145 results on '"D. Shaw"'
Search Results
2. Tailored twist morphing achieved using graded bend–twist metamaterials
- Author
-
Huaiyuan Gu, Javad Taghipour, Alexander D. Shaw, Mohammadreza Amoozgar, Jiaying Zhang, Chen Wang, and Michael I. Friswell
- Subjects
Ceramics and Composites ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
This work develops a morphing concept that utilises a metamaterial as the passive morphing device for helicopter blades. The metamaterials are created with bend-twist coupling, which enable the blade twist under prescribed bending loads. Finite element analysis (FEA) is performed to investigate the influence of the unit cell configurations on the coupling properties of the metamaterials. The numerical models are then validated experimentally through a set of bending tests conducted with additively manufactured prototypes. Finally, the validated model is used to design a graded metamaterial, where the cell aspect ratio gradually changes along the blade span, providing unique bend-twist coupling and allowing for tailored twist to be obtained. The results suggest the graded metamaterials are capable of introducing optimised nonlinear twists to the blade during different flight conditions including both hover and forward flight.
- Published
- 2022
3. A comparison of GABA-ergic (propofol) and non-GABA-ergic (dexmedetomidine) sedation on visual and motor cortical oscillations, using magnetoencephalography
- Author
-
Lewys Richmond, Neeraj Saxena, Krish D. Singh, Alexander D. Shaw, Richard G. Wise, Suresh D. Muthukumaraswamy, Adele Babic, and Judith Elizabeth Hall
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Conscious sedation ,Oscillations ,Consciousness ,medicine.drug_class ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,Sedation ,Movement ,Neurophysiology ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,Stimulus (physiology) ,050105 experimental psychology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Medicine ,Humans ,Hypnotics and Sedatives ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Adrenergic agonist ,Dexmedetomidine ,Wakefulness ,Propofol ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,Cross-Over Studies ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Motor Cortex ,Magnetoencephalography ,Brain Waves ,Neurology ,Sedative ,Anesthesia ,GABAergic ,medicine.symptom ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,medicine.drug ,RC321-571 - Abstract
SummaryBackgroundUnderstanding the effects of anaesthetic drugs on cortical oscillations can help to elucidate the mechanistic link between receptor physiology and their clinical effects. Propofol produces divergent effects on visual cortical activity: increasing induced gamma-band responses (GBR) while decreasing stimulus-onset-evoked responses) 1. Dexmedetomidine, an α2-adrenergic agonist, differs from GABA-ergic sedatives both mechanistically and clinically as it allows easy arousability from deeper sedation with less cognitive side-effects. Here we use magnetoencephalography (MEG) to characterize and compare the effects of GABAergic (propofol) and non-GABA-ergic (dexmedetomidine) sedation, on visual and motor cortical oscillations.MethodsSixteen male participants received target-controlled infusions of propofol and dexmedetomidine, producing mild-sedation, in a placebo-controlled, cross-over study. MEG data was collected during a combined visual and motor task.ResultsThe key findings were that propofol significantly enhanced visual stimulus induced GBR (44% increase in amplitude) while dexmedetomidine decreased it (40%). Propofol also decreased the amplitudes of the M100 (27%) and M150 (52%) evoked responses, whilst dexmedetomidine had no effect on these. During the motor task, neither drug had any significant effect on motor GBR or movement related beta de-synchronisation (MRBD). However, dexmedetomidine increased (92%) post-movement beta synchronisation/rebound (PMBR) power while propofol reduced it (70%).ConclusionsDexmedetomidine and propofol, at equi-sedative doses, have contrasting effects on visual stimulus induced GBR, visual evoked responses and PMBR. These findings provide a mechanistic link between the known receptor physiology of these sedative drugs and their known clinical effects and may be used to explore mechanisms of other anaesthetic drugs on human consciousness.
- Published
- 2021
4. Experimental study of lag-twist coupling concept for rotor blade application
- Author
-
Mohammadreza Amoozgar, Huaiyuan Gu, Chen Wang, Michael I. Friswell, Alexander D. Shaw, and Jiaying Zhang
- Subjects
Centrifugal force ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Rotor (electric) ,Structural engineering ,Bending ,Rotation ,law.invention ,law ,Bending moment ,Ceramics and Composites ,Helicopter rotor ,Twist ,business ,Beam (structure) ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
A novel passive twist morphing concept is examined for helicopter blades. The concept is demonstrated using a thin-walled rectangular composite beam created with symmetric layup to obtain bend-twist property. The twist of a rotor blade is proposed to be actuated though a movable mass at the blade tip which is able to provide a range of lagwise bending moment during rotation as a result of the centrifugal force. First a set of static bending test is performed which provides detailed characterisation of the deformation and strain distribution of the composite beam subjected to a number of bending loads. The results of the experiment fully verify numerical predictions including finite element approach (FE) and beam cross sectional analysis. A series of simulations are then conducted using the verified numerical model to demonstrate how the desired twist can be effectively achieved by manipulating the size and location of the mass.
- Published
- 2021
5. Lichen bioindicators of nitrogen and sulfur deposition in dry forests of Utah and New Mexico, USA
- Author
-
Mark E. Fenn, Josh Hall, Michael C. Amacher, John D. Shaw, Heather T. Root, and Sarah Jovan
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,General Decision Sciences ,Energy development ,Lichen ,010501 environmental sciences ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,CMAQ ,Biomonitoring ,Ecosystem ,Melanohalea ,Seasonal deposition ,TDep ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,QH540-549.5 ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,biology ,Ecology ,biology.organism_classification ,Throughfall ,Thallus ,stomatognathic diseases ,Deposition (aerosol physics) ,Environmental chemistry ,Environmental science ,Bioindicator - Abstract
Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) deposition can negatively affect ecosystem functions and lichen biomonitors can be a cost-effective way to monitor air pollution exposure across the landscape. Interior dry forests of the southwestern United States face increasing development pressures; however, this region differs from others with well-developed biomonitoring programs in having drier climates and a greater fraction of deposition delivered in dry forms. We measured throughfall N and S deposition at 12 sites in Utah and 10 in New Mexico and co-located collection of 6 lichen species. Throughfall N deposition ranged from 0.76 to 6.96 kg/ha/year and S deposition from 0.57 to 1.44 kg/ha/year with elevated levels near human development that were not predicted by commonly used simulation models. Throughfall N was 4.6 and 1.6 times higher in summer compared with fall-spring in Utah and New Mexico and S deposition was 3.9 and 1.8 times higher in summer. Lichen N and S concentrations ranged from 0.97 to 2.7% and 0.09 to 0.33%. Replicate samples within plots showed high variability in N and S concentrations with within-plot coefficients of variation for N ranging between 5 and 10% and for S between 7 and 15%. In Utah, N and S concentrations in lichen species were correlated with each other in most cases, with R2 ranging from 0.52 to 0.85. N concentrations in Melanohalea exasperatula and Melanohalea subolivacea could be correlated with average annual throughfall N deposition in Utah (R2 = 0.58 and 0.31). Those relationships were improved by focusing on deposition in fall-spring prior to lichen sampling in Utah (R2 for M. exasperatula, M. subolivacea, and X. montana = 0.59, 0.42, and 0.28). In New Mexico, lichens exhibited greater coefficients of variability within plots than between plots and could not be correlated with throughfall N deposition. In neither study area was S correlated between lichens and throughfall deposition, which may be the result of low S deposition over a narrow deposition range or complex lichen assimilation of S. Lichen biomonitoring for N deposition in the region shows promise, but could potentially be improved by sampling more thalli to reduce within-plot variability, repeated lichen collection synchronized with throughfall changeouts to explore temporal variability, and washing lichen collections to distinguish N and S that has been incorporated by the thalli from dry deposition that may accumulate on lichen surfaces.
- Published
- 2021
6. Prolonged tedizolid use in cutaneous non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection
- Author
-
Michael Hunter, Mark Smyth, Graham Turner, and T. D. Shaw
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Tuberculosis ,Combination therapy ,medicine.drug_class ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Antibiotics ,Mycobacterium chelonae ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 ,Article ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Diseases of the respiratory system ,SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being ,Extrapulmonary infection ,Non-tuberculous mycobacteria ,medicine ,biology ,RC705-779 ,business.industry ,Immunosuppression ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,bacterial infections and mycoses ,Dermatology ,Infectious Diseases ,chemistry ,Linezolid ,Tedizolid ,Emerging infectious disease ,business - Abstract
Cutaneous non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections are an emerging infectious disease and require a protracted course of combination antibiotics. Antimicrobial choice is limited by resistance and toxicity. Tedizolid is a new oxazolidinone antibiotic with in vitro activity against some NTM, but its use in the management of extrapulmonary NTM has not been described. We report on the utility of prolonged tedizolid use (8 months), after linezolid intolerance, in combination therapy in a case of difficult Mycobacterium chelonae cutaneous infection. Although tedizolid contributed to clinical remission, it may have also contributed to a multifocal peripheral neuropathy. Its efficacy may also have been limited by continued immunosuppression, with evidence to suggest disease relapse or treatment failure after completion of combination therapy. Tedizolid can be considered, with caution, in combination therapy for difficult cases of cutaneous NTM infection.
- Published
- 2021
7. Generative modelling of the thalamo-cortical circuit mechanisms underlying the neurophysiological effects of ketamine
- Author
-
Neeraj Saxena, Alexander D Shaw, Natalie E Adams, Rosalyn J. Moran, Rachael L. Sumner, Krish D. Singh, and Suresh D. Muthukumaraswamy
- Subjects
Male ,Neural mass ,0302 clinical medicine ,Thalamus ,gamma-aminobuyric acid, (GABA) ,Cerebral Cortex ,0303 health sciences ,DCM ,MEG ,Chemistry ,GABAA receptor ,Pyramidal Cells ,05 social sciences ,Magnetoencephalography ,Middle Aged ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Neurology ,Pattern Recognition, Visual ,NMDA receptor ,Neurophysiological modelling ,medicine.drug ,Adult ,Oscillations ,Adolescent ,ketamine ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,Alpha (ethology) ,AMPA receptor ,Inhibitory postsynaptic potential ,Models, Biological ,050105 experimental psychology ,Article ,lcsh:RC321-571 ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,Interneurons ,α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid, (AMPA) ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Ketamine ,lcsh:Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,030304 developmental biology ,Neurophysiology ,Brain Waves ,Coupling (electronics) ,N-methyl-D-aspartate, (NMDA) ,nervous system ,Neuroscience ,Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Cortical recordings of task-induced oscillations following subanaesthetic ketamine administration demonstrate alterations in amplitude, including increases at high-frequencies (gamma) and reductions at low frequencies (theta, alpha). To investigate the population-level interactions underlying these changes, we implemented a thalamo-cortical model (TCM) capable of recapitulating broadband spectral responses. Compared with an existing cortex-only 4-population model, Bayesian Model Selection preferred the TCM. The model was able to accurately and significantly recapitulate ketamine-induced reductions in alpha amplitude and increases in gamma amplitude. Parameter analysis revealed no change in receptor time-constants but significant increases in select synaptic connectivity with ketamine. Significantly increased connections included both AMPA and NMDA mediated connections from layer 2/3 superficial pyramidal cells to inhibitory interneurons and both GABAA and NMDA mediated within-population gain control of layer 5 pyramidal cells. These results support the use of extended generative models for explaining oscillatory data and provide in silico support for ketamine’s ability to alter local coupling mediated by NMDA, AMPA and GABA-A.
