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Tire wear particles (TWP), as an emerging type of microplastics, are a significant source of contaminants in roadside soils due to their high concentration of pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This study explored the impact of ultraviolet (UV) exposure and natural aging on the in vitro bioaccessibility of PAHs associated with TWP in soil on a China-wide scale. Our findings suggested that UV exposure amplified the negative charge of TWP by 75 % and increased the hydrophobic groups on the particle surface. The bioaccessibility of 3- and 4-ring PAHs in TWP was significantly (p < 0.05) heightened by UV exposure. After 20 types of soils containing 2 % UV-exposed TWP underwent natural aging, the bioaccessibility of PAHs saw a significant decrease (p < 0.05) to 16-48 %, compared to 28-96 % in the unaged group. Soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were the two primary soil properties positively influencing the reduction of in vitro PAHs concentration and PAHs bioaccessibility. According to the prediction results, soils in southern China presented the highest potential region for the release of bioaccessible PAHs from TWP, highlighting the regional specificity of environmental impact. Our study provides valuable insights into the biological impact of PAHs associated with TWP on a regional scale, and offers scientific evidence for targeted soil risk management strategies., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) present significant environmental and health hazards due to their inherent persistence, ubiquitous presence in the environment, and propensity for bioaccumulation. Consequently, the development of efficacious remediation strategies for soil and water contaminated with PFAS is imperative. Biochar, with its unique properties, has emerged as a cost-effective adsorbent for PFAS. Despite this, a comprehensive review of the factors influencing PFAS adsorption and immobilization by biochar is lacking. This narrative review examines recent findings indicating that the application of biochar can effectively immobilize PFAS, thereby mitigating their environmental transport and subsequent ecological impact. In addition, this paper reviewed the sorption mechanisms of biochar and the factors affecting its sorption efficiency. The high effectiveness of biochars in PFAS remediation has been attributed to their high porosity in the right pore size range (>1.5 nm) that can accommodate the relatively large PFAS molecules (>1.02-2.20 nm), leading to physical entrapment. Effective sorption requires attraction or bonding to the biochar framework. Binding is stronger for long-chain PFAS than for short-chain PFAS, as attractive forces between long hydrophobic CF 2 -tails more easily overcome the repulsion of the often-anionic head groups by net negatively charged biochars. This review summarizes case studies and field applications highlighting the effectiveness of biochar across various matrices, showcasing its strong binding with PFAS. We suggest that research should focus on improving the adsorption performance of biochar for short-chain PFAS compounds. Establishing the significance of biochar surface electrical charge in the adsorption process of PFAS is necessary, as well as quantifying the respective contributions of electrostatic forces and hydrophobic van der Waals forces to the adsorption of both short- and long-chain PFAS. There is an urgent need for validation of the effectiveness of the biochar effect in actual environmental conditions through prolonged outdoor testing., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose, financial or otherwise., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Effective identification and regulation of water quality impact factors is essential for water resource management and environmental protection. However, the complex coupling of water quality systems poses a significant challenge to this task. This study proposes coherent model for water quality prediction, classification and regulation based on interpretable machine learning. The decomposition-reconstruction module is used to transform non-stationary water quality series into stationary series while effectively reducing the feature dimensions. Spatiotemporal multi-source data is introduced by using the Maximum Information Coefficient (MIC) for feature selection. The Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN) is used to extract the temporal features of different variables, followed by the introduction of External Attention mechanism (EA) to construct the relationship between these features. Finally, the target water quality sequence is simulated using Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU). The proposed model was applied to Poyang Lake in China to predict six water quality indicators: ammonia nitrogen (NH 3 -N), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), water temperature (WT). The water quality was then classified based on the prediction results using the XGBoost algorithm. The findings indicate that the proposed model's Nash-Sutcliff Efficiency (NSE) value ranges from 0.88 to 0.99, surpassing that of the benchmark model, and demonstrates strong interval prediction performance. The results highlight the superior performance of the XGBoost algorithm (with an accuracy of 0.89) in addressing water quality classification issues, particularly in cases of category imbalance. Subsequently, interpretability analysis using the SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) method revealed that the model is capable of learning relationships between different variables and there exists a possibility of learning the physical laws. Ultimately, this study proposes a water quality regulation mechanism that improves TN and DO levels by stepwise changing the magnitude of water temperature, which significantly improves in the case of data limitations. In conclusion, this study presents an overall framework for integrating water quality prediction, classification and improvement for the first time, forming a complete set of water quality early warning and improvement management strategies. This framework provides new ideas and ways for lake water quality management., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Due to the wastewater irrigation