Search

Nowadays, microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous contaminants in aquatic ecosystems, raising global concern regarding these micropollutants. The main challenge with MPs lies in the difficulty of removing these particles during wastewater and drinking water treatment processes. Adsorption could be an efficient and environmentally friendly alternative for the removal of microplastics from water. In this work, the capacity of granular activated carbon (GAC) to retain standard polypropylene (PP) microplastics has been evaluated. Batch experiments were carried out under different conditions with the aim of analysing the adsorption performance. The results showed that the adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-first order model, indicating that the retention of MPs is driven by physical processes. This observation was further supported by FTIR, as the surface functional groups of the GAC did not undergo any modifications after the adsorption process. In addition, only the Freundlich isotherm provided a good fit, suggesting that the adsorption takes place in a cooperative manner. When MPs obtained from wastewater samples were employed in the experiments using 0.5 g/L of GAC, the removal percentage achieved after 7 hours was approximately 30 %, a lower value than that obtained with the PP MP standards (43 %), which can be attributed to the nature of the MPs. This value increased to 90 % when a concentration of 1.5 g GAC/L was used. This study reveals that GAC can be considered a moderate adsorbent for the removal of PP microplastics in water treatment plants, with MPs attaching to the GAC surface through weak bonds such as Van der Waals forces.

Understanding species-specific responses to urbanization is essential to mitigate and preserve biodiversity in the face of increasing urbanization, but a major challenge is how to estimate urban tolerances for a wide array of species applicable over disparate regions. A promising approach is to assess urban tolerance by integrating geo-referenced information on species detections from citizen science data with estimations of urbanization intensity based on remotely-sensed night-time lights. While such citizen science urbanness scores (CSUS) are cost-effective, intuitive, and easily-repeatable anywhere in the world, whether the scores accurately describe urban tolerance still awaits empirical verification. By analysing >900 bird species worldwide, we find that CSUS correlates well with a standard measure of urban tolerance based on changes in abundance between urbanized and non-urbanized nearby habitats. Our analyses show that there is substantial variability in the relationship between these two metrics, but nevertheless highlights the potential for the CSUS approach in the future. Future improvements to the index, including incorporating rare species, and understanding the influence of intra-specific variability in response to urbanization, will be necessary to maximize the broad utility of the approach.

As part of an epidemiologic survey, we screened remnant samples collected for STI testing for mpox virus. We identified two cases of presumed MPXV infection in pregnant, heterosexual cisgender women. Here, we describe their pregnancy and birth outcomes. Both patients required induction of labor and experienced labor complicated by chorioamnionitis.

Purpose: Human neuronal activity, recorded in vivo from microelectrodes, may offer valuable insights into physiological mechanisms underlying human cognition and pathophysiological mechanisms of brain diseases, in particular epilepsy. Continuous and long-term recordings are necessary to monitor non predictable pathological and physiological activities like seizures or sleep. Because of their high impedance, microelectrodes are more sensitive to noise than macroelectrodes. Low noise levels are crucial to detect action potentials from background noise, and to further isolate single neuron activities. Therefore, long-term recordings of multi-unit activity remains a challenge. We shared here our experience with microelectrode recordings and our efforts to reduce noise levels in order to improve signal quality. We also provided detailed technical guidelines for the connection, recording, imaging and signal analysis of microelectrode recordings. Results: During the last 10 years, we implanted 122 bundles of Behnke-Fried hybrid macro-microelectrodes, in 56 patients with pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy. Microbundles were implanted in the temporal lobe (74%), as well as frontal (15%), parietal (6%) and occipital (5%) lobes. Low noise levels depended on our technical setup. The noise reduction was mainly obtained after electrical insulation of the patient's recording room and the use of a reinforced microelectrode model, reaching median root mean square values of 5.8 µV. Seventy percent of the bundles could record multi-units activities (MUA), on around 3 out of 8 wires per bundle and for an average of 12 days. Seizures were recorded by microelectrodes in 91% of patients, when recorded continuously, and MUA were recorded during seizures for 75 % of the patients after the insulation of the room. Technical guidelines are proposed for (i) electrode tails manipulation and protection during surgical bandage and connection to both clinical and research amplifiers, (ii) electrical insulation of the patient's recording room and shielding, (iii) data acquisition and storage, and (iv) single-units activities analysis. Conclusions: We progressively improved our recording setup and are now able to record (i) microelectrode signals with low noise level up to 3 weeks duration, and (ii) MUA from an increased number of wires . We built a step by step procedure from electrode trajectory planning to recordings. All these delicate steps are essential for continuous long-term recording of units in order to advance in our understanding of both the pathophysiology of ictogenesis and the neuronal coding of cognitive and physiological functions.