- Published
- 2020
8. Complex Genetic Architecture Underlies Regulation of Influenza-A-Virus-Specific Antibody Responses in the Collaborative Cross
- Author
-
Ande West, Shannon K. McWeeney, Brea K. Hampton, Fernando Pardo-Manuel de Villena, Clayton R. Morrison, Carolin Pilzner, Alan C. Whitmore, Ralph S. Baric, Alexandra Schäfer, Martin T. Ferris, Kelsey E. Noll, Kenneth S. Plante, Mary K. McCarthy, Heike Kollmus, Ginger D. Shaw, Klaus Schughart, Vineet D. Menachery, Darla R. Miller, Mark T. Heise, Lisa E. Gralinski, Sarah R. Leist, Michael Mooney, and Thomas E. Morrison
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Candidate gene ,Disease ,medicine.disease_cause ,Virus Replication ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Article ,Collaborative Cross ,influenza virus ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Gene mapping ,humoral immunity ,antibody ,Influenza, Human ,Influenza A virus ,medicine ,Humans ,Gene ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,Genetics ,genetic reference population ,biology ,genetic architecture ,Genetic architecture ,030104 developmental biology ,host genetics ,complex trait ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,Humoral immunity ,Host-Pathogen Interactions ,biology.protein ,genetic mapping ,Antibody ,influenza ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Summary Host genetic factors play a fundamental role in regulating humoral immunity to viral infection, including influenza A virus (IAV). Here, we utilize the Collaborative Cross (CC), a mouse genetic reference population, to study genetic regulation of variation in antibody response following IAV infection. CC mice show significant heritable variation in the magnitude, kinetics, and composition of IAV-specific antibody response. We map 23 genetic loci associated with this variation. Analysis of a subset of these loci finds that they broadly affect the antibody response to IAV as well as other viruses. Candidate genes are identified based on predicted variant consequences and haplotype-specific expression patterns, and several show overlap with genes identified in human mapping studies. These findings demonstrate that the host antibody response to IAV infection is under complex genetic control and highlight the utility of the CC in modeling and identifying genetic factors with translational relevance to human health and disease., Graphical Abstract, Highlights • Humoral response to influenza A virus varies across genetically diverse mice • Distinct genetic loci are important for different aspects of the humoral response • Loci that regulate antibody to influenza are also important for other pathogens • Comparison across datasets informs rational selection of candidate genes, Noll et al. use the Collaborative Cross, a mouse genetic reference population, to map genetic loci associated with variation in the humoral response to influenza virus infection. Cross-dataset comparison shows that mapped loci are important for antibody response to multiple pathogens, and candidate genes with likely translational relevance are identified.
- Published
- 2020
9. Prehospital transdermal glyceryl trinitrate in patients with ultra-acute presumed stroke (RIGHT-2): an ambulance-based, randomised, sham-controlled, blinded, phase 3 trial
- Author
-
Philip M Bath, Polly Scutt, Craig S Anderson, Jason P Appleton, Evind Berge, Lesley Cala, Mark Dixon, Timothy M England, Peter J Godolphin, Diane Havard, Lee Haywood, Trish Hepburn, Kailash Krishnan, Grant Mair, Alan A Montgomery, Keith Muir, Stephen J Phillips, Stuart Pocock, John Potter, Chris Price, Marc Randall, Thompson G Robinson, Christine Roffe, Peter M Rothwell, Else C Sandset, Nerses Sanossian, Jeffrey L Saver, Angela Shone, A Niroshan Siriwardena, Joanna M Wardlaw, Lisa J Woodhouse, Graham Venables, Nikola Sprigg, Pierre Amarenco, Shannon Amoils, Malcolm Jarvis, Peter Sandercock, Kjell Asplund, Colin Baigent, Sandeep Ankolekar, Harriet Howard, Christopher Lysons, Gemma Walker, Hayley Gregory, James Kirby, Jennifer Smithson, Joanne Keeling, Nadia Frowd, Robert Gray, Richard Dooley, Wim Clarke, Patricia Robinson, Zhe Kang Law, Sheila Hodgson, Adam Millington, Eleni Sakka, David Buchanan, Jeb Palmer, D Shaw, H Cobb, R Johnson, T Payne, R Spaight, A Spaight, M A Sajid, A Whileman, E Hall, H Cripps, J Toms, R Gascoyne, S Wright, M Cooper, A Palfreman, A Rajapakse, I Wynter, K Musarrat, A Mistri, C Patel, C Stephens, S Khan, S Patras, M Soliman, A Elmarimi, C Hewitt, E Watson, I Wahishi, J Hindle, L Perkin, M Wills, S Arif, S Leach, S Butler, D O'Kane, C Smith, J O'Callaghan, W Sunman, A Buck, B Jackson, C Richardson, G Wilkes, J Clarke, L Ryan, O Matias, D Mangion, A Hardwick, C Constantin, I Thomas, K Netherton, S Markova, A Hedstrom, B Rushton, C Hyde, J Scott, M Blair, M Maddula, R Donnelly, S Keane, S Johnson, H McKenzie, A Banerjee, D Hutchinson, H Goodhand, J Hill, K Mellows, M Cheeseman, V McTaggart, T Foster, L Prothero, P Saksena, A O'Kelly, H Wyllie, C Hacon, H Nutt, J North, K Goffin, J Potter, A Wiltshire, G Ravenhill, K Metcalf, L Ford, M Langley, W Davison, S Subramonian, F Magezi, I Obi, N Temple, N Butterworth-Cowin, P Oqwusu-Agyei, A F M Azim, A Nicolson, J Imam, J White, L Wood, R Fothergill, N Thompson, J Lazarus, H Werts, L Sztriha, C Ho, E McKenzie, E Owoyele, J Lim, J Aeron-Thomas, M Dockey, N Sylvester, P Rao, B M Bloom, E Erumere, G Norman, I Skene, L Cuenoud, L Howaniec, O Boulton, P Daboo, R Michael, S Al-Saadi, T Harrison, H Syed, L Argandona, S Amiani, R Perry, A Ashton, A Banaras, C Hogan, C Watchurst, E Elliott, N Francia, N Oji, R Erande, S Obarey, S Feerick, S Tshuma, E England, H Pocock, K Poole, S Manchanda, I Burn, S Dayal, K McNee, M Robinson, R Hancock, A South, C Holmes, A Steele, L B Guthrie, M Oborn, A Mohd Nor, B Hyams, C Eglinton, D Waugh, E Cann, N Wilmhurst, S Piesley, S Shave, D Dutta, M Obeid, D Ward, J Turfrey, J Glass, K Bowstead, L Hill, P Brown, S Beames, S O'Connell, V Hughes, R Whiting, J Gagg, M Hussain, M Harvey, D Karunatilake, B Pusuluri, A Witcher, C Pawley, J Allen, J Foot, J Rowe, C Lane, S Ragab, B Wadams, J Dube, B Jupp, A Ljubez, C Bagnall, G Hann, L Tucker, M Kelton, S Orr, F Harrington, A James, A Lydon, G Courtauld, K Bond, L Lucas, T Nisbett, J Kubie, A Bowring, G Jennings, K Thorpe, N Mason, S Keenan, L Gbadomishi, D Howcroft, H Newton, J Choulerton, J Avis, L Shaw, P Paterson, P Kaye, S Hierons, S Lucas, P Clatworthy, B Faulkner, L Rannigan, R Worner, B Bhaskaran, A Saulat, H Bearne, J Garfield-Smith, K Horan, P Fitzell, S Szabo, M Haley, D Simmons, D Cotterill, G Saunders, H Dymond, S Beech, K Rashed, A Tanate, C Buckley, D Wood, L Matthews, S Board, T Pitt-Kirby, N Rees, C Convery, P Jones, C Bryant, H Tench, M Dixon, R Loosley, S Coetzee, S Jones, T Sims, M Krishnan, C Davies, L Quinn, L Connor, M Wani, S Storton, S Treadwell, T Anjum, C Somashekar, A Chandler, C Triscott, L Bevan, M Sander, S Buckle, W Sayed, K Andrews, L Hughes, R Hughes, M Ward, A Pretty, A Rosser, B Davidson, G Price, I Gunson, J Lumley-Holmes, J Miller, M Larden, M Jhamat, P Horwood, R Boldy, C Jenkins, F Price, M Harrison, T Martin, N Ahmad, A Willberry, A Stevens, K Fotherby, A Barry, A Remegoso, F Alipio, H Maquire, J Hiden, K Finney, R Varquez, S Ispoglou, A Hayes, D Gull, R Evans, E Epstein, S Hurdowar, J Crossley, J Miles, K Hird, R Pilbery, C Patterson, H Ramadan, K Stewart, O Quinn, R Bellfield, S Macquire, W Gaba, A Nair, A Wilson, C Hawksworth, I Alam, J Greig, P Gomes, P Rana, Z Ahmed, P Anderston, A Neal, D Walstow, R Fong, S Brotheridge, A Bwalya, A Gillespie, C Midgley, C Hare, H Lyon, L Stephenson, M Broome, R Worton, S Jackson, R Rayessa, A Abdul-Hamid, C Naylor, E Clarkson, A Hassan, E Veraque, L Finch, L Makawa, M Carpenter, P Datta, A Needle, L Jackson, H J Brooke, J Ball, T Lowry, S Punnoose, R Walker, V Murray, A Ali, C Kamara, C Doyle, E Richards, J Howe, K Dakin, K Harkness, R Lindert, P Wanklyn, P Willcoxson, P Clark-Brown, and R Mir
- Subjects
Male ,Emergency Medical Services ,A300 Clinical Medicine ,Vasodilator Agents ,Ambulances ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Administration, Cutaneous ,Article ,law.invention ,Nitroglycerin ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Randomized controlled trial ,Modified Rankin Scale ,law ,Humans ,Medicine ,Single-Blind Method ,Prospective Studies ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Prospective cohort study ,Stroke ,Aged ,B740 Adult Nursing ,Intention-to-treat analysis ,business.industry ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Clinical trial ,Treatment Outcome ,Blood pressure ,Anesthesia ,Hypertension ,Cohort ,B780 Paramedical Nursing ,Female ,business - Abstract
Background: High blood pressure is common in acute stroke and is a predictor of poor outcome; however, large trials of lowering blood pressure have given variable results, and the management of high blood pressure in ultra-acute stroke remains unclear. We investigated whether transdermal glyceryl trinitrate (GTN; also known as nitroglycerin), a nitric oxide donor, might improve outcome when administered very early after stroke onset.Methods: We did a multicentre, paramedic-delivered, ambulance-based, prospective, randomised, sham-controlled, blinded-endpoint, phase 3 trial in adults with presumed stroke within 4 h of onset, face-arm-speech-time score of 2 or 3, and systolic blood pressure 120 mm Hg or higher. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive transdermal GTN (5 mg once daily for 4 days; the GTN group) or a similar sham dressing (the sham group) in UK-based ambulances by paramedics, with treatment continued in hospital. Paramedics were unmasked to treatment, whereas participants were masked. The primary outcome was the 7-level modified Rankin Scale (mRS; a measure of functional outcome) at 90 days, assessed by central telephone follow-up with masking to treatment. Analysis was hierarchical, first in participants with a confirmed stroke or transient ischaemic attack (cohort 1), and then in all participants who were randomly assigned (intention to treat, cohort 2) according to the statistical analysis plan. This trial is registered with ISRCTN, number ISRCTN26986053.Findings: Between Oct 22, 2015, and May 23, 2018, 516 paramedics from eight UK ambulance services recruited 1149 participants (n=568 in the GTN group, n=581 in the sham group). The median time to randomisation was 71 min (IQR 45–116). 597 (52%) patients had ischaemic stroke, 145 (13%) had intracerebral haemorrhage, 109 (9%) had transient ischaemic attack, and 297 (26%) had a non-stroke mimic at the final diagnosis of the index event. In the GTN group, participants' systolic blood pressure was lowered by 5·8 mm Hg compared with the sham group (pvs 3 [2–5]; n=558, in the sham group; 1·04 [0·84–1·29]; p=0·69). We found no difference in secondary outcomes, death (treatment-related deaths: 36 in the GTN group vs 23 in the sham group [p=0·091]), or serious adverse events (188 in the GTN group vs 170 in the sham group [p=0·16]) between treatment groups.Interpretation: Prehospital treatment with transdermal GTN does not seem to improve functional outcome in patients with presumed stroke. It is feasible for UK paramedics to obtain consent and treat patients with stroke in the ultra-acute prehospital setting.Funding: British Heart Foundation.
