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The partial removal of lignin from bamboo materials, a prevalent method to soften the material for plastic forming. It increases bending toughness and improves forming quality, albeit at the expense of load-bearing capacity. This study employs an innovative approach using deep eutectic solvent pretreatment on bamboo green strips (BGS) to establish a balance between strength and toughness, resulting in a significant enhancement of the elastic modulus. The mechanical properties of the DES-treated BGS displayed notable improvements compared to bamboo timber strips (BTS) and bamboo yellow strips (BYS), which either showed no enhancement or suffered degradation after extended treatment durations. Notably, BGS treated for one hour exhibited increases of 8.22 % in flexural toughness and 33.45 % in elastic modulus, while strength diminished by a mere 5.72 %. Concurrently, its porosity increased by 29.36 %, predominantly in the mesopore range. In addition, the crystallinity of the treated BGS increased, whereas the grain size decreased. Silicon-aluminum compounds form on the outer surface of BGS, along with an increase in silicon oxide content, contributed to the observed improvements in stiffness and toughness. These works suggest a novel method for balancing modulus and strength of bamboo structural units, with potential applications in architecture, furniture and transportation sectors.

The present study aims at investigating the application of ultrasound assisted choline chloride (ChCl) – formic acid (FA) deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment of Barley straw. In addition, the efficiency of a wet grinding followed by high intensity ultrasound (HIUS) treatment for production of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) has been evaluated. The DES (using ChCl: FA at 1:9 M ratio) treatment at 45 kHz ultrasound frequency and 3 h of treatment duration resulted in 84.68 ± 1.02 % and 82.96 ± 0.79 % of lignin and hemicellulose solubilisation, respectively. The purification of DES treated solid residue resulted in cellulose with more than 90 % purity. Further, 10 min of wet grinding followed by 40 min of HIUS treatment resulted in more than 80 % nano-fibrillation efficiency. The produced CNF had diameters less than 100 nm in number size distribution and type I cellulose structure. This study confirmed that the developed process offers a sustainable method for producing nanocellulose from agricultural waste.

In this study, a convenient and effective method for determination of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in infant formula was developed based on a novel dispersive solid-phase extraction using deep eutectic solvent-functionalized amorphous UiO-66 (DES/aUiO-66) as sorbent. The synthesis of materials could be achieved without the use of complex and environmentally unfriendly procedures. Parameters were systematically investigated to establish a simple, fast, and efficient green pretreatment method. The method demonstrated high sensitivity, good precision, a detection limit of 0.330–0.529 ng·kg−1, and low matrix effects (< 12.8%). The mechanism for this material was elucidated by ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations and quantum chemistry calculations. The presence of massive pore structures and collectively synergistic binding sites facilitated affinity adsorption toward PFASs. Finally, this method was applied to the monitoring of PFASs in 10 actual milk powder samples. This groundbreaking approach opens new possibilities for the advancement of analytical techniques and food safety monitoring.

The development of novel and environmentally friendly solvents for chemical reactions is a vital in the pursuit of sustainable chemistry. This study presents a sustainable and efficient protocol for the rapid oxidation of benzaldehyde derivatives in the presence of catalytic Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) system to their corresponding benzoic acids. A novel ternary DES composed of Urea/ZnCl2/HCl was synthesized using a combination of Urea, ZnCl2, and HCl for the first time and employed as an environmentally friendly oxidation catalyst using H2O2 as an oxidant at 60 °C. Benzaldehyde derivatives with diverse range of functional groups and substitution patterns afforded remarkable results, as it achieved high to excellent yields of the corresponding benzoic acids within a remarkably short reaction time of only 50 min. This protocol offers several advantages over alternative methods, including high product yields, the elimination of toxic and hazardous solvents and catalysts, and straightforward experimental procedures. Furthermore, the synthesized DES excellent recyclability, allowing for its reuse up to five times without any significant loss of functionality. Moreover, the synthesized DES demonstrated exceptional recyclability, enabling it to be reused up to five times without experiencing any notable decline in its effectiveness or functionality.

Anchusa italica Retz. Flowers (Airfs) is a perennial herb belonging to the Boraginaceae family. A variety of pharmacological agents are employed in the treatment of a multitude of cardiovascular disorders. The study employs ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS) to elucidate the complex chemical composition of these flowers, identifying a multitude of bioactive constituents. It is noteworthy that rosmarinic acid (RA) emerged as a predominant compound, a finding underscored by its high relative content of 39.8511% in the methanolic extract of the flowers.The innovative approach involved the use of a deep eutectic solvent (DES), a green extraction medium, which, when combined with ultrasonic assistance, resulted in a notable enhancement of the extraction yield of total polyphenols and RA. The optimization of this extraction process was achieved through a meticulous response surface methodology, which identified critical factors and their optimal conditions. These included a water content of 29.051 % and a material-liquid ratio of 20.961 mL/g. The optimal conditions were determined to be an extraction time of 35.725 min, an ultrasonic power of 240.342 W.In vitro antioxidant assays further substantiated the therapeutic potential of Anchusa italica Retz. flowers. RA demonstrated remarkable DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging capabilities, with rates exceeding 90%. The comprehensive evaluation value (CEV), derived from the total polyphenol content (TPC) and RA, was optimized under the aforementioned conditions, yielding a CEV of 222.452.The optimized extraction method presents a sustainable and efficient protocol for the isolation of bioactive compounds from natural sources, thereby underscoring the significance of this research in the field of natural product chemistry and ultrasonics Sonochemistry.

Bacterial-infected wounds could cause delayed wound healing due to increased inflammation, especially wounds infected by drug-resistant bacteria remain a major clinical problem. However, traditional treatment strategies were gradually losing efficacy, such as the abuse of antibiotics leading to enhanced bacterial resistance. Therefore, there was an urgent need to develop an antibiotic-free multifunctional dressing for bacterially infected wound healing. This study demonstrated the preparation of a multifunctional injectable hydrogel and evaluated its efficacy in treating acute and infected wounds. The hydrogel was prepared by a one-step mixing method, and cross-linked by natural deep eutectic solvent (DES), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), chitosan (CS), tannic acid (TA), and Cu2+ through non-covalent interactions (hydrogen bonds and metal coordination bonds). PVA/CS/DES/CuTA500 hydrogel has multiple functional properties, including injectability, tissue adhesion, biocompatibility, hemostasis, broad-spectrum antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and angiogenesis. Most importantly, in the MRSA-infected skin wound model, PVA/CS/DES/CuTA500 hydrogel could ultimately accelerate infected wound healing by killing bacteria, activating M2 polarization, inhibiting inflammation, and promoting angiogenesis. In summary, the PVA/CS/DES/CuTA500 hydrogel showed great potential as a wound dressing for bacterial infected wounds treatment in the clinic.

