lacerations, limited bleeding, and mild edema). A small number of reports described bites producing moderate local effects that occasionally resulted in persistent symptoms. The life-threatening risks of venomous colubrine genera such as Dispholidus typus and Thelotornis spp. (African bird, twig, tree, or vine snakes) and that of natricids, such as two taxa of Rhabdophis (keel-backs), are well established by clear clinical evidence. Bites from these species cause consumptive coagulopathy and hemorrhagic diathesis, complicated in some cases by acute renal injury. In some cases perpetuated in the literature, fatal consequences of bites inflicted by Tachymenis peruviana (Peruvian slender snake), Philodryas olfersii (Lichtenstein’s or South American racer), Oligodon arnensis (banded kukri snake), or Xenodon severus (Amazon false-Fer-de-lance) were implied without providing any specific information supporting these outcomes. Brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis) have been involved in a relatively large number of bites, but the precise etiology of the clinical effects remains unclear. Although there is a verified case of a Malpolon monspessulanus (Montpellier snake) bite causing cranial nerve palsies, there is a very limited number of cases on which to evaluate the risks posed by these snakes. Isolated reports of bites by several species of non-front-fanged colubroids have described aberrant effects that were very likely due to alternative etiologies other than the snakebite. Speculation regarding the possible roles of toxins found in oral secretions of nonvenomous lizards (several species of varanids, anguids, agamids, and iguanids) should be accompanied by nonsensationalist evidence of biological use. To date, there is no evidence of medical importance or significance of any saurian oral secretion other than those of the venomous helodermatid lizards, the Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum), and the beaded lizard (Heloderma horridum). Although there is limited information about the epidemiology of bites by most non-front-fanged colubroids, analyses of larger series of documented bites by some species (e.g., the South American racers, P. olfersii and P. patagoniensis, as well as the brown tree snake, B. irregularis) have yielded some significant associations between specific factors/circumstances, and the occurrence of medically significant bites by these species. Presuppositions about snakes, the effects of snakebites, and individual psychiatric tendencies can significantly impact the victims’ response to non-front-fanged colubroid bites.

Published
2011

27. Preface

Author

Scott A. Weinstein, David A. Warrell, Julian White, and Daniel E. Keyler

Published
2011

28. Differences Between Buccal Gland Secretion and Associated Delivery Systems of 'True' Venomous Snakes and 'Colubrid' Snakes

Author

David A. Warrell, Scott A. Weinstein, Julian White, and Daniel E. Keyler

Subjects
Malpolon monspessulanus, biology, Dentition, Boomslang, High pressure, Zoology, Alsophis, Rhabdophis, Venom, Buccal administration, Anatomy, biology.organism_classification, complex mixtures
Abstract

An unknown number of non-front-fanged colubroid snakes possess Duvernoy’s glands that produce variably toxic secretions released under low pressure (due to a lack of muscular compression of the glands). This is in marked contrast to the highly muscular and thus pressurized glands of front-fanged colubroids such as viperids, elapids, and atractaspidids. While pressurized venom glands release a bolus of stored venom under high pressure (that may exceed 30psi), non-front-fanged colubroids inoculate their secretions into wounds produced by maxillary teeth that may be enlarged, posterior or mid-maxillary, and may or may not be grooved; but unlike those of front-fanged colubroids, they are never canaliculated (e.g., never hollow, or with a lumen). Dispholidus typus (boomslang), and possibly other members of the tribe, Dispholidini, have limited striated muscle insertion into the gland and thus may be considered to have a partially pressurized venom delivery system. Several hypotheses have been considered that attempt to address the evolution of the venom apparatus and the selection for venom delivery systems. The definition and use of the terms “venom,” and “venom gland” require evidence of biological use of the oral secretion in prey subjugation and/or defense. The possible clinical effects of ophidian oral secretions do not constitute criteria for use of the term “venom.” As evidence of biological use of Duvernoy’s secretion becomes established, some of these complex mixtures may be termed “prey-specific venoms” in order to clarify their medical insignificance, while others, such as those of Dispholidus typus, the African twig, bird, or vine snakes, Thelotornis spp., the keel-backs, Rhabdophis spp., and, possibly, the Montpellier or hooded malpolon, Malpolon monspessulanus, have oral secretions that are used biologically and have concomitant medical importance. Others [such as the Puerto Rican racer, Alsophis (Borikenophis) portoricensis] may have secretions that are demonstrably used to subjugate a variety of prey, and also have occasional medical significance (e.g., a reasonable number of documented bites have caused significant local effects). Thus, the term “venom” may be used for the oral secretions of these taxa without any qualification.