- Published
- 2019
10. Principles of Fluid Therapy
- Author
-
Edward D. Siew, Andrew D. Shaw, and Matthew W. Semler
- Subjects
Cardiac output ,Resuscitation ,business.industry ,medicine.disease ,Intensive care unit ,law.invention ,Sepsis ,Preload ,law ,Anesthesia ,Hypovolemia ,medicine ,Intravascular volume status ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Perfusion - Abstract
Administering intravenous (IV) fluid is one of the most common interventions in the intensive care unit (ICU). Although IV fluid can be used to replace free water, electrolytes, glucose, and plasma constituents (e.g., albumin), most IV fluid in the ICU is given to increase intravascular volume. Critically ill adults frequently experience either absolute hypovolemia (resulting from blood loss, diarrhea, decreased oral intake) or effective hypovolemia (increased venous capacitance resulting from sepsis, medications, adrenal insufficiency). IV fluid resuscitation can increase ventricular preload, cardiac output, and oxygen delivery, restoring hemodynamic stability and tissue perfusion. This chapter discusses the physiologic rationale for fluid therapy in the ICU; the volume, rate, and end points of fluid resuscitation; choice of fluid; and areas of ongoing controversy.
- Published
- 2019
11. Quality of life and complications in lower limb amputees in Tanzania: results from a pilot study
- Author
-
Devin Conway, Saam Morshed, Sravya Challa, Billy T Haonga, Max Liu, Jeremy D. Shaw, David W. Shearer, and Edmund N Eliezer
- Subjects
030506 rehabilitation ,medicine.medical_specialty ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Population ,03 medical and health sciences ,Quality of life ,medicine ,education ,Socioeconomic status ,education.field_of_study ,Rehabilitation ,biology ,Wound dehiscence ,business.industry ,030503 health policy & services ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Tanzania ,Amputation ,Physical therapy ,Observational study ,0305 other medical science ,business - Abstract
Background The most common reason for lower extremity amputation in developing countries is trauma, which is an increasingly recognised global epidemic. Despite the rising rates of traumatic injury and the level of disability experienced by amputees, there are few data focusing on this specific population in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). The purpose of this study is to investigate the causes and health-related outcomes of lower extremity amputations in Tanzania, and the socioeconomic barriers preventing access to prosthetics. Methods This was an observational pilot study conducted at the Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, from 2015 to 2016. Adult patients who had undergone lower extremity amputation less than 1 year before enrolment were included. Baseline data on demographics, socioeconomic factors, and health-related information were collected at enrolment. Patients' health, health-related quality of life (using the EQ-5D questionnaire), and complication data were recorded 3 and 6 months later. Findings We enrolled 44 patients, 35 of whom were men, with a mean age of 39·5 years. 39 (89%) of the patients were employed (36 [82%] informally) and 36 (82%) had no health insurance. Below-knee amputations were the most common (23 [52%]) type of amputation. The most common cause of amputation was trauma (29 [66%]), followed by diabetes (7 [16%]), vascular pathology (3 [7%]), and tumours (2 [5%]). Complications including delayed healing, infection, and wound dehiscence were seen in 20 (51%) of the 39 patients who were followed up. Seven patients required reoperation. The average baseline EQ-5D index was 0·912. The population norm based on mean age is 0·889 for the USA and 0·793 for Zimbabwe (the only African country-specific norm available). The average EQ5D index at 3 months and 6 months decreased to 0·714 and 0·847, respectively. Only two amputees (5%) have received a prosthetic. Lack of materials, unsuitable wound, and cost were most commonly cited as barriers to prosthetics. Interpretation This study demonstrates that amputees in Tanzania experience a high rate of post-operative complications, poor quality of life, and extremely limited access to prosthetics. Educational initiatives to reduce wound-related complications and improved access to lower extremity prosthetics and rehabilitation are needed to address the dearth of knowledge and resources for amputees. Funding Global Research Initiative.
- Published
- 2018
12. Fluvial deposits as an archive of early human activity : progress during the 20 years of the Fluvial Archives Group
- Author
-
Marie-Hélène Moncel, Jackie Despriée, Parth R. Chauhan, Andrew D. Shaw, Nicole Limondin-Lozouet, Pedro P. Cunha, Jean‑luc Locht, Danielle C. Schreve, Pierre Voinchet, Mark J. White, Rob Westaway, Tom S. White, Rebecca M. Briant, Jean-Jacques Bahain, David R. Bridgland, Pierre Antoine, António A. Martins, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences [IISER Mphali], Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali (IISER Mohali), Histoire naturelle de l'Homme préhistorique (HNHP), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)
- Subjects
Fluvial archives ,010506 paleontology ,Archeology ,Old World ,Pleistocene ,[SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory ,Terrace (agriculture) ,Hominin occupation ,Fluvial ,Levallois ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Group (stratigraphy) ,River terraces ,Middle Palaeolithic ,East Asia ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Lower Palaeolithic ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Global and Planetary Change ,Geology ,Acheulian Levallois ,Archaeology ,Sedimentary rock ,Acheulian ,geog - Abstract
International audience; Fluvial sedimentary archives are important repositories for Lower and Middle Palaeolithic artefacts throughout the ‘Old World’, especially in Europe, where the beginning of their study coincided with the realisation that early humans were of great antiquity. Now that many river terrace sequences can be reliably dated and correlated with the globally valid marine isotope record, potentially useful patterns can be recognized in the distribution of the find-spots of the artefacts that constitute the large collections that were assembled during the years of manual gravel extraction. This paper reviews the advances during the past two decades in knowledge of hominin occupation based on artefact occurrences in fluvial contexts, in Europe, Asia and Africa. As such it is an update of a comparable review in 2007, at the end of IGCP Project no. 449, which had instigated the compilation of fluvial records from around the world during 2000–2004, under the auspices of the Fluvial Archives Group. An overarching finding is the confirmation of the well-established view that in Europe there is a demarcation between handaxe making in the west and flake–core industries in the east, although on a wider scale that pattern is undermined by the increased numbers of Lower Palaeolithic bifaces now recognized in East Asia. It is also apparent that, although it seems to have appeared at different places and at different times in the later Lower Palaeolithic, the arrival of Levallois technology as a global phenomenon was similarly timed across the area occupied by Middle Pleistocene hominins, at around 0.3 Ma.
- Published
- 2017
13. Renal Function Monitoring
- Author
-
Andrew D. Shaw, Mark Stafford-Smith, and Solomon Aronson
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Renal function monitoring ,Urology ,Medicine ,business - Published
- 2010
14. Cardiac Surgery and the Kidney
- Author
-
Andrew D. Shaw, Mark Stafford-Smith, and Dipen S. Parikh
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Kidney ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,business.industry ,Internal medicine ,Cardiology ,Medicine ,business ,Cardiac surgery - Published
- 2009
15. Rotavirus
- Author
-
Robert D. Shaw
- Published
- 2004
16. ROTAVIRUSES (REOVIRIDAE): General Features
- Author
-
Harry B. Greenberg and Robert D. Shaw
- Subjects
Reoviridae ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology - Published
- 1999
17. Sarbecovirus disease susceptibility is conserved across viral and host models
- Author
-
Sarah R. Leist, Alexandra Schäfer, Ellen L. Risemberg, Timothy A. Bell, Pablo Hock, Mark R. Zweigart, Colton L. Linnertz, Darla R. Miller, Ginger D. Shaw, Fernando Pardo Manuel de Villena, Martin T. Ferris, William Valdar, and Ralph S. Baric
- Subjects
SARS-CoV ,SARS-CoV-2 ,COVID-19 ,SARS ,Collaborative Cross ,Coronavirus ,Microbiology ,QR1-502 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Coronaviruses have caused three severe epidemics since the start of the 21st century: SARS, MERS and COVID-19. The severity of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and increasing likelihood of future coronavirus outbreaks motivates greater understanding of factors leading to severe coronavirus disease. We screened ten strains from the Collaborative Cross mouse genetic reference panel and identified strains CC006/TauUnc (CC006) and CC044/Unc (CC044) as coronavirus-susceptible and resistant, respectively, as indicated by variable weight loss and lung congestion scores four days post-infection. We generated a genetic mapping population of 755 CC006xCC044 F2 mice and exposed the mice to one of three genetically distinct mouse-adapted coronaviruses: clade 1a SARS-CoV MA15 (n=391), clade 1b SARS-CoV-2 MA10 (n=274), and clade 2 HKU3-CoV MA (n=90). Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping in SARS-CoV MA15- and SARS-CoV-2 MA10-infected F2 mice identified genetic loci associated with disease severity. Specifically, we identified seven loci associated with variation in outcome following infection with either virus, including one, HrS43, that is present in both groups. Three of these QTL, including HrS43, were also associated with HKU3-CoV MA outcome. HrS43 overlaps with a QTL previously reported by our lab that is associated with SARS-CoV MA15 outcome in CC011xCC074 F2 mice and is also syntenic with a human chromosomal region associated with severe COVID-19 outcomes in humans GWAS. The results reported here provide: (a) additional support for the involvement of this locus in SARS-CoV MA15 infection, (b) the first conclusive evidence that this locus is associated with susceptibility across the Sarbecovirus subgenus, and (c) demonstration of the relevance of mouse models in the study of coronavirus disease susceptibility in humans.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Production and Isolation
- Author
-
Paul D. Shaw
- Subjects
Isolation (health care) ,business.industry ,Biology ,business ,Biotechnology - Published
- 1981
19. The Application of Fourier Transformation to High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- Author
-
D. Shaw and D.G. Gillies
- Subjects
symbols.namesake ,Nuclear magnetic resonance ,Fourier transform ,Stochastic resonance ,Chemistry ,Frequency domain ,symbols ,Digital signal ,Pulse sequence ,Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ,Sensitivity (control systems) ,Time domain ,Computational physics - Abstract
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the application of Fourier transformation to high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The prospects of sensitivity enhancements, an order of magnitude, greater than those offered by conventional frequency scanned spectra were indicated in the chapter. By the use of Fourier transformation, a change from one domain into another domain and vice versa can be achieved. In the time domain, greater sensitivity can be obtained from NMR experiments than in the more conventional frequency domain. The NMR experiment is concerned with deriving information of chemical interest from a study of the interaction of nuclei with a magnetic field. The requirements for a pulse high resolution meter are (1) transmitter, (2) probe, (3) receiver, (4) pulse programmer, and (5) field frequency lock. The conversion from an analogue to a digital signal is performed by a device called an analogue to digital converter or ADC. The chapter discusses this conversion and the fundamental effects it has on the final spectrum. In addition, the computation and stochastic resonance are also discussed in the chapter. This chapter presents a comparison of the sensitivity achievable by continuous wave, pulse, and stochastic NMR. The chapter concludes with the applications of Fourier transformation.