Japanese papers (JPs) are among the most common materials used for the restoration of historical papers. However, they have low transparency and may structure the paper surface. To overcome the limitations of JPs, in the present work films of cellulose nanofibers with and without lignin (LCNFs and CNFs, respectively) were explored. For this, chemically different LCNFs (carboxylated by TEMPO-mediated oxidation using variable oxidant amount and sulfated with deep eutectic solvent) and two reference CNFs were produced from Eucalyptus kraft pulps. Lignin slightly hindered the introduction of carboxyl groups into the cellulose structure, but did not affect the incorporation of sulfate groups. (L)CNFs gave films with better mechanical properties than those determined for three types of JP (tensile strength of 79–142 MPa (±11) vs 3.5–13.0 MPa (±0.4) and Young's modulus of 4900–5900 MPa (±300) vs 240–1800 MPa (±70)). Additionally, the (L)CNF films exhibited lower water vapor transmission rates (132–312 g.m−2.day−1) compared to the JPs (685–719 g.m−2.day−1), and a higher transparency (up to 89% and ≤82% for JPs). Except for the thermal stability, all properties studied favored (L)CNF films over JPs, indicating their strong potential for restoration/conservation applications. This systematic comparison between the properties of (L)CNF films and JPs has never been conducted before.

This article presents a comprehensive study of CO2 capture using a new composite of Montmorillonite and Choline-Chloride-Urea in a continous fixed-bed adsorption system. The results revealed superior performance of a surface-activated mesoporous support compared to the unmodified solid support. The breakthrough curves, adsorption capacities, regenerability, and CO2/N2 selectivity of the developed nano-caly adsorbent were also studied for the first time. The ANOVA analysis indicated highly significant effects of gas flow rate and CO2 vol. % on breakthrough-time and adsorption capacity. The kinetic mathematical models were applied for breakthrough curve analysis. Clark model fitted to the experimental data better than others.

This study describes the extraction efficiency of loganic acid and gentiopicroside from Gentianae radix et rhizoma using the deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasound-assisted extraction (DES-UAE) method. A comparison was made against 12 deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as alternative extraction solutions. The extraction efficiency of DES-4 (prepared from choline chloride and lactic acid) exceeded that of other DESs. A single factor experiment and response surface methodology (RSM) were adopted, and the optimal processing parameters of DES-UAE were: the water content of DES-4 was 19.9 %, solid/liquid was 29.3 mg/ml, extraction temperature was 50.8 °C and extraction time was 26.8 min. Under these conditions, the extraction efficiency of loganic acid and gentiopicroside was 7.6986 mg/100 g. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that the unextracted powder exhibited a granular shape with rough surface and complete structure. Moreover, the ultrasonic extraction of Gentianae radix et rhizoma powder with DES-4 as extraction solution caused significant damage to the surface structure of the powder, creating numerous fine pores on the surface. This suggested that DES-4 had higher permeability and erosive force, which effectively destroyed the cell wall.

This study aimed to optimise metal extraction from secondary hazardous sources, such as basic oxygen steelmaking dust (BOS-D). Initially, three batch systems approaches, including bioleaching using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, chemical leaching using choline chloride-ethylene glycol (ChCl-EG) and a combined approach were compared. Then, scaling up was evaluated through a semi-continuous bioleaching column system with varied leachate recirculation over 21 days, focusing on Y, Ce, Nd, Li, Co, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Al. Bioleaching outperformed the control experiments within 3 days in the batch, demonstrating the key role of A. ferrooxidans. Chemical leaching conducted with a solid concentration of 12.5 % (w/v) successfully dissolved over 50 % of all metals within 2 h. For rare earth elements (REE), both bioleaching and hybrid leaching outperformed chemical leaching. However, considering factors such as process duration, overall efficiency, and ease of extraction, chemical leaching was the most effective method. Leachate recirculation reached a plateau after 11 days, resulting in extraction efficiency of 39 % when semi-continuous column set-up was used. Interestingly, variations in recirculation rates did not influence the extraction efficiency. Overall, this study emphasizes the considerable potential of bioleaching for metal recovery, but also highlights the need for further studies for enhancing permeability for percolation methods and optimisation, particularly in parameters such as aeration rate, when transitioning to larger scale systems.

Nanocellulose (CNF) has emerged as a promising alternative to synthetic petroleum-based polymers, but the conventional preparation process involves multiple tedious steps, heavily dependent on chemical input, and proves cost-inefficient. This study presented an, in situ ultrasound-assisted extraction using deep eutectic solvent (DES) based on choline chloride and oxalic acid for more facile production of CNF from raw durian husk fibers. FESEM analysis confirmed the successful extraction of web-like nanofibril structure with width size ranging from 18 to 26 nm. Chemical composition analysis and FTIR revealed the selective removal of lignin and hemicellulose from the raw fiber. As compared to post-ultrasound treatment, in situ ultrasound-assisted extraction consistently outperforms, yielding a higher CNF yield with finer fiber width and significantly reduced lignin content. Integrating this eco-friendly in situ ultrasonication-assisted one-pot extraction method with a 7.5 min interval yielded the highest CNF yield of 58.22 % with minimal lignin content. The superior delignification ability achieved through the proposed in situ ultrasound-assisted protocol surpasses the individual efficacy of DES and ultrasonication processes, neither of which yielded CNF in our experimental setup. This single-step fabrication process significantly reduces chemical usage and streamlines the production steps yielding web-structured CNF that is ideal for sustainable application in membrane and separator.

This study investigates the impact of a combined approach involving sandblasting and electrochemical surface treatment using a deep eutectic solvent Ethaline, a eutectic mixture of choline chloride and ethylene glycol, on the surface characteristics of Ti–6Al–4V biomedical substrates fabricated through direct selective laser melting (DSLM). Research has focused on surface morphology, topography, chemical composition, and cell adhesion. The novel approach demonstrated the ability to create a hierarchical surface structure with both micro and nanopatterns. The rough edges resulting from the sandblasting process were effectively smoothed through subsequent electrochemical processing. Additionally, the issue of residual sand particles, which commonly arise in sandblasting procedures, was successfully addressed with the new method. The results indicated that Ti alloy samples subjected to sandblasting and electrochemical treatment in Ethaline exhibited improved surface hydrophilicity. In-vitro cell adhesion tests confirmed the potential for bio-inspired properties of DSLM-printed Ti–6Al–4V biomedical substrates achieved through the combination of sandblasting and electrochemical processing in Ethaline.