Published
2011

29. A Summary of the Toxinology of Duvernoy’s Secretions

Author

David A. Warrell, Daniel E. Keyler, Scott A. Weinstein, and Julian White

Subjects
Rat snake, biology, Toxinology, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, Zoology, Boiga dendrophila, Venom, Anatomy, biology.organism_classification, complex mixtures, Coelognathus, Snake venom, Secretion, Elaphe
Abstract

Since the characterization of the first biochemically isolated toxin (the presynaptic dimeric neurotoxin, crotoxin) from venom of the medically important tropical rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus) in 1938, snake venom research has steadily accumulated a large volume of information about these complex, biologically active mixtures. Almost all of this research focused on venoms from front-fanged snakes of recognizable medical importance. The Duvernoy’s secretions of non-front-fanged colubroids were given far less attention. Growing interest in the life-threatening/fatal effects from bites by the African dispholidines (Dispholidus typus and Thelotornis spp.) was reinforced by the tragic and publicized deaths of the distinguished herpetologists, Robert F.W. Mertens and Karl P. Schmidt. Contemporary biochemical and pharmacological investigations are greatly expanding knowledge of the Duvernoy’s secretions and venoms of non-front-fanged colubroids. A postsynaptic neurotoxin from Duvernoy’s secretion of the radiated rat snake, Coelognathus (Elaphe) radiatus, has been fully sequenced, and two prey-selective, three-finger-fold postsynaptic neurotoxins, denmotoxin and irditoxin, were purified and characterized from Duvernoy’s secretions of the mangrove snake or ringed-cat snake, Boiga dendrophila, and the brown tree snake, B. irregularis, respectively. Continuing toxinological investigations of non-front-fanged colubroid Duvernoy’s secretions are demonstrating the presence in these secretions of toxin classes [e.g., cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs), phospholipases A as well as other enzymes, proteolytic hemorrhagins, and many others] common to front-fanged colubroids. Future research of Duvernoy’s secretions and venoms of non-front-fanged colubroids holds promise for discoveries relevant to laboratory and clinical medicine, protein biochemistry, immunology, pathophysiology, and, possibly, pharmacotherapeutics.