The laser is a powerful tool for materials processing, incorporated already in many industrial processes and laboratory procedures. In this work, we are concerned with laser processing applied to research and development of ceramics for electrochemical cells and other high temperature oxide ceramics for energy applications. Solidification of single crystals or composites of relevant oxides can be performed by the laser assisted floating zone method, providing samples for structural, mechanical or functional fundamental research, as well as knowledge about its manufacture by melt processes. Selective laser melting of these ceramic oxides is a very promising technology, at the research level. Successful examples of surface laser melting of oxide eutectic composites are presented. The technologies of subtractive laser processing of ceramics (cutting, drilling, structuring, cleaning, etc.) are more developed, and the research is directed towards the optimization of mechanisms, increase of resolution and efficiency and the investigation of the effects of the laser treatment on the functional performance. Different laser processes of SOC (solid oxide cell) components are shown to decrease the ohmic, concentration and activation losses. The manuscript describes the state-of-the art of the technologies as applied to oxide and composite materials present in solid oxide electrochemical devices (SOFC, SOEC, and batteries) and selective emitters for thermophotovoltaics, with emphasis on the last achievements by the authors team. Resumen: El láser es una potente herramienta para el procesamiento de materiales, incorporada ya en muchos procesos industriales y procedimientos de laboratorio. En este trabajo nos ocupamos del procesamiento láser aplicado a la investigación y desarrollo de cerámicas para celdas electroquímicas y otras cerámicas de óxido de alta temperatura para aplicaciones energéticas. La solidificación de monocristales o composites de óxidos relevantes se puede realizar mediante el método de zona flotante asistida por láser, proporcionando muestras para investigación básica estructural, de propiedades mecánicas o funcionales, así como conocimiento sobre su fabricación mediante procesos de fusión. La fusión selectiva por láser de estos óxidos cerámicos es una tecnología muy prometedora, cuyo desarrollo es todavía incipiente. Se presentan ejemplos exitosos de fusión por láser de superficie de compuestos eutécticos de óxidos. Las tecnologías sustractivas de procesamiento de cerámicas con láser (corte, taladrado, estructuración, limpieza, etc.) están más desarrolladas, y la investigación se dirige hacia la optimización de procedimientos, aumento de resolución y eficiencia y la investigación de los efectos del tratamiento láser sobre el rendimiento funcional. Diferentes procesos láser de los componentes de celda de óxido sólido disminuyen las pérdidas óhmicas, de concentración y de activación. El manuscrito describe el estado actual de las tecnologías aplicadas a óxidos y materiales compuestos presentes en dispositivos electroquímicos de óxidos sólidos (SOFC, SOEC y baterías) y emisores selectivos para aplicaciones termofotovoltaicas, con énfasis en los últimos logros del equipo.

Leishmaniasis is an endemic disease in more than 90 countries, constituting a relevant public health problem. Limited treatment options, increase in resistance, and therapeutic failure are important aspects for the discovery of new treatment options. Drug repurposing may accelerate the discovery of antiLeishmanial drugs. Recent tests indicating the in vitro potential of antimalarials Leishmania resulted in the design of this study. This study aimed at evaluating the susceptibility of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis to chloroquine (CQ) and quinine (QN), alone or in combination with amphotericin B (AFT) and pentamidine (PTN). In the in vitro tests, first, we evaluated the growth inhibition of 50 % of promastigotes (IC 50 ) and cytotoxicity for HepG2 and THP-1 cells (CC 50 ). The IC 50 values of AFT and PNT were below 1 µM, while the IC 50 values of CQ and QN ranged between 4 and 13 µM. Concerning cytotoxicity, CC 50 values ranged between 7 and 30 µM for AFT and PNT, and between 22 and 157 µM for the antimalarials. We also calculated the Selectivity Index (SI), where AFT and PTN obtained the highest values, while the antimalarias obtained values between 5 and 12. Both antimalarials were additive (ƩFIC 1.05-1.8) in combination with AFT and PTN. For anti-amastigote activity, the drugs obtained the following ICA 50 values: AFT (0.26 µM), PNT (2.09 µM), CQ (3.77 µM) and QN (24.5 µM). In the in vivo tests, we observed that the effective dose for the death of 50 % of parasites (ED 50 ) of AFT and CQ were 0.63 mg/kg and 27.29 mg/kg, respectively. When combining CQ with AFT, a decrease in parasitemia was observed, being statistically equal to the naive group. For cytokine quantification, it was observed that CQ, despite presenting anti-inflammatory activity was effective at increasing the production of IFN-γ. Overall, our data indicate that chloroquine will probably be a candidate for repurposing and use in drug combination therapy., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)