or biosolid application, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been widely detected in agriculture soil and hence crops or vegetables. Consumption of contaminated crops and vegetables is considered as an important route of human exposure to PFASs. Machine learning (ML) models have been developed to predict PFAS uptake by plants with majority focus on roots. However, ML models for predicting accumulation of PFASs in above ground edible tissues have yet to be investigated. In this study, 811 data points covering 22 PFASs represented by molecular fingerprints and 5 plant categories (namely the root class, leaf class, cereals, legumes, and fruits) were used for model development. The Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) model demonstrated the most favorable performance to predict the bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) in all the 4 plant tissues (namely root, leaf, stem, and fruit) achieving coefficients of determination R 2 as 0.82-0.93. Feature importance analysis showed that the top influential factors for BAFs varied among different plant tissues, indicating that model developed for root concentration prediction may not be feasible for above ground parts. The XGB model's performance was further demonstrated by comparing with data from pot experiments measuring BAFs of 12 PFASs in lettuce. The correlation between predicted and measured results was favorable for BAFs in both lettuce roots and leaves with R 2 values of 0.76 and 0.81. This study developed a robust approach to comprehensively understand the uptake of PFASs in both plant roots and above ground parts, offering key insights into PFAS risk assessment and food safety., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Plant non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs), which largely comprise starch and soluble sugars, are essential energy reserves to support plant growth and physiological functions. While it is known that increasing global deposition of nitrogen (N) affects plant concentration of NSCs, quantification of seasonal responses and drivers of woody species leaf and root NSCs to N addition at larger spatial scales remains lacking. Here, we systematically analyzed data from 53 field experiments distributed across China, comprising 1202 observations, to test for effects of N addition on woody plant leaf and root NSCs across and within growing and non-growing seasons. We found (1) no overall effects of N addition on the concentrations of leaf and root NSCs, soluble sugars or starch during the growing season or the non-growing season for leaves. However, N addition decreased root NSC and starch concentrations by 13.8 % and 39.0 %, respectively, and increased soluble sugars concentration by 15.0 % during the non-growing season. (2) Shifts in leaf NSC concentration under N addition were driven by responses by soluble sugars in both seasons, while shifts in root NSC were driven by soluble sugars in the non-growing season and starch and soluble sugars in the growing season. (3) Relationships between N, carbon, and phosphorus stoichiometry with leaf and root NSCs indicated effects of N addition on woody plant NSCs allocation through impacts on plant photosynthesis, respiration, and growth. (4) Effects of N addition on leaf and root NSCs varied with plant functional types, where effects were more pronounced in roots than in leaves during the non-growing season. Overall, our results reveal divergent responses of woody plant leaf and root NSCs to N addition within non-growing season and highlight the role of ecological stoichiometry and plant functional types in woody plant allocation patterns of NSCs in response to ongoing N deposition under global change., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Longitudinal evidence of long-term ozone exposure on heart rate variability (HRV, an early indicator of cardiovascular damage) is lacking and the potential mechanism remains largely unclear. Our objectives were to evaluate the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of ozone exposure with HRV alteration, and the potential roles of protein carbonyl (PC, biomarker of oxidative protein damage) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in this association. This repeated-measures prospective study included 4138 participants with 6617 observations from the Wuhan-Zhuhai cohort. Ozone concentrations were estimated using a high temporospatial resolution model for each participant. HRV indices, PC, and TGF-β1 were also repeatedly measured. Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships of ozone exposure with HRV alteration were evaluated by linear mixed model. Cross-sectionally, the strongest lag effect of each 10 ppb increment in short-term ozone exposure showed a 12.40 %, 8.47 %, 4.31 %, 8.03 %, 3.69 %, and 2.41 % decrement on very low frequency (VLF, lag 3 weeks), LF (lag 2 weeks), high frequency (HF, lag 0-7 days), total power (TP, lag 2 weeks), standard deviation of all normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN, lag 3 weeks), and square root of the mean squared difference between adjacent normal-to-normal intervals (lag 2 weeks), respectively. Longitudinally, each 10 ppb increment of annual average ozone was related with an annual change rate of -0.024 ms 2 /year in VLF, -0.009 ms 2 /year in LF, -0.013 ms 2 /year in HF, -0.014 ms 2 /year in TP, and -0.004 ms/year in SDNN. Mediation analyses indicated that PC mediated 20.77 % and 12.18 % of ozone-associated VLF and TP decline, respectively; TGF-β1 mediated 16.87 % and 27.78 % of ozone-associated VLF and SDNN reduction, respectively. Our study demonstrated that ozone exposure was cross-sectionally and longitudinally related with HRV decline in general Chinese urban adults, and oxidative protein damage and increased TGF-β1 partly mediated ozone exposure-related HRV reduction., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The chemical characterisation of traditional Chinese medicine formulas (TCMFs) using mass spectrometry poses notable challenges owing to their complex and diverse chemical compositions. While acquisition modes such as data-dependent acquisition (DDA) and data-independent acquisition (DIA) offer new insights, DDA's tendency to overlook low-abundance ions and DIA's complicated data processing, particularly in matching MS 1 and