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Background: Understanding tuberculosis (TB) treatment programs' process and the outcome is one of the critical strategies to prevent the disease's occurrence and accelerate achieving sustainable development goals to reduce TB cases. The present study aimed to evaluate directly observed treatment short-course (DOTs) for tuberculosis., Methods: The present cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study extracted information from the tuberculosis surveillance system's recorded data by a researcher-made checklist with questions from patients and health system staff. We analyzed the data by SPSS version 20., Results: The outcome of patients' treatment was 85.39% improved, and the rest were death and failure of treatment and absence from treatment. The mean and standard deviation of the onset of the first symptom and diagnosis and detection of the disease was 117 and 126 days, respectively. The mean and standard deviation of the interval between diagnosis and treatment was 5.53 and 8.03 days, respectively. Regarding the treatment length, 95.5% of the cases followed the treatment length, and the rest were not observed. The history of hospitalization was 45.3% among patients, and the rest had no history of hospitalization, and the mean and standard deviation of the day of hospitalization were 6.68 ± 9.50 days., Conclusions: The existence of an appropriate program for early diagnosis of tuberculosis, observing the length of treatment, training private and public centers to strengthen the care system, and strengthening the DOTs program to control tuberculosis seems to be necessary., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest The authors have none to declare., (Copyright © 2021 Tuberculosis Association of India. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the worst brain tumors arising from glial cells, causing many deaths annually. Surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy are used for GBM treatment. However, GBM is still an incurable disease, and new approaches are required for its successful treatment. Because mutations and amplifications occurring in several genes are responsible for the progression and aggressive behavior of GBM cells, genetic approaches are of great importance in its treatment. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a new emerging tool to silence the genes responsible for disease progression, particularly cancer. SiRNA can be used for GBM treatment by down-regulating genes such as VEGF, STAT3, ELTD1 or EGFR. Furthermore, the use of siRNA can promote the chemosensitivity of GBM cells. However, the efficiency of siRNA in GBM is limited via its degradation by enzymes, and its off-targeting effects. SiRNA-loaded carriers, especially nanovehicles that are ligand-functionalized by CXCR4 or angiopep-2, can be used for the protection and targeted delivery of siRNA. Nanostructures can provide a platform for co-delivery of siRNA plus anti-tumor drugs as another benefit. The prepared nanovehicles should be stable and biocompatible in order to be tested in human studies., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)