In this study, we successfully utilized a green chemistry approach to prepare an adsorbent by functionalizing Montmorillonite with Choline Chlroride: Urea (a Deep Eutectic Solvent) to compare CO2, O2, and N2 adsorption. We conducted studies on the adsorption mechanism using a volumetric system at temperatures ranging from 25 to 55 °C under pressures of up to 9 bar. We assessed the effects of acid activation concentration, solvent concentration, and adsorbent mass on the CO2/O2 and CO2/N2 adsorption ratios (mg/mg). Characterization analyses confirmed that modification of interlayer spaces, ion exchange content, and Al/Si occurred through acid treatment and solvent impregnation. The CO2 adsorption mechanism demonstrated a heterogeneous multilayer and chemophysical sorption nature, which was in agreement with the Hill isotherm and Ellovich kinetic model. In contrast, the O2 and N2 mechanisms were in agreement with a monolayer nature, which matched the Langmuir isotherm and first-order kinetic model. We achieved the optimum adsorption ratio of CO2/O2 and CO2/N2 at 35 °C, while the highest individual adsorption for all three gases was obtained at 25 °C. At 35 °C, 5 bar, and 0.5 g, the highest uptake adsorption was 208.6 mg/g for CO2, 72.6 mg/g for O2, and 39.3 mg/g for N2. Thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption nature of CO2, O2, and N2 was exothermic (ΔH

To promote the potentially industrial applications of thinned unripe kiwifruits, two deep eutectic solvent-based methods, including deep eutectic solvent-assisted extraction (DAE) and microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction (MDE), were optimized for the extraction of polysaccharides from thinned unripe kiwifruits (YKP). Results showed that the yields of YKP-D prepared by DAE and YKP-DM prepared by MDE were extremely higher than YKP-H prepared by hot water extraction. Furthermore, YKP-H, YKP-D, and YKP-DM were mainly composed of pectic polysaccharides, including homogalacturonan (HG) and rhamnogalacturonan I (RG I) domains. Besides, both YKP-D and YKP-DM exhibited stronger antioxidant, anti-glycosylation, and immunomodulatory effects than those of YKP-H, and their higher contents of uronic acids and bound polyphenols as well as lower molecular weights could partially contribute to their bioactivities. Overall, these results revealed that the developed MDE method could be utilized as a promising method for highly efficient extraction of YKP with superior beneficial effects.

Novel spiropyrazoline-indolinones (4a–t) have been synthesized successfully in neutral deep eutectic solvents by reacting 5-Cl/Br-isatin (1a–b) with aromatic ketones (2a–b) and a variety of substituted hydrazines (3a–e) in good to excellent yields. This eco-friendly straightforward synthetic protocol discloses good functional group compatibility. The conventional synthetic approach was compared with the greener route of microwave-assisted synthesis of spiropyrazolines using ethanol. This approach utilized mild reaction conditions which furnished high yields in short reaction time employing one pot two-step multicomponent. All new compounds were structurally confirmed by detailed spectroscopic analysis and density functional theory calculations. This method provides efficient access to spiropyrazole derivatives using biodegradable and green solvent.

An environmental friendly, fast, easy and inexpensive liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME) in combination with pH-switchable deep eutectic solvent (DES) method followed by HPLC was investigated for the separation and determination of daunorubicin (DNR) in human plasma samples. For this purpose, first, 9 DESs were prepared based on previous studies and their switchability in aqueous solution was evaluated by changing the pH. Non-switchable DESs were discarded and switchable DESs were used to extract DNR. The parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were optimized (DES type, volume of DES, concentration of KOH, volume of HCl, salt addition and extraction time). After optimizing the conditions and drawing the calibration curve, figures of merit were calculated. Relative standard deviations (%RSDs) based on 7 replicate with 50 μg L−1 of DNR in plasma were 2.7 for intra-day and 4.8 % for inter-day. A wide linear range from 0.15 to 200 μg L−1 was obtained. The detection limit of the method based on signal-to-noise 3 and the quantification limit of the method based on signal-to-noise 10 were 0.05 and 0.15, respectively. After spiking plasma samples with different concentrations of DNR, relative recoveries were obtained in the range of 91.0–107.8 %.

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) have garnered significant attention as extraction media owing to their commendable attributes of being environmentally sustainable and the inherent adaptability of DES's versatile physical and chemical characteristics. The present study investigated the effects of deep eutectic solvents on the total contents of anthocyanin, phenolic, and flavonoids, as well as the antioxidant activity of Thai pigmented rice bran extract. The optimal extraction parameters for deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction (DES-UAE) were also determined using the response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal conditions for the extraction of anthocyanins and other antioxidants from pigmented rice bran using a deep eutectic solvent were choline chloride: ethylene glycol (Ch:Eg) at a 1:2 ratio, mixed with 20 % water as a solvent. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) at 37 kHz of frequency, 50 °C of temperature, 40 min of extraction time, and a 1:6 g/mL of solid-to-solvent ratio yielded a total anthocyanin content of 4.55 ± 0.09 mg C3G/g DW, a total phenolic content of 26.49 ± 0.62 mg GAE/g DW, a total flavonoid content of 6.57 ± 0.55 mg QE/g DW, and a percent inhibition of DPPH radical of 77.83 ± 1.51. By comparing the antioxidant content that was extracted from three cultivars of pigmented rice, it was found that Leum Pua black rice bran provided significantly higher antioxidant content compared to Hom Nin purple rice bran and Mali Dang red rice bran. This research suggests an achievable, eco-friendly, and effective method for preparing high-quality, consumer-safe Thai rice bran as a raw material for nutraceuticals.

Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is a tropical fruit grown in different areas of the world. Avocado pulp is of interest to food companies while seed and peel are wasted. In 2021, about 25 thousand tons of avocado peel were produced as waste. In accordance with circular economy and green chemistry principles, avocado peel could be considered a source of bioactive molecules, specifically phenolic compounds, to be recovered using green methods. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are green solvents whose extractive efficiency for phenolic compounds from food and waste products of the agri-food chain has already been demonstrated. In this work, an ultrasound-assisted solid-liquid extraction, using DESs, was developed to recover phenolic compounds from avocado (Hass variety) peel. For this purpose, twelve DESs were tested as extraction solvents considering the provided total phenolic content. Then, in order to obtain the largest amount of phenolic compounds, the most relevant factors affecting solid-liquid extraction were evaluated. Matrix-to-solvent ratio of 1:30 (w/v), 25°C and 15 min as temperature and time of extraction, respectively, were found as optimal conditions to guarantee an extracted amount of phenolic compounds of 8.29 ± 0.07 g GAE/100g of dry avocado peel. Through high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array and mass spectrometry detection, some flavonoids and phenolic acids were identified in the avocado peel extract.