- Published
- 1972
20. Origin of 3-Nitropropionic Acid in Fungi
- Author
-
Paul D. Shaw and David Gottlieb
- Subjects
Biochemistry ,Chemistry ,3-nitropropionic acid - Published
- 1965
21. Genetic loci regulate Sarbecovirus pathogenesis: A comparison across mice and humans
- Author
-
Alexandra Schäfer, Lisa E. Gralinski, Sarah R. Leist, Brea K. Hampton, Michael A. Mooney, Kara L. Jensen, Rachel L. Graham, Sudhakar Agnihothram, Sophia Jeng, Steven Chamberlin, Timothy A. Bell, D. Trevor Scobey, Colton L. Linnertz, Laura A. VanBlargan, Larissa B. Thackray, Pablo Hock, Darla R. Miller, Ginger D. Shaw, Michael S. Diamond, Fernando Pardo Manuel de Villena, Shannon K. McWeeney, Mark T. Heise, Vineet D. Menachery, Martin T. Ferris, and Ralph S. Baric
- Subjects
SARS-CoV ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Zoonotic CoV ,Pathogenesis ,Host susceptibility loci ,Microbiology ,QR1-502 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Coronavirus (CoV) cause considerable morbidity and mortality in humans and other mammals, as evidenced by the emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory CoV (SARS-CoV) in 2003, Middle East Respiratory CoV (MERS-CoV) in 2012, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019. Although poorly characterized, natural genetic variation in human and other mammals modulate virus pathogenesis, as reflected by the spectrum of clinical outcomes ranging from asymptomatic infections to lethal disease. Using multiple human epidemic and zoonotic Sarbecoviruses, coupled with murine Collaborative Cross genetic reference populations, we identify several dozen quantitative trait loci that regulate SARS-like group-2B CoV pathogenesis and replication. Under a Chr4 QTL, we deleted a candidate interferon stimulated gene, Trim14 which resulted in enhanced SARS-CoV titers and clinical disease, suggesting an antiviral role during infection. Importantly, about 60 % of the murine QTL encode susceptibility genes identified as priority candidates from human genome-wide association studies (GWAS) studies after SARS-CoV-2 infection, suggesting that similar selective forces have targeted analogous genes and pathways to regulate Sarbecovirus disease across diverse mammalian hosts. These studies provide an experimental platform in rodents to investigate the molecular-genetic mechanisms by which potential cross mammalian susceptibility loci and genes regulate type-specific and cross-SARS-like group 2B CoV replication, immunity, and pathogenesis in rodent models. Our study also provides a paradigm for identifying susceptibility loci for other highly heterogeneous and virulent viruses that sporadically emerge from zoonotic reservoirs to plague human and animal populations.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Unique immune profiles in collaborative cross mice linked to survival and viral clearance upon infection
- Author
-
Jessica B. Graham, Jessica L. Swarts, Sarah R. Leist, Alexandra Schäfer, Timothy A. Bell, Pablo Hock, Joe Farrington, Ginger D. Shaw, Martin T. Ferris, Fernando Pardo-Manuel de Villena, Ralph S. Baric, and Jennifer M. Lund
- Subjects
Immunology ,Virology ,Science - Abstract
Summary: The response to infection is generally heterogeneous and diverse, with some individuals remaining asymptomatic while others present with severe disease or a diverse range of symptoms. Here, we address the role of host genetics on immune phenotypes and clinical outcomes following viral infection by studying genetically diverse mice from the Collaborative Cross (CC), allowing for use of a small animal model with controlled genetic diversity while maintaining genetic replicates. We demonstrate variation by deeply profiling a broad range of innate and adaptive immune cell phenotypes at steady-state in 63 genetically distinct CC mouse strains and link baseline immune signatures with virologic and clinical disease outcomes following infection of mice with herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This work serves as a resource for CC strain selection based on steady-state immune phenotypes or disease presentation upon viral infection, and further, points to possible pre-infection immune correlates of survival and early viral clearance upon infection.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Development and validation of a large animal ovine model for implant-associated spine infection using biofilm based inocula
- Author
-
Jeremy D. Shaw, Travis L. Bailey, Jemi Ong, Darrel S. Brodke, Dustin L. Williams, Richard A. Wawrose, Richard T. Epperson, Brooke Kawaguchi, and Nicholas N. Ashton
- Subjects
Infection ,Biofilm ,Spondylodiskitis ,Epidural ,Failed back surgery ,Prosthesis ,Biotechnology ,TP248.13-248.65 ,Microbiology ,QR1-502 - Abstract
Postoperative implant-associated spine infection remains poorly understood. Currently there is no large animal model using biofilm as initial inocula to study this challenging clinical entity. The purpose of the present study was to develop a sheep model for implant-associated spine infection using clinically relevant biofilm inocula and to assess the in vivo utility of methylene blue (MB) for visualizing infected tissues and guiding debridement. This 28-day study used five adult female Rambouillet sheep, each with two non-contiguous surgical sites– in the lumbar and thoracic regions– comprising randomized positive and negative infection control sites. A standard mini-open approach to the spine was performed to place sterile pedicle screws and Staphylococcus aureus biofilm-covered (positive control), or sterile (negative control) spinal fusion rods. Surgical site bioburden was quantified at the terminal procedure. Negative and positive control sites were stained with MB and staining intensity quantified from photographs. Specimens were analyzed with x-ray, micro-CT and histologically. Inoculation rods contained ∼10.44 log10 colony forming units per rod (CFU/rod). Biofilm inocula persisted on positive-control rod explants with ∼6.16 log10 CFU/rod. There was ∼6.35 log10 CFU/g of tissue in the positive controls versus no identifiable bioburden in the negative controls. Positive controls displayed hallmarks of deep spine infection and osteomyelitis, with robust local tissue response, bone resorption, and demineralization. MB staining was more intense in infected, positive control sites. This work presents an animal-efficient sheep model displaying clinically relevant implant-associated deep spine infection.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. The natural thermal sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2
- Author
-
Patrick D Shaw Stewart and Julia L Bach
- Subjects
Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. A comparison of GABA-ergic (propofol) and non-GABA-ergic (dexmedetomidine) sedation on visual and motor cortical oscillations, using magnetoencephalography
- Author
-
Neeraj Saxena, Suresh D. Muthukumaraswamy, Lewys Richmond, Adele Babic, Krish D. Singh, Judith E. Hall, Richard G. Wise, and Alexander D. Shaw
- Subjects
Magnetoencephalography ,Oscillations ,Neurophysiology ,Propofol ,Dexmedetomidine ,Conscious sedation ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 - Abstract
Studying changes in cortical oscillations can help elucidate the mechanistic link between receptor physiology and the clinical effects of anaesthetic drugs. Propofol, a GABA-ergic drug produces divergent effects on visual cortical activity: increasing induced gamma-band responses (GBR) while decreasing evoked responses. Dexmedetomidine, an α2- adrenergic agonist, differs from GABA-ergic sedatives both mechanistically and clinically as it allows easy arousability from deep sedation with less cognitive side-effects. Here we use magnetoencephalography (MEG) to characterize and compare the effects of GABA-ergic (propofol) and non-GABA-ergic (dexmedetomidine) sedation, on visual and motor cortical oscillations. Sixteen male participants received target-controlled infusions of propofol and dexmedetomidine, producing mild-sedation, in a placebo-controlled, cross-over study. MEG data was collected during a combined visuomotor task. The key findings were that propofol significantly enhanced visual stimulus induced GBR (44% increase in amplitude) while dexmedetomidine decreased it (40%). Propofol also decreased the amplitudes of the Mv100 (visual M100) (27%) and Mv150 (52%) visual evoked fields (VEF), whilst dexmedetomidine had no effect on these. During the motor task, neither drug had any significant effect on movement related gamma synchrony (MRGS), movement related beta de-synchronisation (MRBD) or Mm100 (movement-related M100) movement-related evoked fields (MEF), although dexmedetomidine slowed the Mm300. Dexmedetomidine increased (92%) post-movement beta synchronisation/rebound (PMBR) power while propofol reduced it (70%, statistically non- significant). Overall, dexmedetomidine and propofol, at equi-sedative doses, produce contrasting effects on visual induced GBR, VEF, PMBR and MEF. These findings provide a mechanistic link between the known receptor physiology of these sedative drugs with their known clinical effects and may be used to explore mechanisms of other anaesthetic drugs on human consciousness.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Regulation of protein abundance in genetically diverse mouse populations
- Author
-
Gregory R. Keele, Tian Zhang, Duy T. Pham, Matthew Vincent, Timothy A. Bell, Pablo Hock, Ginger D. Shaw, Joao A. Paulo, Steven C. Munger, Fernando Pardo-Manuel de Villena, Martin T. Ferris, Steven P. Gygi, and Gary A. Churchill
- Subjects
proteomics ,protein complex ,systems genetics ,pQTL ,Collaborative Cross ,Diversity Outbred ,Genetics ,QH426-470 ,Internal medicine ,RC31-1245 - Abstract
Summary: Genetically diverse mouse populations are powerful tools for characterizing the regulation of the proteome and its relationship to whole-organism phenotypes. We used mass spectrometry to profile and quantify the abundance of 6,798 proteins in liver tissue from mice of both sexes across 58 Collaborative Cross (CC) inbred strains. We previously collected liver proteomics data from the related Diversity Outbred (DO) mice and their founder strains. We show concordance across the proteomics datasets despite being generated from separate experiments, allowing comparative analysis. We map protein abundance quantitative trait loci (pQTLs), identifying 1,087 local and 285 distal in the CC mice and 1,706 local and 414 distal in the DO mice. We find that regulatory effects on individual proteins are conserved across the mouse populations, in particular for local genetic variation and sex differences. In comparison, proteins that form complexes are often co-regulated, displaying varying genetic architectures, and overall show lower heritability and map fewer pQTLs. We have made this resource publicly available to enable quantitative analyses of the regulation of the proteome.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Lichen bioindicators of nitrogen and sulfur deposition in dry forests of Utah and New Mexico, USA
- Author
-
Heather T. Root, Sarah Jovan, Mark Fenn, Michael Amacher, Josh Hall, and John D. Shaw
- Subjects
Energy development ,Lichen ,Seasonal deposition ,Throughfall ,TDep ,CMAQ ,Ecology ,QH540-549.5 - Abstract
Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) deposition can negatively affect ecosystem functions and lichen biomonitors can be a cost-effective way to monitor air pollution exposure across the landscape. Interior dry forests of the southwestern United States face increasing development pressures; however, this region differs from others with well-developed biomonitoring programs in having drier climates and a greater fraction of deposition delivered in dry forms. We measured throughfall N and S deposition at 12 sites in Utah and 10 in New Mexico and co-located collection of 6 lichen species. Throughfall N deposition ranged from 0.76 to 6.96 kg/ha/year and S deposition from 0.57 to 1.44 kg/ha/year with elevated levels near human development that were not predicted by commonly used simulation models. Throughfall N was 4.6 and 1.6 times higher in summer compared with fall-spring in Utah and New Mexico and S deposition was 3.9 and 1.8 times higher in summer. Lichen N and S concentrations ranged from 0.97 to 2.7% and 0.09 to 0.33%. Replicate samples within plots showed high variability in N and S concentrations with within-plot coefficients of variation for N ranging between 5 and 10% and for S between 7 and 15%. In Utah, N and S concentrations in lichen species were correlated with each other in most cases, with R2 ranging from 0.52 to 0.85. N concentrations in Melanohalea exasperatula and Melanohalea subolivacea could be correlated with average annual throughfall N deposition in Utah (R2 = 0.58 and 0.31). Those relationships were improved by focusing on deposition in fall-spring prior to lichen sampling in Utah (R2 for M. exasperatula, M. subolivacea, and X. montana = 0.59, 0.42, and 0.28). In New Mexico, lichens exhibited greater coefficients of variability within plots than between plots and could not be correlated with throughfall N deposition. In neither study area was S correlated between lichens and throughfall deposition, which may be the result of low S deposition over a narrow deposition range or complex lichen assimilation of S. Lichen biomonitoring for N deposition in the region shows promise, but could potentially be improved by sampling more thalli to reduce within-plot variability, repeated lichen collection synchronized with throughfall changeouts to explore temporal variability, and washing lichen collections to distinguish N and S that has been incorporated by the thalli from dry deposition that may accumulate on lichen surfaces.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Commentary: Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: The surgeon's clewCentral Message
- Author
-
Chase Donaldson, MD and Andrew D. Shaw, MB, FRCA, FFICM
- Subjects
Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system ,RC666-701 ,Surgery ,RD1-811 - Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Generative modelling of the thalamo-cortical circuit mechanisms underlying the neurophysiological effects of ketamine
- Author
-
Alexander D Shaw, Suresh D Muthukumaraswamy, Neeraj Saxena, Rachael L Sumner, Natalie E Adams, Rosalyn J Moran, and Krish D Singh
- Subjects
ketamine ,Oscillations ,Neurophysiological modelling ,Neural mass ,MEG ,DCM ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 - Abstract
Cortical recordings of task-induced oscillations following subanaesthetic ketamine administration demonstrate alterations in amplitude, including increases at high-frequencies (gamma) and reductions at low frequencies (theta, alpha). To investigate the population-level interactions underlying these changes, we implemented a thalamo-cortical model (TCM) capable of recapitulating broadband spectral responses. Compared with an existing cortex-only 4-population model, Bayesian Model Selection preferred the TCM. The model was able to accurately and significantly recapitulate ketamine-induced reductions in alpha amplitude and increases in gamma amplitude. Parameter analysis revealed no change in receptor time-constants but significant increases in select synaptic connectivity with ketamine. Significantly increased connections included both AMPA and NMDA mediated connections from layer 2/3 superficial pyramidal cells to inhibitory interneurons and both GABAA and NMDA mediated within-population gain control of layer 5 pyramidal cells. These results support the use of extended generative models for explaining oscillatory data and provide in silico support for ketamine's ability to alter local coupling mediated by NMDA, AMPA and GABA-A.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Druggable genome screen identifies new regulators of the abundance and toxicity of ATXN3, the Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 3 disease protein
- Author
-
Naila S. Ashraf, Joanna R. Sutton, Yemen Yang, Bedri Ranxhi, Kozeta Libohova, Emily D. Shaw, Anna J. Barget, Sokol V. Todi, Henry L. Paulson, and Maria do Carmo Costa
- Subjects
Polyglutamine ,Spinocerebellar ataxia ,Machado-Joseph disease ,Neurodegeneration ,High-throughput screen ,Human embryonic stem cells ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 - Abstract
Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 3 (SCA3, also known as Machado-Joseph disease) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion encoding an abnormally long polyglutamine (polyQ) tract in the disease protein, ataxin-3 (ATXN3). No preventive treatment is yet available for SCA3. Because SCA3 is likely caused by a toxic gain of ATXN3 function, a rational therapeutic strategy is to reduce mutant ATXN3 levels by targeting pathways that control its production or stability. Here, we sought to identify genes that modulate ATXN3 levels as potential therapeutic targets in this fatal disorder. We screened a collection of siRNAs targeting 2742 druggable human genes using a cell-based assay based on luminescence readout of polyQ-expanded ATXN3. From 317 candidate genes identified in the primary screen, 100 genes were selected for validation. Among the 33 genes confirmed in secondary assays, 15 were validated in an independent cell model as modulators of pathogenic ATXN3 protein levels. Ten of these genes were then assessed in a Drosophila model of SCA3, and one was confirmed as a key modulator of physiological ATXN3 abundance in SCA3 neuronal progenitor cells. Among the 15 genes shown to modulate ATXN3 in mammalian cells, orthologs of CHD4, FBXL3, HR and MC3R regulate mutant ATXN3-mediated toxicity in fly eyes. Further mechanistic studies of one of these genes, FBXL3, encoding a F-box protein that is a component of the SKP1-Cullin-F-box (SCF) ubiquitin ligase complex, showed that it reduces levels of normal and pathogenic ATXN3 in SCA3 neuronal progenitor cells, primarily via a SCF complex-dependent manner. Bioinformatic analysis of the 15 genes revealed a potential molecular network with connections to tumor necrosis factor-α/nuclear factor-kappa B (TNF/NF-kB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) pathways. Overall, we identified 15 druggable genes with diverse functions to be suppressors or enhancers of pathogenic ATXN3 abundance. Among identified pathways highlighted by this screen, the FBXL3/SCF axis represents a novel molecular pathway that regulates physiological levels of ATXN3 protein.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Glycoprotein Ibα inhibitor (CCP-224) prevents neutrophil-platelet aggregation in sickle cell disease
- Author
-
Maritza A. Jimenez, Enrico M. Novelli, Gray D. Shaw, and Prithu Sundd
- Subjects
Specialties of internal medicine ,RC581-951 - Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Multiple Perspectives on Motivating Parents in Pediatric Primary Care to Initiate Participation in Parenting Programs.
- Author
-
Mehus CJ, Buchanan G, Ballard J, Berkel C, Borowsky IW, Estrada Y, Klein JD, Kuklinski M, Prado G, Shaw D, and Smith JD
- Subjects
- Child, Humans, Parent-Child Relations, Focus Groups, Primary Health Care, Parenting, Parents
- Abstract
Objective: To use multiple perspectives to identify the key components of pediatric primary care conversations for motivating parents to utilize parenting programs. We aim to develop an actionable framework that primary care clinicians (PCCs) can follow for effective conversations with parents., Methods: We conducted focus groups and interviews with researchers (n = 6) who have experience delivering parenting interventions through primary care, clinical personnel in federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) (n = 9), parents of 3-5-year olds who receive services at a FQHC pediatric clinic (n = 6), and parent educators (n = 5). Groups and interviews were informed by nominal group technique, and researchers triangulated consolidated strategies across the groups., Results: Key strategies for PCCs to motivate parents to utilize parenting programs followed three steps: 1) learning about a parent's questions and concerns, 2) sharing resources, and 3) following up. PCCs can learn about parents' needs by empathizing, listening and responding, and asking questions that acknowledge parents' expertise. When sharing resources, PCCs can motivate participation in parenting programs by explaining each resource and its benefits, providing options that support parents' autonomy, and framing resources as strengthening rather than correcting parents' existing strategies or skills. Finally, PCCs can continue to engage parents by scheduling follow-up conversations or designating a staff member to check-in with parents. We provide examples for each strategy., Conclusions: Findings provide guidance from multiple perspectives on strategies to motivate parents in pediatric primary care setting for utilizing parenting programs., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors have no conflicts of interest relevant to this article to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 Academic Pediatric Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Long-term prediction of the effects of climate change on indoor climate and air quality.
- Author
-
Zhao J, Uhde E, Salthammer T, Antretter F, Shaw D, Carslaw N, and Schieweck A
- Subjects
- Humans, Climate Change, Humidity, Ventilation, Air Pollution, Air Pollution, Indoor analysis
- Abstract
Limiting the negative impact of climate change on nature and humans is one of the most pressing issues of the 21st century. Meanwhile, people in modern society spend most of the day indoors. It is therefore surprising that comparatively little attention has been paid to indoor human exposure in relation to climate change. Heat action plans have now been designed in many regions to protect people from thermal stress in their private homes and in public buildings. However, in order to be able to plan effectively for the future, reliable information is required about the long-term effects of climate change on indoor air quality and climate. The Indoor Air Quality Climate Change (IAQCC) model is an expediant tool for estimating the influence of climate change on indoor air quality. The model follows a holistic approach in which building physics, emissions, chemical reactions, mold growth and exposure are combined with the fundamental parameters of temperature and humidity. The features of the model have already been presented in an earlier publication, and it is now used for the expected climatic conditions in Central Europe, taking into account various shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios up to the year 2100. For the test house examined in this study, the concentrations of pollutants in the indoor air will continue to rise. At the same time, the risk of mold growth also increases (the mold index rose from 0 to 4 in the worst case for very sensitive material). The biggest problem, however, is protection against heat and humidity. Massive structural improvements are needed here, including insulation, ventilation, and direct sun protection. Otherwise, the occupants will be exposed to increasing thermal discomfort, which can also lead to severe heat stress indoors., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Designed for a pandemic: Mitigating the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through hospital design and infrastructure.