Published
2011

30. Contributors

Author

George J. Alangaden, Michael J. Aldape, Jérôme Allardet-Servent, Upton D. Allen, Heidi S.M. Ammerlaan, Emmanouil Angelakis, Andrew Artenstein, David Asboe, Kingsley B. Asiedu, John C. Atherton, Tar-Ching Aw, Seema Baid-Agrawal, Robin Bailey, Christopher Bandel, Philip S. Barie, David J. Barillo, Pierre-Alexandre Bart, Roger Bayston, C. Ben Beard, Nick J. Beeching, Rodolfo E. Bégué, Yves Benhamou, Constance A. Benson, Elie F. Berbari, Anthony R. Berendt, Madhav P. Bhatta, Jacques Bille, Ari Bitnun, Finn T. Black, Iain Blair, Stéphane Blanche, Thomas P. Bleck, Chantal P. Bleeker-Rovers, Gijs Bleijenberg, Karen C. Bloch, Marc J.M. Bonten, Charles A.B. Boucher, Rafik Bourayou, Emilio S. Bouza, William R. Bowie, Barry D. Brause, Sylvain Brisse, Warwick Britton, Itzhak Brook, David W.G. Brown, Christian Brun-Buisson, James C.M. Brust, Amy E. Bryant, André Bryskier, R. Mark L Buller, Karen Bush, Thierry Calandra, D. William Cameron, Michel Caraël, Michael J. Carr, Inmaculada Casas, Stephen T. Chambers, Katarina G. Chiller, Tom M. Chiller, Peter L. Chiodini, Ian Chopra, Anthony C. Chu, Kevin K. Chung, Benjamin M. Clark, Nathan Clumeck, Clay J. Cockerell, Jonathan Cohen, John Collinge, Christopher P. Conlon, G. Ralph Corey, Alan Cross, John H. Cross, Judith Currier, Carmel M. Curtis, Gina Dallabetta, Robert N. Davidson, Jane Davies, Jeremy Day, Nicholas P.J. Day, Cillian F. De Gascun, Stéphane de Wit, Jean Delmont, David T. Dennis, David J. Diemert, Mehmet Doganay, Tom Doherty, Christiane Dolecek, Stéphane Y. Donati, Arjen M. Dondorp, Barbara Doudier, Michel Drancourt, Dimitri M. Drekonja, Richard H. Drew, Jay S. Duker, J. Stephen Dummer, Charles N. Edwards, Miquel B. Ekkelenkamp, Mark C. Enright, Paul R. Epstein, Veronique Erard, Alice Chijioke Eziefula, Mark B. Feinberg, Florence Fenollar, Alan Fenwick, Luis Fernandez, Joshua Fierer, Roger G. Finch, Charles W. Flexner, Ad C. Fluit, Elizabeth Lee Ford-Jones, Pierre-Edouard Fournier, Victoria Fraser, Martyn A. French, Jon S. Friedland, Joseph M. Fritz, E. Yoko Furuya, Kenneth L. Gage, Lynne S. Garcia, Arturo S. Gastañaduy, Khalil G. Ghanem, Maddalena Giannella, Carol A. Glaser, Marshall J. Glesby, Sarah Glover, Youri Glupczynski, John W. Gnann, Andrew F. Goddard, Ellie J.C. Goldstein, Iveth J. González, Sherwood L. Gorbach, Bruno Gottstein, Ravi Gowda, John D. Grabenstein, John M. Grange, Michael D. Green, Stephen T. Green, Danielle T. Greenblatt, Brian Greenwood, Aric L. Gregson, Andreas H. Groll, Aditya K. Gupta, Kok-Ann Gwee, William Hall, Scott M. Hammer, Sajeev Handa, Diane Hanfelt-Goade, Alexandre Harari, Marianne Harris, Barry J. Hartman, Roderick J. Hay, David K. Henderson, Lisa E. Hensley, Luke Herbert, David R. Hill, Timothy J. Hills, John David Hinze, Hans H. Hirsch, Bernard Hirschel, Andy I.M. Hoepelman, Steven M. Holland, Mary M. Horgan, Robin Howe, James M. Hughes, Mark W. Hull, Clark B. Inderlied, Michael G. Ison, Peter J. Jenks, James R. Johnson, Theodore Jones, Mettassebia Kanno, Carol Kauffman, Patrick Kelly, Jason S. Kendler, Yoav Keynan, Ali S. Khan, Grace T. Kho, George R. Kinghorn, Paul E. Klapper, Jan AJW Kluytmans, Menno Kok, Isabelle Koné-Paut, John N. Krieger, Aloys C.M. Kroes, Frank P. Kroon, Christine J. Kubin, Alberto M. La Rosa, Tahaniyat Lalani, David G. Lalloo, Harold Lambert, Luce Landraud, Stephen D. Lawn, Phillipe Lehours Pharm, Marc Leone, Itzchak Levi, Alexandra M. Levitt, H. D. Alan Lindquist, Graham Lloyd, David J. Looney, Franklin D. Lowy, Benjamin J. Luft, William A. Lynn, Mark