The current article deals with the separation of the azeotropic mixture of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and water using an ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([EMIM][BF4]) and Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs), Choline Chloride/glycerol (Glyceline) and Choline Chloride/Ethylene Glycol (Ethaline). Conventional dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvents are used to compare the results for IPA dehydration. Process modelling and simulation were carried out in the Aspen Plus simulator (v.8.6). The NRTL model was used to calculate the thermodynamic properties as well as the vapour-liquid equilibria of the ternary systems. The process parameters such as entrainer flow rate, binary feed stage, entrainer feed stage, column stages, reflux ratio, reboiler and condenser duties were evaluated using sensitivity analysis and design spec tools of the simulator. The industrial process for both systems, containing a separation column and a recovery column, was simulated at a steady state. Both processes were optimised using the optimisation tool of the simulator and compared based on the energy requirement. Further, based on the simulation results, we proposed an alternate process design for solvent recovery using a flash drum. The results show that more than 99.9 mol% IPA purity can be achieved using both ILs as well as DESs. The overall energy requirement for the separation of IPA-water mixture using [EMIM][BF4] entrainer in a conventional process was found to be lower than DMSO. The proposed alternate process further reduces the energy requirement compared to the conventional process for both IL and DESs systems.

The addition of cosolvent, such as water, influences the overall fluctuation dynamics as sensed by the probe. It is crucial to unravel the fluctuation dynamics when water is added, particularly in viscous solvents with varying degrees of heterogeneity. In this study, we employed two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy to examine the solvation dynamics of two viscous solvents: glycerol, a molecular solvent, and malicine, an acid-based deep eutectic solvent. Additionally, we explored the relative changes in fluctuation dynamics upon water addition. Our results indicate that water disrupts the hydrogen bond network in glycerol, but no significant effect is observed in malicine. Our experimental findings align well with previously reported simulation studies.

To address climate change and environmental concerns, the chemical process industries are increasingly adopting green technology and exploring eco-friendly waste management practices. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) have emerged as promising green solvents with diverse applications in the industries in separation processes, catalysis, drug design, and a lot more. However, the ideal way for modeling ionic interactions within the hydrogen-bond acceptor (HBA) during DES synthesis remains uncertain, and theoretical insight on the formation mechanism of energetically stable DESs from choline chloride (CHL) and urea (URE) is yet to be explored. In this study, we investigate different modeling approaches (no bond, generic bond, or single bond) for ionic interactions in hydrogen-bond acceptor (HBA) molecules during DES synthesis and the thermodynamic feasibility of forming an energetically stable DES using choline chloride (CHL) and urea (URE) through theoretical calculations (PM3, HF, and DFT). Our findings indicate that the choice of modeling approach does not significantly affect the outcomes across calculation levels. The H-X DES formation pathway emerges as the most viable route for CHL: GLC DES synthesis, offering strong binding energy and high exothermicity. This pathway provides a robust solution for synthesizing energetically stable DES with potential applications in various industries. Researchers can consider alternative calculation levels when DFT becomes cost-prohibitive to optimize computational costs. Our study contributes valuable insights into DES design and synthesis, promoting environmentally sustainable and cost-effective processes.

A novel gentisic acid-based deep eutectic solvent (ETPPBr/GA-DES) was prepared by mixing of ethyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (ETPPBr) and gentisic acid (GA = 2,5-dihydroxy-benzoic acid), and its structure fully investigated by using the FT-IR, TGA/DTA, densitometer and 1HNMR techniques. Different mole ration of ETPPBr to GA were examined and the eutectic point phase diagram showed that the best ratio for the synthesis of a novel gentisic acid-based DES is the one-to-one mole ratio of the two starting materials (ETPPBr and GA).Then, ETPPBr/GA-DES was used as a novel and capable catalyst for the green synthesis of diverse N-substituted decahydroacridine-1,8-diones a(1−12) from the three-component condensation reaction of aromatic aldehyde, aromatic amine and dimedone in solvent-free conditions at 80 °C.

The application of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as green solvents in analytical chemistry has attracted increasing attention. The present study presents a simple, eco-friendly, and cost-effective approach for the extraction of selenium (Se) in food samples. The extraction method utilised alcohol-based DES and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) to determine total Se. Factors affecting the extraction procedure were optimised using the design of experiments. Using the optimal conditions, the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) and linearity of the developed method were 0.0011 µg Se/g, 0.0037 µg Se/g and 0.004–0.20 µg Se/g, respectively. The precision expressed as relative standard deviations (RSDs) was less than 10 %. The accuracy of the method was investigated using certified reference materials (IRMM 804 Rice Flour and NIST SRM 1567b wheat flour), and the results were in close agreement with the certified values (0.038 µg/g and 1.14 µg/g) with percentage recoveries ranging from 89.5 to 106 %. The interday ( %RSD) and Intraday ( %RSD) were 2.8–5.4 % and 4.3–5.9 %, respectively. The greenness of the method was assessed using NEMI, AES, and AGREE metrics tools. When comparing all these tools, they all qualified the proposed method as green.

In this study, the deep eutectic solvent based ultrasound-assisted extraction (DES-UAE) was investigated for the efficient and environmentally friendly extraction of Selaginella chaetoloma total biflavonoids (SCTB). As an extractant for optimization, tetrapropylaminium bromide-1,4-butanediol (Tpr-But) was employed for the first time. 36 DESs were created, with Tpr-But producing the most effective results. Based on response surface methodology (RSM), the greatest extraction rate of SCTB was determined to be 21.68 ± 0.78 mg/g, the molar ratio of HBD to HBA was 3.70:1, the extraction temperature was 57 °C, and the water content of DES was 22 %. In accordance with Fick's second rule, a kinetic model for the extraction of SCTB by DES-UAE has been derived. With correlation coefficients 0.91, the kinetic model of the extraction process was significantly correlated with the general and exponential equations of kinetics, and some important kinetic parameters such as rate constants, energy of activation and raffinate rate were determined. In addition, molecular dynamics simulations were used to study the extraction mechanisms generated by different solvents. Comparing the effect of several extraction methods on S.chaetoloma using ultrasound-assisted extraction and conventional methods, together with SEM examination, revealed that DES-UAE not only saved time but also enhanced SCTB extraction rate by 1.5–3 folds. SCTB demonstrated superior antioxidant activity in three studies in vitro. Furthermore, the extract could suppress the growth of A549, HCT-116, HepG2, and HT-29 cancer cells. Alpha-Glucosidase (AG) inhibition experiment and molecular docking studies suggested that SCTB exhibited strong inhibitory activity against AG and potential hypoglycemic effects. The results of this study indicated that a Tpr-But-based UAE method was suitable for the efficient and environmentally friendly extraction of SCTB, and also shed light on the mechanisms responsible for the increased extraction efficiency, which could aid in the application of S.chaetoloma and provide insight into the extraction mechanism of DES.