- Author
-
Kennedy B, Ashokan A, Lim CK, Lagana D, Juraja M, and Shaw D
- Subjects
- Humans, SARS-CoV-2, Pandemics prevention & control, COVID-19 epidemiology, COVID-19 prevention & control, Hospital Design and Construction, Cross Infection epidemiology, Cross Infection prevention & control
- Abstract
Background: To describe the new Royal Adelaide Hospital (RAH) design and infrastructure features that helped mitigate the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission within the hospital during the pre-vaccination and pre-antiviral period., Method: The RAH infrastructure, design and initial pandemic response was assessed. A retrospective review of all confirmed or suspected coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients admitted from 1 February 2020 to 30 May 2020 was also performed to assess risk of transmission. Outbreak response reports were reviewed to identify episodes of nosocomial COVID-19., Results: Key infrastructure features include single-bed overnight rooms with dedicated bathrooms, creation of pandemic areas accessible only to pandemic staff, and sophisticated air-handling units with improved ventilation. A total of 264 COVID-19 related admission occurred, with 113 confirmed cases and 1579 total cumulative bed days. Despite a limited understanding of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, no vaccination or anti-viral therapy, global shortages of particulate filter respirators and restricted testing during this period, only one probable nosocomial COVID-19 case occurred in a healthcare worker, with no nosocomial cases involving patients., Conclusions: The RAH design and pandemic features complimented existing infection control interventions and was important in limiting nosocomial spread of SARS-CoV-2., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Temperature driven variations in VOC emissions from plastic products and their fate indoors: A chamber experiment and modelling study.
- Author
-
Beel G, Langford B, Carslaw N, Shaw D, and Cowan N
- Abstract
Plastic products are ubiquitous in our homes, but we know very little about emissions from these products and their subsequent impact on indoor air quality. This is the first study to systematically determine temperature-dependent emissions of volatile organic compounds from commonly used plastic consumer products found in the home. The plastic types included high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS) and polyester rubber. Plastic samples were exposed to increasing temperatures (between 18 and 28 °C) in controlled environmental chambers, connected to a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass-spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS), where real-time emissions were detected. Average emission rates were determined and used to initialise an indoor air chemistry model (INCHEM-Py) at the highest and lowest experimental temperatures, to explore the impact these product emissions have on the indoor air chemistry. The PS tubing plastic proved to be the highest emitting polymer per surface area. Almost all selected VOC emissions were found to have a linear relationship with temperature. Upon observing the impacts of primary VOC emissions from plastics in modelled simulations, the hydroxyl radical concentration decreased by an average of 1.6 and 10 % relative to the baseline (with no plastics included) at 18 °C and 28 °C respectively. On the other hand, formaldehyde concentrations increased by 29 and 31.6 % relative to the baseline conditions at 18 °C and 28 °C respectively. The presence of plastic products indoors, therefore, has the potential to impact the indoor air quality., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Asthma.
- Author
-
Porsbjerg C, Melén E, Lehtimäki L, and Shaw D
- Subjects
- Child, Adult, Humans, Lung, Dyspnea, Respiratory Sounds etiology, Morbidity, Asthma drug therapy
- Abstract
Asthma is one of the most common chronic non-communicable diseases worldwide and is characterised by variable airflow obstruction, causing dyspnoea and wheezing. Highly effective therapies are available; asthma morbidity and mortality have vastly improved in the past 15 years, and most patients can attain good asthma control. However, undertreatment is still common, and improving patient and health-care provider understanding of when and how to adjust treatment is crucial. Asthma management consists of a cycle of assessment of asthma control and risk factors and adjustment of medications accordingly. With the introduction of biological therapies, management of severe asthma has entered the precision medicine era-a shift that is driving clinical ambitions towards disease remission. Patients with severe asthma often have co-existing conditions contributing to their symptoms, mandating a multidimensional management approach. In this Seminar, we provide a clinically focused overview of asthma; epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management in children and adults., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests CP declares research grants from AstraZeneca, GSK, Novartis, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, Chiesi Farmaceutici, and ALK-Abelló; consulting fees from AstraZeneca, GSK, Novartis, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, Chiesi Farmaceutici, and ALK-Abelló; honoraria for lectures from AstraZeneca, GSK, Novartis, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, Chiesi Farmaceutici, and ALK-Abelló; and fees for being on the advisory board for AstraZeneca, Novartis, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, and ALK-Abelló. EM declares consulting fees from ALK-Abelló, AstraZeneca, Chiesi Farmaceutici, Novartis, and Sanofi. EM is a member of the European Respiratory Society Environmental Health Committee. LL declares consulting fees from ALK-Abelló, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi Farmaceutici, Circassia Group, GSK, Menarini, Novartis, Orion, and Sanofi; honoraria for lectures from ALK-Abelló, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi Farmaceutici, Circassia Group, GSK, Menarini, Novartis, Orion, and Sanofi; and fees for being on the advisory board for ALK-Abelló, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi Farmaceutici, Circassia Group, GSK, Menarini, Novartis, Orion, and Sanofi. LL owns shares of Ausculthing OY. DS declares consulting fees from GSK and Novartis; honoraria for lectures from Teva Pharmaceuticals and Chiesi; and travel fees from Chiesi., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. British Journal of Anaesthesia guidelines to authors leads in some requirements for describing experimental animal welfare.
- Author
-
Clutton RE, Shaw D, and Novak A
- Subjects
- Animals, Animal Welfare, Editorial Policies, Anesthesiology, Anesthesia
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Time-restricted eating to improve cardiometabolic health: The New York Time-Restricted EATing randomized clinical trial - Protocol overview.
- Author
-
Santos-Báez LS, Garbarini A, Shaw D, Cheng B, Popp CJ, Manoogian ENC, Panda S, and Laferrère B
- Subjects
- Aged, Eating, Glucose, Humans, New York, Obesity therapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Water, Weight Loss, Cardiovascular Diseases, Overweight metabolism, Overweight therapy
- Abstract
Re-aligning eating patterns with biological rhythm can reduce the burden of metabolic syndrome in older adults with overweight or obesity. Time-restricted eating (TRE) has been shown to result in weight loss and improved cardiometabolic health while being less challenging than counting calories. The New York Time-Restricted EATing study (NY-TREAT) is a two-arm, randomized clinical trial (RCT) that aims to examine the efficacy and sustainability of TRE (eating window ≤10 h/day) vs. a habitual prolonged eating window (HABIT, ≥14 h/day) in metabolically unhealthy midlife adults (50-75 years) with overweight or obesity and prediabetes or type 2 diabetes (T2D). Our primary hypothesis is that the TRE will result in greater weight loss compared to HABIT at 3 months. The efficacy of the TRE intervention on body weight, fat mass, energy expenditure, and glucose is tested at 3 months, and the sustainability of its effect is measured at 12 months, with ambulatory assessments of sleep and physical activity (ActiGraph), eating pattern (smartphone application), and interstitial glucose (continuous glucose monitoring). The RCT also includes state-of-the-art measurements of body fat (quantitative magnetic resonance), total energy expenditure (doubly-labelled water), insulin secretion, insulin resistance, and glucose tolerance. Adherence to self-monitoring and reduced eating window are monitored remotely in real-time. This RCT will provide further insight into the effects of TRE on cardiometabolic health in individuals with high metabolic risk. Sixty-two participants will be enrolled, and with estimated 30% attrition, 42 participants will return at 12 months. This protocol describes the design, interventions, methods, and expected outcomes. Clinical trial registration:NCT04465721 IRB: AAAS7791., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: CJP is a Sports Nutrition Consultant for Renaissance Periodization, LLC., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Inc.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Silent hypoxia is not an identifiable characteristic in patients with COVID-19 infection.
- Author
-
Plummer NR, Fogarty A, Shaw D, Card T, West J, and Crooks C
- Subjects
- Humans, Hypoxia etiology, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 complications, Respiratory Distress Syndrome etiology, Respiratory Insufficiency complications
- Abstract
Background: We aimed to assess whether asymptomatic ("happy") hypoxia was an identifiable physiological phenotype of COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and associated with need for ICU admission., Methods: We performed an observational cohort study of all adult patients admitted with hypoxaemic respiratory failure to a large acute hospital Trust serving the East Midlands, UK. Patients with confirmed COVID-19 were compared to those without. Physiological response to hypoxaemia was modelled using a linear mixed effects model., Results: Of 1,586 patients included, 75% tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. The ROX index was 2.08 min
-1 lower (1.56-2.61, p < 0.001) in the COVID-19 cohort when adjusted for age and ethnicity, suggesting an enhanced respiratory response to hypoxia compared to the non-Covid-19 patients. There was substantial residual inter- and intra-patient variability in the respiratory response to hypoxaemia. 33% of the infected cohort required ICU, and of these 31% died within 60 days. ICU admission and mortality were both associated with an enhanced respiratory response for all degrees of hypoxaemia., Conclusions: Patients with COVID-19 display a more symptomatic phenotype in response to hypoxaemia than those with other causes of hypoxaemic respiratory failure, however individual patients exhibit a wide range of responses. As such although asymptomatic hypoxaemia may be a phenomenon in any individual patient with hypoxaemic respiratory failure, it is no more frequently observed in those with SARS-CoV-2 infection than without., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Directive clinique n o 423 : Interventions chirurgicales et thérapeutiques esthétiques génitales féminines.