J. Macielag, Philip A. Mackowiak, Paul A. MacPherson, Valérie Maghraoui-Slim, Janice Main, Vincent Mallet, Julie E. Mangino, Oriol Manuel, Oscar Marchetti, Kristen Marks, Kieren A. Marr, Claude Martin, Pablo Martín-Rabadán, Augusto Julio Martinez, Ellen M. Mascini, Kenneth H. Mayer, Joseph B. McCormick, Rose McGready, Michael W. McKendrick, Simon Mead, Francis Mégraud, André Z. Meheus, Graeme Meintjes, Marian G. Michaels, Michael Miles, Alastair Miller, Matthew J. Mimiaga, Marie-Paule Mingeot-Leclercq, Thomas G. Mitchell, Pamela A. Moise, Julio Montaner, Caroline B. Moore, Philippe Moreillon, Peter Morgan-Capner, Valentina Montessori, Peter Moss, Patricia Muñoz, Kurt G. Naber, Sammy Nakhla, Jai P. Narain, Dilip Nathwani, Paul Newton, Chinh Nguyen, Lindsay E. Nicolle, Michael S. Niederman, Gary J. Noel, S. Ragnar Norrby, François Nosten, Luigi Daniele Notarangelo, Paul Nyirjesy, P. Ronan O'Connell, Jon S. Odorico, Edmund L.C. Ong, Steven M. Opal, L. Peter Ormerod, Douglas R. Osmon, Eric A. Ottesen, Gustavo Palacios, Giuseppe Pantaleo, Laurent Papazian, Philippe Parola, Manuel A. Pascual, Eleni Patrozou, Carlos Paya, Sharon J. Peacock, Jean-Claude Pechère, Mark D. Perkins, Barry Peters, Gaby E. Pfyffer, Paul A. Pham, Peter Piot, Geraldine Placko-Parola, Stainslas Pol, Klara M. Posfay-Barbe, William G. Powderly, Anton Pozniak, Guy Prod'hom, Thomas C. Quinn, Daniel W. Rahn, Aadia I. Rana, Didier Raoult, Raul Raz, Raymund Razonable, Robert C. Read, Stephen J. Reynolds, Malcolm D. Richardson, Christopher C. Robinson, Suzan H.M. Rooijakkers, Daniel Rosenbluth, Sergio D. Rosenzweig, Clarisse Rovery, Robert H. Rubin, Bina Rubinovitch, Kathleen H. Rubins, Ethan Rubinstein, Greg Ryan, Stephen Ryder, Steven Safren, Vikrant V. Sahasrabuddhe, Pekka A.I. Saikku, George Sakoulas, Juan Carlos Salazar, Michelle R. Salvaggio, Kirsten Schaffer, Franz-Josef Schmitz, Robert T. Schooley, Richard-Fabian Schumacher, Euan M. Scrimgeour, James Seddon, Harald Seifert, Graham R. Serjeant, Beverly E. Sha, Keerti V. Shah, Daniel S. Shapiro, Gerard Sheehan, Shmuel Shoham, Cameron P. Simmons, Kari A. Simonsen, Neeraj Singh, Mary P.E. Slack, Jack D. Sobel, Madhuri M. Sopirala, Lisa A. Spacek, Shiranee Sriskandan, Samuel L. Stanley, James M. Steckelberg, Iain Stephenson, Dennis L. Stevens, Walter L. Straus, Willem Sturm, Richard C. Summerbell, Joseph S. Susa, Sarah J. Tabrizi, Marc A. Tack, Randy Taplitz, Pablo Tebas, Marleen Temmerman, Steven F.T. Thijsen, Lora D. Thomas, Gail Thomson, Guy E. Thwaites, Umberto Tirelli, Nina E. Tolkoff-Rubin, Tone Tønjum, Francesca J. Torriani, Gregory C. Townsend, Gloria Trallero Masó, Paul M. Tulkens, Allan R. Tunkel, Emanuela Vaccher, Anaïs Vallet-Pichard, Françoise Van Bambeke, Diederik van de Beek, Jos W.M. van der Meer, Anton M. van Loon, Jos van Putten, Bernard P. Vaudaux, Sten H. Vermund, Hans Verstraelen, Paul Verweij, Raphael P. Viscidi, Kumar Visvanathan, Govinda S. Visvesvara, Lorenz von Seidlein, Florian M.E. Wagenlehner, Victoria Wahl-Jensen, Thomas J. Walsh, David C. Warhurst, David W. Warnock, David A. Warrell, Mary J. Warrell, Adilia Warris, Rainer Weber, Wolfgang Weidner, Vivienne C. Weston, Estella Whimbey, Michael Whitby, Peter J. White, Christopher J.M. Whitty, Rob J.L. Willems, Emrys Williams, Cara Wilson, Mary E. Wilson, Richard E. Winn, Kevin L. Winthrop, Martin J. Wiselka, Hilmar Wisplinghoff, Cameron R. Wolfe, Robin Wood, Natalie Wright, James R. Yankaskas, Najam A. Zaidi, Jonathan M. Zenilman, Yaobi Zhang, Arie J. Zuckerman, Jane Nicola Zuckerman, and Alimuddin Zumla