This research investigates the effect of extraction parameters on total phenolic content (TPC) and the antioxidant capacity of coffee silverskin (CS) extract using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) in deep eutectic solvent (DES). The optimization was carried out in two stages: (i) the optimization of the UAE condition with the highest TPC; and (ii) a four-factor Box-Behnken design (BBD) to optimize the UAE condition with the optimal TPC; 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity; and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The results showed that the optimal UAE condition with the highest TPC was 150–250 μm CS particle size; 1,6-hexanediol as hydrogen bond donor (HBD); 1:7 HBA:HBD molar ratio; and 30% (w/w) water content, given choline chloride (ChCl) as hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA), 30 min extraction time and 30 ° C extraction temperature. The BBD-based optimal UAE condition was 30% w/w water content, 45 mL/g liquid/solid ratio, 90 min extraction time and 85 ° C extraction temperature, given the CS particle size of 150–250 μm and the HBA:HBD molar ratio of 1 (ChCl): 7 (1,6 hexanediol), achieving 19.19 ± 0.20 mg GAE/g CS for TPC, 24.06 ± 1.77 mg TE/g CS for DPPH radical scavenging capacity, and 59.13 ± 4.55 mg Fe (II)/g CS for FRAP. The experimental results were in good agreement with the BBD-based predicted results (22.40 mg GAE/g CS for TPC, 24.09 mg TE/g CS for DPPH, and 59.43 mg Fe(II)/g CS for FRAP). The two-site kinetics model best fitted the experimental data, with R2 of 0.991–0.999.

In this study, an eco-friendly procedure was established by vortex-assisted liquid-phase microextraction based on deep eutectic solvent (VA−LPME−DES) combined with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS). The performance of this method was demonstrated by the extraction and analysis of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) in fish samples. The hydrophobic DES is considered as a green extractant (environmentally friendly and less toxic than common organic solvents) and is a suitable alternative to common toxic organic solvents and is made of l-menthol and ethylene glycol (EG) with a molar ratio of 1:1. Under optimized conditions, the method linearity was in the ranges of 0.15–150 µg kg−1 with the coefficient of determinations (r2) higher than 0.996. Accordingly, the detection limits for Pb, Cd, and Hg were 0.05, 0.05, and 0.10 µg kg−1, respectively. The analysis of fish samples showed that the concentration of toxic elements in fish caught from the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers is much higher than the concentration of these elements in locally farmed trout fish. Also, the analysis of fish-certified reference materials with presented procedure produced results that were in good agreement with the certified values. The results showed that VA−LPME–DES is a very cheap, fast, and environmental-friendly procedure for the analysis of toxic elements in different types of fish species.

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have attracted interest due to their unique and favorable electrochemical characteristics. This study reported a novel binary glycerol-zinc salt deep eutectic solvents were prepared with a combination of hydrogen bond donor (glycerol (Gly)) and hydrogen bond acceptor (Zinc nitrate hexahydrate (ZNH)) at different molar ratios of 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, and 1:6. The various physicochemical properties including viscosity, refractivity index, conductivity, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance (EIS) were measured. The results showed that among the various combinations tested, DES 1:2 resulted in a low viscosity value of 690, 500, 310, 220, and 160 mPa (mPa s) at shear rate (S −1) values of 20, 30, 60, 100, and 200 respectively. Moreover, DES 1:2 resulted in more electrochemically stable solvents with a lower refractive index value of 1.446, and a higher conductivity (σ) of 4.41 mS/cm. The findings found disclose the features, nature and of properties of prepared DESs as a potential solvents for different electrochemical storage applications.

A combination of cobalt and dipicolinic acid-based metal organic complex was synthesized via deep eutectic solvent (DES) based ionothermal synthesis. The DES comprising of choline chloride and urea served as the solvent medium that cater the formation of novel 3-D layered motif as depicted by the crystallographic data of the complex. FESEM, TEM and EDX analysis verified the formation of unique, hollow morphology and homogeneous distribution of metal ions within the cobalt complex synthesized ionothermally. Based on BET surface area analysis, the presence of micro- and mesopores within the structure was verified. The structurally layered cobalt complex was then used as an electrode material for supercapacitor with a specific capacitance of 712 and 556 F g−1 at 1.0 and 5.0 A g−1 respectively. The energy density and power density were calculated to be 5.71 W h kg−1 and 60.09 W kg−1 when tested at the current density of 1 A g−1. The novel material also showed good cycling stability by retaining at 76% of initial value after over 500 cycles. These values demonstrate that ionothermally synthesized transition metal based organic complexes can serve as prospective electrode material in supercapacitors.

In this work, nanocrystalline nickel and nickel-molybdenum alloys were electrodeposited from electrolytes based on deep eutectic solvents. Eutectic mixtures of choline chloride with ethylene glycol (ethaline) and urea (reline) were used as typical representatives of deep eutectic solvents. The deposited Ni and Ni–Mo films were evaluated as potential electrocatalytic materials for green hydrogen production via electrolysis of alkaline aqueous solutions. The electrodeposited samples were characterized by XRD, SEM and EDX techniques, and the electrochemical behavior was evaluated by means of linear voltammetry and Tafel analysis. It was shown that the deposition of nickel (without molybdenum) from the electrolytes based on ethaline provides a higher electrocatalytic activity of the material with respect to the hydrogen evolution reaction than the material deposited from the reline-based electrolytes. The reline-based plating electrolytes contribute to a greater inclusion of molybdenum in the fabricated Ni–Mo alloys and therefore ensure increased electrocatalytic activity as compared with the ethaline-based electrolytes. The electrocatalytic behavior well correlates with the molybdenum content in the coatings. Ni and Ni–Mo electrodeposits produced from the deep eutectic solvent-mediated plating baths exhibit improved electrocatalytic performance and can be considered as promising catalytic materials for water electrolysis in green hydrogen energy.

Glass transition temperature (Tg) being a crucial thermal property, linear models for predicting Tg of deep eutectic solvents (DES) are proposed. The group contribution method and genetic algorithm using an experimental dataset of 51 DESs are applied to obtain the group contribution values for each functional group present in DESs by considering their stereochemistry. By segregating the DESs into subclasses according to their molecular structures, linear regressions for each class are performed to develop the model. The framework is used to compute the Tg of all DESs taken in this study, and it shows an absolute average deviation of 2.7%.