- Author
-
Shaw D, Allen L, Chan C, Kives S, Popadiuk C, Robertson D, and Shapiro J
- Abstract
Objectif: Fournir aux chirurgiens et autres fournisseurs de soins canadiens qui réalisent des interventions chirurgicales ou thérapeutiques esthétiques génitales féminines, et tout praticien demandeur, des directives fondées sur des données probantes en réponse à l'augmentation des demandes et de la disponibilité des interventions chirurgicales et thérapeutiques vaginales et vulvaires sortant du cadre traditionnel de la reconstruction avec indication médicale., Population Cible: Les femmes de tous âges qui consultent pour subir une intervention chirurgicale ou thérapeutique esthétique génitale. BéNéFICES, RISQUES ET COûTS: Les professionnels de la santé qui prodiguent des soins aux femmes jouent un rôle important en renseignant les femmes sur leur anatomie et en les aidant à prendre conscience des variations individuelles. La plupart des femmes qui demandent une intervention chirurgicale ou thérapeutique esthétique génitale féminine ont des organes génitaux normaux, et jusqu'à 87 % d'entre elles sont rassurées par des conseils. À l'heure actuelle, étant donné le manque de données probantes cliniques et scientifiques rigoureuses sur l'efficacité et l'innocuité à court et à long terme, il n'y a aucune base pour se prononcer en faveur des interventions chirurgicales ou thérapeutiques esthétiques génitales féminines sans indication médicale. Les interventions chirurgicales ou thérapeutiques esthétiques génitales féminines sont généralement réalisées dans le secteur privé, où les coûts sont assumés par la patiente. DONNéES PROBANTES: La littérature publiée a été rassemblée par des recherches dans les bases de données Medline, Scopus et Cochrane Library au moyen de termes et mots clés pertinents et validés. Les termes de recherche sélectionnés se composaient de mots clés sur les interventions chirurgicales ou thérapeutiques esthétiques génitales féminines (labiaplasty, surgery, vaginal laser therapy, laser vaginal tightening, vaginal laser, vaginal rejuvenation, vaginal relaxation syndrome, hymenoplasty, vaginal cosmetic procedures) combinés à female genital counselling, consent, satisfaction, follow-up, adolescent et body dysmorphic or body dysmorphia. La recherche a été limitée aux articles publiés après 2012 afin de mettre à jour la documentation depuis la dernière directive à ce sujet. Les résultats ont été restreints aux revues systématiques, aux essais cliniques randomisés et aux études observationnelles. Les études ont été limitées à celles menées chez l'humain seulement, et aucune restriction linguistique n'a été appliquée. La recherche a été effectuée le 20 mai 2020 et mise à jour le 10 novembre 2020. MéTHODES DE VALIDATION: Les auteures ont évalué la qualité des données probantes et la force des recommandations en utilisant le cadre méthodologique d'évaluation, de développement et d'évaluation (GRADE). Voir l'annexe A en ligne (tableau A1 pour les définitions et tableau A2 pour l'interprétation des recommandations fortes et faibles). PROFESSIONNELS CONCERNéS: Gynécologues, fournisseurs de soins primaires, chirurgiens réalisant des interventions chirurgicales et/ou thérapeutiques esthétiques génitales féminines. RECOMMANDATIONS., (Copyright © 2021 The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada/La Société des obstétriciens et gynécologues du Canada. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Guideline No. 423: Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery and Procedures.
- Author
-
Shaw D, Allen L, Chan C, Kives S, Popadiuk C, Robertson D, and Shapiro J
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Canada, Female, Gynecologic Surgical Procedures, Humans, Vagina surgery, Gynecology, Surgery, Plastic
- Abstract
Objective: To provide Canadian surgeons and other providers who offer female genital cosmetic surgery (FGCS) and procedures, and their referring practitioners, with evidence-based direction in response to increasing requests for, and availability of, vaginal and vulvar surgeries and procedures that fall outside the traditional realm of medically indicated reconstructions., Target Population: Women of all ages seeking FGCS or procedures., Benefits, Harms, and Costs: Health care providers play an important role in educating women about their anatomy and helping them appreciate individual variations. Most women requesting FGCS and procedures have normal genitalia, and up to 87% are reassured by counselling. At this time, due to lack of rigorous clinical or scientific evidence of short- and long-term efficacy and safety, FGCS and procedures for non-medical indications cannot be supported. FGCS and procedures are typically provided in the private sector, where costs are borne by the patient., Evidence: Literature was retrieved through searches of MEDLINE, Scopus, and The Cochrane Library using appropriate controlled vocabulary and keywords. The selected search terms represented keywords for FGCS (labiaplasty, surgery, vaginal laser therapy, laser vaginal tightening, vaginal laser, vaginal rejuvenation, vaginal relaxation syndrome, hymenoplasty, vaginal cosmetic procedures) combined with female genital counselling, consent, satisfaction, follow-up, adolescent, and body dysmorphic or body dysmorphia. The search was restricted to publications after 2012 in order to update the literature since the previous guideline on this topic. Results were restricted to systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, and observational studies. Studies were restricted to those involving humans, and no language restrictions were applied. The search was completed on May 20, 2020, and updated on November 10, 2020., Validation Methods: The authors rated the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. See online Appendix A (Tables A1 for definitions and A2 for interpretations of strong and weak recommendations)., Intended Audience: Gynaecologists, primary care providers, surgeons performing FGCS and/or procedures., (Copyright © 2021 The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada/La Société des obstétriciens et gynécologues du Canada. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir for 12 vs. 6 weeks for the treatment of recently acquired hepatitis C infection.
- Author
-
Matthews GV, Bhagani S, Van der Valk M, Rockstroh J, Feld JJ, Rauch A, Thurnheer C, Bruneau J, Kim A, Hellard M, Shaw D, Gane E, Nelson M, Ingiliz P, Applegate TL, Grebely J, Marks P, Martinello M, Petoumenos K, and Dore GJ
- Subjects
- Adult, Antiviral Agents pharmacology, Antiviral Agents therapeutic use, Australia, Canada, Carbamates therapeutic use, Drug Combinations, Female, Germany, Hepatitis C physiopathology, Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings therapeutic use, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Netherlands, New Zealand, Sofosbuvir therapeutic use, Switzerland, Treatment Outcome, United Kingdom, Carbamates pharmacology, Hepatitis C drug therapy, Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings pharmacology, Sofosbuvir pharmacology, Time Factors
- Abstract
Background & Aims: Shortened duration therapy for acute and recent HCV infection has been shown to be highly effective in several small non-randomised studies with direct-acting antiviral regimens; however, large randomised studies are lacking., Methods: REACT was an NIH-funded multicentre international, open-label, randomised, phase IV non-inferiority trial examining the efficacy of short course (6-week) vs. standard course (12-week) therapy with sofosbuvir-velpatasvir for recent HCV infection (estimated duration of infection ≤12 months). Randomisation occurred at week 6. The primary endpoint was sustained virological response 12 weeks after treatment end (SVR12) in the intention-to treat (ITT) population. A total of 250 participants were due to be enrolled, but on advice of the data safety and monitoring board the study was halted early., Results: The primary analysis population consisted of 188 randomised participants at termination of study enrolment; short arm (n = 93), standard arm (n = 95). Ninety-seven percent were male and 69% HIV positive. ITT SVR12 was 76/93, 81.7% (95% CI 72.4-89.0) in the short arm and 86/95, 90.5% (95% CI 82.7-95.6) in the standard arm. The difference between the arms was -8.8 (95% CI -18.6 to 1.0). In modified ITT analysis, wherein non-virological reasons for failure were excluded (death, reinfection, loss to follow-up), SVR12 was 76/85, 89.4% (95% CI 80.8-95.0) in the short arm and 86/88, 97.7% in the standard arm (95% CI 92.0-99.7; difference -8.3%, p = 0.025)., Conclusions: In this randomised study in recent HCV infection, a 6-week course of sofosbuvir-velpatasvir did not meet the criteria for non-inferiority to standard 12-week therapy., Lay Summary: In this randomised trial, 188 people with recently acquired hepatitis C infection were randomly assigned to treatment using either a short 6-week course (93 people) or standard 12-week course (95 people) of the hepatitis C treatment sofosbuvir/velpatasvir. There were 9 cases of relapse after treatment with the short course and 2 following the standard course. A shortened course of 6-week therapy for hepatitis C infection appeared to be less effective than a standard 12-week course in people with recently acquired hepatitis C infection. CLINICALTRIALS., Gov Identifier: NCT02625909., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest GVM: grants from Gilead Sciences and AbbVie Inc, outside the submitted work; SB: grants from Gilead Sciences, outside the submitted work; personal fees for Advisory Boards and lectures/presentations from Gilead Sciences, outside the submitted work; MvDW: grants and personal fees from AbbVie, grants and personal fees from Gilead, grants and personal fees from Johnson & Johnson, grants and personal fees from MSD, grants and personal fees from ViiV, outside the submitted work; JR: personal fees from Gilead Sciences, Janssen, Merck, Theratechnologies and ViiV, outside the submitted work; JF: grants and personal fees from Gilead Sciences, grants and personal fees from AbbVie, personal fees from GSK, personal fees from Roche, grants from Janssen, grants from Eiger, grants and personal fees from Enanta, personal fees from Arubutus, outside the submitted work; AR: Advisory boards: MSD, Gilead Sciences, Travel grants: Gilead Sciences, Pfizer, AbbVie; Research support: Investigator initiated trial grant from Gilead Sciences. All remuneration went to his home institution and not to Dr. Rauch personally; CT: Gilead Advisory board (Remdesivir) 2020; MSD Advisory board (HCV) 2018; educational grants from Gilead and AbbVie (Annual Preceptorship on HCV in PWID), outside the submitted work; JB: grants from NIH, during the conduct of the study; personal fees from AbbVie, grants and personal fees from Gilead, outside the submitted work; AK: grants from PCORI, grants from NIH/NIAID, grants from NIH/NIA, grants from UpToDate, Inc., personal fees from Biomarin, Inc., personal fees for lectures/presentations: CME companies, Clinical Care Options companies, Mentor Planning and Practice Point, personal fees from DKBMed for communications, personal fees for academic work from Geisinger Health Systems and St. Luke’s/Roosevelt, personal fees from Ken Krayesek Law Offices, personal fees from Duke University, outside the submitted work; MH: grants from Gilead Sciences, grants from AbbVie, outside the submitted work; EG: personal fees from Gilead Scientific Advisory Board, personal fees from AbbVie Scientific Advisory Board, personal fees from Janssen Scientific Advisory Board, outside the submitted work; MN: grants, personal fees and non-financial support from AbbVie, grants, personal fees and non-financial support from MSD, grants, personal fees and non-financial support from BMS, grants, personal fees and non-financial support from Gilead Sciences, payment or honoraria: Gilead, AbbVie, BMS and MSD, travel support: Gilead, AbbVie, BMS and MSD, personal fees from MBS DMSB or equivalent, outside the submitted work; PI: grants and personal fees from Gilead Sciences, personal fees from AbbVie, personal fees from ViiV, outside the submitted work; JG: grants and personal fees from AbbVie, grants and personal fees from Gilead Sciences, grants and personal fees from Merck, grants and personal fees from Cepheid, grants from Hologic, grants from Indivior, payment or honoraria: AbbVie, Gilead Sciences and Cepheid, travel support: AbbVie, Gilead Sciences and Cepheid, receipt of testing equipment and cartridges from Cepheid, receipt of testing reagents from Hologic, outside the submitted work; KP: grants from Gilead sciences Australia and ViiV Healthcare Australia, outside the submitted work; GD: grants, personal fees and non-financial support from Gilead Sciences, AbbVie and Merck, grants from Bristol-Myers Squibb, outside the submitted work; DS, MM, TA and PM: nothing to disclose. Please refer to the accompanying ICMJE disclosure forms for further details., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. A multi-seasonal study investigating the phenology, host and habitat associations, and pathogens of Haemaphysalis longicornis in Virginia, U.S.A.