Published
2010

31. List of Contributors

Author

Adewale O. Adebajo, Dwomoa Adu, Yusuf Ahmed, Sandra Amor, Felix I. Anjorin, Jeffrey K. Aronson, Masharip Atadzhanov, Guy Baily, John R. Baker, Imelda Bates, Raman Bedi, Ronald H. Behrens, Solomon R. Benatar, Gerard C. Bodeker, Bernard J. Brabin, Rodney A. Bray, Simon Brooker, Annette K. Broom, Reto Brun, James E.G. Bunn, Donald A.P. Bundy, Christian Burri, Ana-Maria Cevallos, Richard E. Chaisson, Peter L. Chiodini, Sunil Chopra, Timothy J. Coleman, Kenneth J. Collins, Gordon C. Cook, John B.S. Coulter, George O. Cowan, Dorothy H. Crawford, Julia A. Critchley, Luis E. Cuevas, Nigel A. Cunliffe, David A.B. Dance, Andrew Davis, P. Shanthamali de Silva, Jean-Pierre Dedet, Mohammed R. Essop, Alice E. Eyers, John E. Eyers, Michael J.G. Farthing, Alan F. Fleming, Neil French, Göran Friman, Stephen H. Gillespie, Catherine Goodman, Stephen B. Gordon, Bruno Gottstein, Stephen M. Graham, John M. Grange, Goran Günther, Roy A. Hall, C. Anthony Hart, Melissa Haswell-Elkins, Alan Haworth, Roderick J. Hay, Tran Tinh Hien, Christopher J. Hoffman, Richard E. Holliman, John E. Jellis, Claire Jenkins, Cheryl A. Johansen, Sasithorn Kaewkes, Moses Kapembwa, Michael G. Kawooya, Paul Kelly, Mario A. Knight, Dominic Kwiatkowski, Gary Maartens, David C.W. Mabey, John S. Mackenzie, Charles R. Madeley, M. Monir Madkour, D.D. Murray McGavin, Michael A. Miles, Robert F. Miller, Alan E. Mills, Anthony Moody, Ayesha A. Motala, Zeridah Muyinda, Peter Mwaba, Datshana P. Naidoo, Osamu Nakagomi, Suchitra Nimmannitya, Stephen Owens, Shirley Owusu-Ofori, Joseph S.M. Peiris, Fraser J. Pirie, Francine Pratlong, Jürg Reichen, John Richens, Ivan M. Roitt, Dirk Schoonbaert, Geoffrey M. Scott, Crispian Scully, Paul Shears, Nandini P. Shetty, Prakash S. Shetty, Paul E. Simonsen, Paiboon Sithithaworn, Michael D. Smith, David W. Smith, Eugene Sobngwi, Tom Solomon, Vaughan R. Southgate, Banchob Sripa, Robert Steffen, John R. Sullivan, Gail Thomson, Eric John Threlfall, Raj C. Thuraisingham, Catherine L. Thwaites, Eli Tumba Tshibwabwa, Nigel Unwin, Francisco Vega-López, Damian G. Walker, David C. Warhurst, David A. Warrell, Mary J. Warrell, Nicholas J. White, Graham B. White, Hilary Williams, Stephen G. Withington, Sarah Wyllie, Lam Mihn Yen, David Yorston, Arie J. Zuckerman, Jane N. Zuckerman, and Alimuddin I. Zumla