There is a lack of attention and reporting in aspects of the neutral/nonionic perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and corresponding treatment mechanisms. Herein, new function-oriented deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with pyridine moiety were designed for perfluorinated iodoalkanes extraction from the oil phase. The effect of hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) functional groups on the effectiveness of targets retrieval was investigated. Moreover, different structural, quantum-chemical, solvatochromic, and statistical thermodynamics parameters were conducted, calculated, and correlated to the distribution coefficients of the studied DESs. Results showed that functional groups of HBAs significantly affected the extraction effectiveness of eutectic mixtures. The pyridine ring-based DESs with the CO group possessed the highest extraction efficiencies among the studied groups. To some extent, the extraction performances of the DES were substantially affected by the electrostatic potential extrema of the donor halogen atom and pyridine analogues. For targets with relatively short alkyl chain length, the topological indices had a positive relationship with the treatment efficacy of the DESs, and the quantum-chemical parameters of these solvents had a strong negative relationship with them. For targets with long alkyl chain length, the solvatochromic parameters of DES had a great influence on the distribution coefficients and also on the selectivity of these solvents. Furthermore, the halogen and hydrogen bonds presented cooperativity, clarifying via quantum-chemistry calculations. The synergism mechanism between them is beneficial to the extraction of perfluorinated iodoalkanes. Besides shedding light on the structure–property-performance relationships of the DESs, these findings also provided novel insights into the directional design and selection of DESs.

The effective extraction of natural compounds from cocoa bean shells using deep eutectic solvents could contribute to the sustainable valorization of this waste material. The objective of this study was to: (1) analyze the extraction kinetics of polyphenols released from cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) bean shells (CBS) by the solid-liquid extraction method using choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents (ChCl-DES) and their aqueous solutions; (2) investigate the effect of choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents (ChCl-DES) aqueous solutions on in-vitro antioxidant capacity and the main individual compounds of the extracts. ChCl-DES were prepared with lactic acid, glycerol, and ethylene glycol in a 1:2 ratio. Aqueous solutions (30%, 40%, and 50% water) to obtain solvents with different physicochemical properties were performed. The total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The solution of Fick's law model for plate geometry particles was applied to fit the experimental data and calculate the effective diffusivity coefficient (De). The antioxidant capacity of the extracts was analyzed by a combination of 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging capacity and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The main bioactive compounds were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that the type of hydrogen bond donor influences the total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and the main individual compounds in the extracts. Moreover, the washing/diffusion mechanism adequately depicts the extraction kinetics data for total phenolic content. However, the influence of an additional mechanism that enhanced the extraction capacity of deep eutectic solvents compared with organic solvent was confirmed.

The surface of cellulose particles was carboxylated (2.44 mmol/g) in a deep eutectic solvent containing carboxylic acid. Based on the carboxyl content, the effects of key factors on cellulose carboxylation was systematically investigated. In addition, the reaction mechanism was studied by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the influence of deep eutectic solvent containing carboxylic acid on the structure and physicochemical properties of cellulose during carboxylation was examined using different characterization techniques. The results showed that the type of carboxylic acid, cellulose particle size, and pretreatment methods significantly affect the carboxylation efficiency, degradation, and carbonization of cellulose. The internal crystal structure of cellulose did not change after the carboxylation reaction, while the surface crystal structure was destroyed by carboxylation, which greatly improved the dispersion and hydrophilicity properties of the product. The kinetics and thermodynamics of carboxyl cellulose adsorption were studied as well. Potential application of carboxyl cellulose in the adsorption of pollutants was demonstrated. This study provides a new method for the direct modification of cellulose in deep eutectic solvents, as well as a new sustainable strategy for modifying other materials.

In this study, a simple, sensitive, and rapid method called green hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-based liquid-liquid microextraction was developed to extract Brilliant Blue FCF dye from beverages. This method utilizes hydrophobic DES obtained by forming tetrabutylammonium bromide and 1-octanol in a 1:5 ratio as green extraction solvent. The transition of Brilliant Blue FCF to the DES phase occurred on its own, without the need for any reagents such as added salt or tetrahydrofuran. Several crucial factors were tried to get the best extraction efficiency, including species, DES volume and molar ratio, solution pH, ultrasonication, and centrifugation time. Under optimum conditions, extraction recoveries were achieved in the range of 95.1-101.3 % with the method developed for Brilliant Blue FCF. The detection and determination limits were observed to be 4.1 μg l -1 and 12.1 μg l -1 , respectively. In addition, the relative standard deviation values for the method's accuracy were found to be 2.23 % and 3.48 % within and between days, respectively. It has been established that the developed method is highly environmentally friendly thanks to the application of the Analytical GREENness (AGREE) and Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) tools. This study shows that DES applications can be carried out without the use of emulsifiers and dispersants by prioritizing the use of hydrophobic DES compounds as environmentally friendly and green extraction solvents in food samples., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are renowned for their effectiveness in deconstructing lignocellulose and extracting lignin, yet the challenges lie in lignin condensation and the disposal of the DES remnants after pretreatment. To overcome these issues, this work proposed a holistic strategy utilizing deep eutectic solvent (DES)-driven lignocellulose deconstruction to upgrade lignocellulose into nitrogen-doped carbon dots (CDs) and iron-decorated porous carbons, serving as photocatalysts and adsorbents, respectively. These nitrogen-doped CDs via the choline chloride/FeCl 3 DES pretreatment exhibited abundant nitrogen/oxygen functional groups, enhancing photocatalytic activities and facilitating effective charge separation and transfer. The photocatalytic efficiency of the CDs on dyes reached 97 % under acidic conditions primarily, and free radical quenching experiments indicated that singlet oxygen was the dominant oxidant species. Moreover, the adsorption capabilities of Fe-decorated porous carbons for Congo red reached 2432.3 mg·g -1 , surpassing most existing carbon materials. The adsorption mechanism was due to a synergistic effect including physical adsorption, coordination, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic, and π-π interactions. This study proposed a synergetic conversion of DES and lignocellulose into functional carbon materials for wastewater remediation, which inspired the development of a green and cost-effective biorefinery., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