- Author
-
Thompson AT, White SA, Shaw D, Garrett KB, Wyckoff ST, Doub EE, Ruder MG, and Yabsley MJ
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Larva growth & development, Larva microbiology, Larva parasitology, Larva physiology, Male, Nymph growth & development, Nymph microbiology, Nymph parasitology, Nymph physiology, Seasons, Virginia, Ecosystem, Host-Parasite Interactions, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Ixodidae growth & development, Ixodidae microbiology, Ixodidae parasitology, Ixodidae physiology
- Abstract
Understanding the abiotic and biotic variables affecting tick populations is essential for studying the biology and health risks associated with vector species. We conducted a study on the phenology of exotic Haemaphysalis longicornis (Asian longhorned tick) at a site in Albemarle County, Virginia, United States. We also assessed the importance of wildlife hosts, habitats, and microclimate variables such as temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed on this exotic tick's presence and abundance. In addition, we determined the prevalence of infection with selected tick-borne pathogens in host-seeking H. longicornis. We determined that the seasonal activity of H. longicornis in Virginia was slightly different from previous studies in the northeastern United States. We observed nymphal ticks persist year-round but were most active in the spring, followed by a peak in adult activity in the summer and larval activity in the fall. We also observed a lower probability of collecting host-seeking H. longicornis in field habitats and the summer months. In addition, we detected H. longicornis on several wildlife hosts, including coyote (Canis latrans), eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus), raccoon (Procyon lotor), Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), woodchuck (Marmota monax), and a Peromyscus sp. mouse. This latter record is the first detection of a larval H. longicornis on a North American rodent host important to the enzootic maintenance of tick-borne pathogens of humans and animals. Finally, we continued to detect the exotic piroplasm parasite, Theileria orientalis Ikeda, in H. longicornis as well as other pathogens, including Rickettsia felis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum (AP-1), and a Hepatozoon sp. previously characterized in Amblyomma americanum. These represent some of the first detections of arthropod-borne pathogens native to the United States in host-seeking H. longicornis. These data increase our understanding of H. longicornis biology in the United States and provide valuable information into the future health risks associated with this tick and pathogens., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier GmbH.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Two fundamental ethical and legal rules for deceased organ donation.
- Author
-
Gardiner D, McGee A, and Shaw D
- Abstract
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Don't Shoot the Messenger: Surgical Programs Can Do More to Keep Applicants Informed.
- Author
-
Pletch AN, Jackson F, Shaw D, Whiting C, and Whiting JF
- Subjects
- Humans, United States, Internship and Residency, Personnel Selection
- Abstract
Objective: The interview process for applying to general surgery residency is burdened by a high volume of applicants, resulting in unprofessional behavior by both applicants and programs. Sharing more information regarding interview scheduling with applicants may limit fourth year medical student educational disruptions, minimized late cancellations to interview, and improve overall satisfaction with the process. Thus, we set out to determine what information is currently available to applicants., Design: We used publicly accessible sources to determine what information was shared by US general surgery residency programs with applicants. Specifically, we looked at the deadline for applications, United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 and 2 score cutoffs, number of interview dates available, specific interview dates, a stated policy to not offering more interviews than slots, dates when applicants can expect to be notified of interview offers, notification of decision to decline, and International Medical Graduate and visa policies., Setting: This study took place at Maine Medical Center in Portland, Maine, an academic medical center with a general surgery residency program., Participants: Not applicable., Results: Three hundred seventeen programs were examined. Seventy-six percent of programs specified an application deadline, 65% of programs specified a Step 1 cut-off score, 50% of programs specified a Step 2 cut-off score, 61% of programs stated a visa policy, and 50% of programs stated an International Medical Graduate policy. Twenty-five percent of programs disclosed the number of interview dates, 23% disclosed what those interview dates were. About 3.4% of programs gave interview release dates, 2.8% of programs notify applicants of decline to interview, and 0.63% of programs explicitly describe a policy of offering only as many interviews as slots available. Thirty-two percent of programs provided conflicting information., Conclusions: The information available to applicants from public access sources regarding interview scheduling is minimal, unstandardized, and unreliable. Notably lacking were policies that only offer as many interviews as slots available, dates when applicants can expect to be notified of interview offers, and notification of declines. Providing such information to applicants in a standardized way may improve satisfaction with the interview scheduling process., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Examining information-seeking behavior in genetic testing for cancer predisposition: A qualitative interview study.
- Author
-
Zimmermann BM, Fanderl J, Koné I, Rabaglio M, Bürki N, Shaw D, and Elger B
- Subjects
- Genetic Counseling, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genetic Testing, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Qualitative Research, Switzerland, Information Seeking Behavior, Neoplasms diagnosis, Neoplasms genetics
- Abstract
Objective: This study aims to assess information needs and information sources and seeks to illustrate what at-risk individuals consider motivators of and barriers to information-seeking before and after genetic testing for cancer predisposition., Methods: Semi-structured interviews with people seeking genetic counseling in Switzerland were analyzed qualitatively using thematic analysis. Wilson's model of information behavior was the theoretical framework., Results: We identified four themes that illustrate motivators of and barriers to information-seeking: attitudes and emotions; knowledge; social environment; and demographic factors. We also elucidated information needs and collected participants' information sources., Conclusion: This study£s empirical approach helps healthcare professionals to understand their patients' behaviors and wishes concerning information-seeking more concretely than theoretical models alone. The study also identifies information gaps, especially outside the genetic counseling setting., Practice Implications: Genetic counselors and other healthcare professionals need to purposefully assist patients in finding trustworthy and accessible information. Healthcare professionals in all disciplines need to be educated about predictive genetic testing., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors report no declarations of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Pooled saliva samples for COVID-19 surveillance programme.
- Author
-
Fogarty A, Joseph A, and Shaw D
- Subjects
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, COVID-19 Testing, Humans, Pandemics, SARS-CoV-2, Clinical Laboratory Techniques methods, Coronavirus Infections diagnosis, Epidemiological Monitoring, Mass Screening methods, Pneumonia, Viral diagnosis, Saliva virology
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Theileria orientalis Ikeda in host-seeking Haemaphysalis longicornis in Virginia, U.S.A.
- Author
-
Thompson AT, White S, Shaw D, Egizi A, Lahmers K, Ruder MG, and Yabsley MJ
- Subjects
- Animals, Antigens, Protozoan analysis, Arachnid Vectors growth & development, Female, Introduced Species, Ixodidae growth & development, Male, Nymph growth & development, Nymph parasitology, Protozoan Proteins analysis, RNA, Protozoan analysis, RNA, Ribosomal, 18S analysis, Theileria genetics, Virginia, Arachnid Vectors parasitology, Ixodidae parasitology, Theileria isolation & purification
- Abstract
The Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, has recently become established in the United States. In East Asia, Australia, and New Zealand, the native and previously introduced ranges, this tick is a vector of an important pathogen of cattle, Theileria orientalis. In 2017, the pathogenic Ikeda genotype of T. orientalis was associated with cattle mortalities in Virginia and in 2018 the exotic H. longicornis was detected at this same site. To investigate the possible role of this exotic tick in the epidemiology of theileriosis in Virginia, we tested host-seeking H. longicornis for piroplasm infections. We document the detection of exotic Theileria orientalis Ikeda genotype in 12.7 % (15/118) environmentally collected H. longicornis using both the 18S rRNA and major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) gene targets. This is the first detection of a pathogen in H. longicornis in its introduced range in the United States and offers new insight into the animal health risks associated with the introduction of this exotic tick species to North America., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Patients' attitudes towards cost feedback to doctors to prevent unnecessary testing: a qualitative focus group study.
- Author
-
Young B, Fogarty AW, Skelly R, Shaw D, Thurley P, Sturrock N, Norwood M, Langley T, Lewis S, and Cranwell J
- Subjects
- Feedback, Female, Focus Groups, Health Care Costs, Health Personnel, Hematologic Tests economics, Hospitals, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Physicians, Qualitative Research, Attitude to Health, Delivery of Health Care economics, Hematologic Tests psychology
- Abstract
Objectives: There is a need to improve efficiency in healthcare delivery without compromising quality of care. One approach is the development and evaluation of behavioural strategies to reduce unnecessary use of common tests. However, there is an absence of evidence on patient attitudes to the use of such approaches in the delivery of care. Our objective was to explore patient acceptability of a nudge-type intervention that aimed to modify blood test requests by hospital doctors., Study Design: Single-centre qualitative study., Methods: The financial costs of common blood tests were presented to hospital doctors on results reports for 1 year at a hospital. Focus group discussions were conducted with recent inpatients at the hospital using a semi-structured question schedule. Discussions were transcribed and analysed using qualitative content analysis to identify and prioritise common themes explaining attitudes to the intervention approach., Results: Three focus groups involving 17 participants were conducted. Patients were generally apprehensive about the provision of blood test cost feedback to doctors. Attitudes were organised around themes representing beliefs about blood tests, the impact on doctors and their autonomy, and beliefs about unnecessary testing. Patients thought that blood tests were important, powerful and inexpensive, and cost information could place doctors under additional pressure., Conclusion: The findings identify predominantly positive beliefs about testing and negative attitudes to the use of financial costs in the decision-making of hospital doctors. Public discussion and education about the possible overuse of common tests may allow more resources to be allocated to evidence-based healthcare, by reducing the perception that such strategies to improve healthcare efficiency negatively impact on quality of care., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Social Support, Exposure to Parental Intimate Partner Violence, and Relationship Abuse Among Marginalized Youth.
- Author
-
Ragavan MI, Culyba AJ, Shaw D, and Miller E
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Humans, Odds Ratio, Parents, Social Support, Crime Victims, Intimate Partner Violence
- Abstract
Purpose: We examined associations between parental IPV exposure, perceived social support, and adolescent relationship abuse (ARA) victimization, specifically in a group of marginalized youth., Methods: Data were drawn from surveys administered to marginalized youth as part of the Healthy Allegheny Teen Survey. Logistic regression examined (1) the association between IPV exposure and social support and (2) how social support influences the association between IPV exposure and ARA victimization., Results: IPV-exposed youth reported lower perceived social support (adjusted odds ratio: .54, confidence interval [CI]: .31-.96). There was a significant association between IPV exposure and ARA victimization (odds ratio: 3.5, CI: 1.5-8.1). However, among youth with higher social support, the association between IPV exposure and ARA victimization attenuated and lost significance (odds ratio: 1.9, CI: .57-6.5)., Conclusions: IPV-exposed youth reported less social support; however, social support may buffer the association between IPV exposure and ARA. Interventions may consider bolstering social support for IPV-exposed youth., (Copyright © 2020 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.