Published
2009

33. Contributors

Author

Javier A. Adachi, Martin E. Alexander, Robert C. Allen, Bryan E. Anderson, Susan Anderson, Christopher J. Andrews, E. Wayne Askew, Dale Atkins, Brett D. Atwater, Paul S. Auerbach, Kira Bacal, Howard D. Backer, Greta J. Binford, Jolie Bookspan, Warren D. Bowman, Leslie V. Boyer, George H. Burgess, Robert K. Bush, Sean Paul Bush, Frank K. Butler, Steven C. Carleton, Betty Carlisle, John W. Castellani, Monalisa Chatterjee, Richard F. Clark, Bryan R. Collier, Donald C. Cooper, Mary Ann Cooper, Larry Ingram Crawshaw, Gregory A. Cummins, Daniel F. Danzl, Richard C. Dart, Samhita Dasgupta, Ian Davis, Kathleen Mary Davis, Kevin Jon Davison, Chad P. Dawson, Thomas G. DeLoughery, Mark W. Donnelly, Howard J. Donner, Eric Douglas, Herbert L. DuPont, Thomas J. Ellis, Blair Dillard Erb, Timothy B. Erickson, Charles D. Ericsson, Joanne Feldman, Murray E. Fowler, Mark S. Fradin, Bryan L. Frank, Luanne Freer, Steven P. French, Stephen L. Gaffin, Angela F. Gardner, Daniel Garza, Gordon G. Giesbrecht, Kimberlie A. Graeme, Andrea R. Gravatt, Colin K. Grissom, Peter H. Hackett, Charles G. Hawley, Sue L. Hefle, John P. Heggers, David M. Heimbach, Lawrence E. Heiskell, John C. Hendee, Henry J. Herrmann, Ronald L. Holle, Renee Y. Hsia, Franklin R. Hubbell, Steve E. Hudson, Kenneth V. Iserson, Michael E. Jacobs, Suzanne C. Jensen, Lee A. Kaplan, James W. Kazura, Garry W. Killyon, Kenneth W. Kizer, Judith R. Klein, Karen Nolan Kuehl, Peter Kummerfeldt, Carolyn S. Langer, Daniel M. Laskin, Patrick H. 'Rick' LaValla, Catherine Yumi Lee, Jay Lemery, Matthew R. Lewin, James R. Liffrig, Grant S. Lipman, Binh T. Ly, Edgar Maeyens, Swaminatha V. Mahadevan, Roberta Mann, Rick Marinelli, Ariel Dan Marks, James G. Marks, Denise Martinez, Michael J. Matteucci, Vicki Mazzorana, Robert L. McCauley, Loui H. (Clem) McCurley, Jude T. McNally, Liran Mendel, James Messenger, Timothy P. Mier, James K. Mitchell, David G. Mohler, Richard E. Moon, Daniel S. Moran, Barry Morenz, John A. Morris, Robert W. Mutch, Arian Nachat, Roger J. Nagy, Andrew B. Newman, Donna L. Nimec, David A. Nix, Eric K. Noji, Donald B. Nolan, Robert L. Norris, Bohdan T. Olesnicky, Sheryl K. Olson, Edward J. (Mel) Otten, Ketan H. Patel, Naresh J. Patel, Sheral S. Patel, Timothy F. Platts-Mills, Mark Plotkin, Sheila B. Reed, William P. Riordan, Robert C. Roach, Martin C. Robson, Matthew T. Roe, Sandra M. Schneider, Robert B. Schoene, Jamie Shandro, David J. Smith, Alan M. Steinman, Robert C. Stoffel, Jeffrey R. Suchard, Marc F. Swiontkowski, Julie A. Switzer, Steve L. Taylor, Robert I. Tilling, David A. Townes, Stephen J. Traub, Karen B. Van Hoesen, Christopher Van Tilburg, John Walden, Helen L. Wallace, Andrew Wang, David A. Warrell, Eric A. Weiss, Lynn E. Welling, James A. Wilkerson, Knox Williams, and Sarah R. Williams

Published
2007

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