In recent years, flexible sensors constructed mainly from hydrogels have received increasing attention. However, conventional hydrogels need to be prepared by high-temperature or radiation-induced polymerization reactions, which limits their practical applications due to their suboptimal electrical conductivity and weak mechanical properties. In this paper, using sodium lignosulfonate as the raw material, a dynamic catechol-quinone redox system formed by lignin‑zinc ions was constructed to initiate rapid free radical polymerization of acrylamide (AM) monomer at room temperature. In addition, Deep eutectic solvent (DES) can form a strong hydrogen bonding network within the molecules and between the molecules of the hydrogel, resulting in a hydrogel with good tensile properties (hydrogel elongation at break of 727.19 %, breaking strength of 84.09 kPa), and provides the hydrogel with high electrical conductivity, anti-dehydration, anti-freezing, and anti-bacterial properties. Meanwhile, the addition of lignin also improved the adhesion and UV resistance of the hydrogel. This hydrogel assembled into a flexible sensor can sense various small and large amplitude movements such as nodding, smiling, frowning, etc., and has a wide range of applications in flexible sensors., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study evaluated the ability of triethyl benzyl ammonium chloride/lactic acid deep eutectic solvent extracted lignin (TEBAC/LA-DES-L) to adsorb methylene blue (MB) without additional functional group modification. The structure and morphology of TEBAC/LA-DES-L were characterized using SEM, BET, FT-IR, and TGA techniques. Various factors influencing MB adsorption, such as extraction temperature, solution pH, adsorbent dose, initial MB concentration, adsorption time, and reaction temperature, were investigated. The Redlich-Peterson isotherm displayed a good fit for the experimental data, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 85.16 mg/g. Kinetic analysis suggested that the adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order model, with adsorption occurring in <100 min on DES-L-4 h. The mechanism of MB adsorption on DES-L-4 h was attributed to electrostatic attraction, hydrophobic interactions, and hydrogen bonding forces. Overall, DES-L-4 h demonstrated high adsorption capacity and rapid adsorption rate, making it a promising adsorbent for effectively removing cationic dyes from wastewater., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

