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Introduction: Achieving adequate retention rates in clinical trials is essential to ensuring meaningful results. Although financial reimbursement is an effective strategy to increase participant retention, current policies restrict the use of federal funds to reimburse U.S. active duty Service members for research participation. It is unknown whether permitting financial reimbursement among this population would improve trial retention rates. A recent randomized effectiveness trial received approval to provide reimbursement to Service member participants several months after recruitment began, creating a natural experiment to study the effects of financial reimbursement on retention. Materials and methods: Active duty Service members recruited from six U.S. military treatment facilities (N = 666) were enrolled in a collaborative care study and completed assessments at baseline, three-, six-, and 12-months. Data on study assessment completion rates at three- and six-months were analyzed using the mixed-effects binary logit model to determine the probabilities of completing assessments based on reimbursement status. Results: Participants who received reimbursement were significantly more likely to complete study assessments at both time-points than participants who did not receive reimbursement (p

Publisher Summary Once an individual has crossed the line at which withdrawal symptomatology emerges in the absence of drug self-administration, that person is deemed addicted; his/her drug use is then believed to be motivated predominantly by the need to stave off the uncomfortable symptoms of withdrawal, which almost universally—across virtually all drugs of abuse and even nonpharmacological addictive behaviors—include various forms of negative affect (NA). Noting that virtually all drug users attribute their use to its purported ability to assuage NA, this chapter reviews the empirical literature in an effort to try to address the veracity of this claim. First, it explains what comprises NA and reviews several influential theoretical models of drug addiction, all of which make a strong case for the important role played by negative affect in promoting addictive substance use. It then considers the potentially important role played by expectancies in shaping and influencing the relationship between affect and drug use. Next, it argues that a meaningful delineation of the complex relationship between NA and drug addiction is a must.