There have been numerous studies on flame retardant modification of natural fiber/PLA composite materials due to the demand for applications. However, the existing flame retardant modification methods mostly involve adding flame retardants, which have a negative impact on the mechanical properties. Based on this, this study aims to introduce sulfonic groups into the cellulose of straw fibers via modification with a sulfamic acid-based deep eutectic solvent (SDES), thereby achieving flame retardance without affecting the inherent mechanical properties of the composite material. The performance enhancement of DS/PLA is manifested in the following specific aspects: the LOI reaches 36.53 %, the thermal stability is improved from 7.8 % of the residual carbon of PS/PLA to 38.4 %, and the tensile modulus is increased by 69.5 %. The preparation scheme for straw/PLA composite materials in this study is simple, economical, and efficient, and the flame retardant performance of the composite material is excellent, providing valuable references for flame retardant modification of natural fiber/plastic composite materials., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Achieving interfacial compatibility through sustainable methods is a key objective in natural fiber-plastic composites research, aimed at optimizing mechanical performance. This study introduced an innovative organic bamboo-plastic composite (BPC) interfacial layer, incorporating O-acylated chitin fibers densely coated with polydopamine (PDA) via a mild and facile self-assembly method. Chitin nanofibers were acylated with dodecenylsuccinic anhydride in a deep eutectic solvent in a one-pot process. The resulting BPCs exhibited significantly enhanced mechanical properties, with tensile strength, flexural strength, modulus, and impact strength increased by 73.64 %, 39.19 %, 15.42 %, and 63.57 %, respectively, compared to untreated BPCs. This improvement highlights the effectiveness of tailoring cross-linked networks across heterogeneous interfaces in providing strength, dissipating strain, and promoting interfacial compatibility. Furthermore, these modified BPCs demonstrated enhanced thermal stability, crystallization behavior, and moderate hydrophobicity. This surface treatment strategy offers a distinctive approach to producing high-performance, eco-friendly BPCs, also facilitating the processing and utilization of marine biological resources on a wide scale., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The current landscape of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) extraction methodologies presents significant challenges, particularly for multiple PFAS with different carbon chain lengths. This study introduced an energy-driven strategic approach for screening deep eutectic solvents (DESs) to effectively remove a diverse range of PFAS, including perfluoroalkylcarboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluoroalkanesulfonic acids (PFSAs), and perfluoroalkyl amides (FAAs), from contaminated environments (total 13 target compounds). Utilizing energy-based screening, we identified DES candidates with high affinity for a spectrum of PFAS compounds from 1234 potential starting materials of eutectic systems. Key findings revealed the superior removal efficiency of tributylphosphineoxide/2-methylpiperazine system, exceeding 99 % for various PFAS with different carbon chain lengths in real environmental water samples. Additionally, we elucidated the molecular interactions between DESs and PFAS through ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations, providing valuable insights into the mechanisms governing the removal process. The mechanism of extraction involves hydrogen bond network topology and structural organization, with DESs capable of extracting PFAS while maintaining a weakly aggregated state of target molecules and minimizing the impact on the intrinsic structures of DES. The proposed system forms a dynamic, complementary, and flexible non-covalent interaction network structure with PFAS. The study advances the understanding of DES as a designable, effective, and sustainable alternative to conventional solvents for PFAS remediation, offering a significant contribution to environmental chemistry and green technology., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The efficient conversion of lignocellulose relies on the implementation of an effective pretreatment strategy. Cationic surfactants combined with deep eutectic solvent ([Betaine][LA] was employed as a novel pretreatment strategy for treating corn stalks. Valuable insights were provided on the impact of the surfactant hydrophobic segment length on pretreatment efficacy. The specific pretreatment conditions were optimized by single factor and orthogonal experiment. Octadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (OTAB, 1.5 wt%) with the longest hydrophobic part combined with [Betaine][LA] (Betaine-to-LA molar ratio 1:4) achieved the best pretreatment effect (delignification 92.8 %, xylan elimination 91.1 %) when severity factor reached 4.26, meanwhile, 1.7 g/L xylo-oligosaccharides and 4.4 g/L furfural were detected in pretreatment liquid due to the hydrolysis of hemicellulose in corn stalks with acidic deep eutectic solvent [Betaine][LA]. The relative saccharification activity reached 2.7 times of raw material, while the lignin surface area significantly decreased, leading to enhanced cellulose accessibility. Additionally, molecular perspective provided by molecular dynamics showed the elimination of lignin and xylan was facilitated by strong interaction of hydrogen-bond and van der Waals force between lignin and hemicellulose with [Betaine][LA] + OTAB. Overall, the effectiveness and potential of cationic surfactant combined deep eutectic solvent pretreatment strategy for lignocellulose pretreatment was revealed., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The fractionation of lignocellulose utilizing green solvents is essential for the effective operation of biorefineries. In this study, a deep eutectic solvent (DES) system composed of benzoic acid (BA, hydrogen bond donor) and choline chloride (ChCl, hydrogen bond acceptor) was fabricated and successfully applied to the lignocellulose fractionation. The DES has low toxicity and little pollution. In this system, 67.8 % of lignin and 91.2 % of hemicellulose in poplar were removed, leaving 95.8 % of cellulose intact as solid residue. Due to the removal of the amorphous components, crystallinity of cellulose-rich water-insoluble solid (CIS) substantially increased from 55.6 % to 68.6 %, and CIS was used as feedstock for nanocrystalline cellulose preparation with excellent properties. The results showed that the obtained lignin had similar properties to CEL by GPC, FT-IR, 2D-NMR and TGA. A high-purity lignin rich in G units was recovered with a well-preserved structure, which has β-O-4 linkage content up to 53.01 %, low molecular weight, low polydispersity (1.99). Finally, the hydrolyzate can be used for fermentation. This study demonstrated that BA is suitable for DES design with excellent properties on lignin extraction, and this promising DES enable efficient pretreatment for economically feasible biomass conversion. This ChCl-BA DES facilitates environmentally friendly production of functional materials derived from cellulose and lignin under mild conditions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Bisphenol analogues (BPs) are a class of typical environmental endocrine disruptors (EDCs) that have recently attracted increasing attention with regard to their potential effects on human health. The objective of this study was to develop a method using a magnetic soft material, which consisted of hydrophilic deep eutectic solvent (DES) and magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MMWCNTs), for the dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE), coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), for the determination of the levels of nine BPs in bottled water. The hydrophilic DES enable the rapid dispersion of MMWCNTs when the material is injected rapidly into the sample solution using a pipette gun. This process can therefore be completed in a relatively short period of time, resulting in an efficient extraction. Under optimal conditions, the limit of detections (LODs) of the method were 0.0003-0.003 μg/L and the limit of quantifications (LOQs) were 0.001-0.01 μg/L. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the method were only 2.42-7.59 % for inter-day and 3.71-9.67 % for intra-day. The method demonstrated good reproducibilities and recoveries, rendering it suitable for the determination of BPs in large-volume water samples., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Ramie leaf polysaccharides (RLP) were extracted using deep eutectic solvent (DES) and microwave. The extraction conditions, i.e., buffer-to-substrate (B:S) ratio (10:1-30:1 w/v), microwave power (90-270 W) and extraction duration (2-4 min) were optimized using response surface methodology. Based on the optimized model, 21.1 mL/g B:S ratio, 263 W microwave power and 2.8 min extraction time had successfully produced RLP with 16.67 ± 1.10 % (w/w) yield and 80.84 ± 1.16 % 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. The 23.4 ± 0.389 kDa RLP was a neutral polysaccharide with low carbohydrate, protein, and phenolic contents. The low galacturonic acid content (0.89 ± 0.05 mg/g) suggested RLP contained partially pectic-polysaccharide. The major monosaccharides of RLP were rhamnose, glucose, galactose and xylose. RLP was a relatively non-linear, highly branched polysaccharide with short branches based on the monosaccharide ratio. Bioactivity screening had identified the reduction (0.66 ± 0.02 mmol Fe 2+ /g) and copper chelation (48.5 ± 0.4 %) activities of RLP. The polysaccharide could also absorb ultraviolet (UV) in which it gave major protection against UVB with 8.7 ± 0.3 sun protection factor. These biological activities were related to specific functional groups, monosaccharide units, molecular weight and/or the neutral property of RLP. The current findings provided new insights into the antioxidant, copper chelation and sun protection benefit of RLP., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Over the past decade, deep eutectic systems (DES) have become popular, yet their potential toxicity to living organisms is not well understood. This study fills this gap by examining the toxicity, antibacterial activity and biodegradability of p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (PTSA)-based DESs prepared from ammonium or phosphonium salts. Brine shrimp assays revealed varying toxicity levels of PTSA and salts. Allyltriphenylphosphonium bromide showing the longest survival time among all tested salts while PTSA exhibited a significantly longer duration of cell survival compared to other hydrogen bond donors. PTSA and ammonium salts (N,N-diethylethanolammonium chloride and choline chloride) as individual components showed non-toxic behavior for Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria while different PTSA-based DESs showed significant inhibition zones. Fish acute ecotoxicity tests indicated moderately toxicity for individual components and DESs, though higher concentrations increased fish mortality, highlighting the need for careful handling and disposal of PTSA-based DESs to the environment. Biodegradability analyses found all tested DESs to be readily biodegradable and it was reported that, DES 3 prepapred form PTSA and choline chloride has the highest biodegradability level. Notably, all tested DESs showed over 60 % biodegradability after 28 days. This groundbreaking study explores PTSA-based DESs, highlighting their biodegradability and potential use as antibacterial agents. Results revealed that PTSA as individual component is much better from toxicity point of view in comparison with PTSA-based DESs for any further industrial applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this work, a novel deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of thymol and 1-(o Tolyl)thiourea 9/1 (mol) is presented for the first time. This DES has not been described in the literature. This DES was first used as a stationary phase in an extraction column integrated into a flow injection analysis system for the simultaneous determination of mercury and copper in edible oils. The automated approach involves passing an aqueous sample solution obtained after microwave mineralization through a microcolumn of DES retained on polytetrafluoroethylene. This leading to the extraction and concentration of the analytes. The metals are then eluted with an aqueous thiourea solution for subsequent analysis by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. The limits of detection (LODs) for mercury and copper were 3 μg L⁻ 1 and 2.5 μg L⁻ 1 , respectively. The approach demonstrated high accuracy. Relative standard deviations (RSD) for repeatability and inter-day reproducibility ranged from 3 % to 11 %. Extraction recovery of both metals exceeded 95 %, indicating the high efficiency of the DES-based extraction process. Environmental assessment using the AGREEprep method yielded a favorable environmental index of 0.54, highlighting the robustness of the approach. This novel use of DES as a stationary phase in flow injection analysis system provides a robust, efficient and environmentally friendly approach to the determination of trace metals in edible oils. This method can also be applied to the analysis of other samples., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Legumes are a widespread and cheap source of starch. However, legume starches are prone to retrogradation in applications. Therefore, enhancing the resistance to retrogradation is important to ensure the quality of starch products. In this study, the effects of amines, alcohols, and carboxylic acids deep eutectic solvents (DESs) on the retrogradation properties of pea starch (PS) were investigated. The results showed that the starches treated with carboxylic acid DESs for only 30 min exhibited low paste viscosity, high paste clarity and anti-retrogradation. The carboxylic acid DESs treatment resulted in holes or cracks appearing on the starch surface, a decrease in molecular ordering, relative crystallinity, and amylose content. The thermal enthalpy of starch as well as the pasting viscosity were substantially reduced after the treatment. The paste clarity and the resistance to retrogradation were significantly improved. Conversely, the structure, pasting and retrogradation properties of starch treated with amine and alcohol DESs exhibited only slight differences compared to PS. The carboxylic acid DESs took a short time for the starch modification, and the modified starch paste with low viscosity, high clarity, and resistance to retrogradation. The study could provide an environmentally-friendly and cost-effective method for the preparation of starch with well anti-retrogradation properties., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)