MS 2 information, limit the effective annotation of valuable compounds in TCMFs. Herein, we present a new integrated strategy to enhance the coverage of annotated compounds in TCMFs, using Xiao Jian Zhong Tang (XJZ) as a case study. First, we characterised the components of XJZ through UNIFI software in Fast-DDA and DIA modes. We then summarised the diagnostic ions and substituent information of the identified compounds based on the Fast-DDA data, integrating molecular networks and AntDAS to predict unknown components and uncover potential components. Ultimately, we characterised a total of 785 components in XJZ, including 43 that were unique to XJZ when compared to the individual herbs involved. The presence of these new components may result from the recombination of substituents during compatibility. In conclusion, this new integrated strategy facilitates more in-depth characterisation of components in TCMFs, providing a new direction for exploring the compatibility principles among TCMFs., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Different delignification processes lead to significant differences in the structure and activity of lignin. Consequently, complex modifications are necessary before lignin to be applied. In this paper, a green process for the selective catalytic extraction of lignin by geopolymer is proposed based on biomass refining. This process can obtain lignin with ideal performance on activity, crosslink ability and curability. Taking eucalyptus, fir and bagasse as examples, the optimal lignin yields reach 46.5 %, 34.8 % and 48.7 % respectively (mFiber/mGeopolymer = 3, 120 min, and 130 °C). Moreover, lignin isolated with geopolymer (GL) shows a similar narrow molecular weight distribution range to that of Milled Wood Lignin (MWL). Studies on crosslinking solidification mechanisms have demonstrated that the phenolic hydroxyl groups of GL participate in the formation of a multi-stage amine crosslinking and solidification network structure. GL does not rely on flexible chains in the crosslinking and solidification of wood adhesives. Since highly active lignin can condense with phenolic hydroxyl groups on the surface of wood, it provides the adhesive with higher bonding strength (3.8 MPa). This study presents a novel approach to fabricating lignin-based formaldehyde-free wood adhesives., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Xuemin cui reports was provided by Guangxi University. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) lack stable tertiary structures under physiological conditions, yet play key roles in biological processes and associated with human complex diseases. Their conformational characteristics and high content of charged residues make the use of polarizable force fields an advantageous for simulating IDPs. The Drude2019IDP polarizable force field, previously introduced, has demonstrated comprehensive enhancements and improvements in dipeptides, short peptides, and IDPs, achieving a balanced sampling between IDPs and structured proteins. However, the performance in simulating 5 dipeptides was found to be underestimate. Therefore, we individually performed reweighting and grid-based energy correction map (CMAP) optimization for these 5 dipeptides, resulting in the enhanced Drude2019IDPC force field. The performance of Drude2019IDPC was evaluated with 5 dipeptides, 5 disordered short peptides, and a representative IDP. The results demonstrated a marked improvement comparing with original Drude2019IDP. To further substantiate the capabilities of Drude2019IDPC, MD simulation and Markov state model (MSM) were applied to wild type and mutant for insulin, to elucidate the difference of conformational characteristics and transition path. The findings reveal that mutation can maintain the monomorphic characteristics, providing insights for engineered insulin development. These results indicate that Drude2019IDPC could be used to reveal the structure-function relationship for other proteins., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Hydrogels with rapid wound-healing capabilities and antimicrobial effects are gaining significant interest in related fields. Nonetheless, developing a multifunctional hydrogel wound dressing with injectable self-assembling, self-healing, antimicrobial properties, and efficient skin wound-healing capabilities remained a formidable challenge. In this experiment, we drew inspiration from silkworm cocoons' natural formation and protective mechanisms, employing a novel physical cross-linking method to create an injectable and self-healing quaternary hydrogel successfully. The hydrogel is based on a matrix of silk fibroin/silk sericin (SF/SS), with 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate sodium salt (DMPG) serving as a physical cross-linking agent to form the hydrogel network structure, and the incorporation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) further enhances its antimicrobial capabilities. Our biomimetic hydrogel, which replicated the chemical properties of silkworm cocoons, demonstrated excellent hydrophilicity with a water contact angle that ranged from 37 to 52°. Its tensile and compressive resistance was approximately four times greater than that of a pure SF hydrogel, and its swelling performance was about three times higher than that of a pure SF hydrogel. Furthermore, the hydrogel exhibited an impressive bacterial inhibition rate of over 98 % in bacterial growth and inhibition experiments, which provided a solid foundation for accelerating wound healing. Likewise, experiments with mice and histological analyses revealed that on day 7, the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β in the wound tissues treated with the SF/SS/AgNPs hydrogel was significantly reduced by >25 % compared to the blank control group. This reduction indicates that the hydrogel could decrease the production of inflammatory cytokines, potentially aiding in the acceleration of wound healing and mitigation of inflammation-related adverse reactions. By day 14, the wounds were healed mainly, with the wound area reduced by 17 % compared to that of the blank group. This demonstrates the significant potential of this cocoon-mimetic hydrogel in accelerating wound healing and providing wound protection., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Recently, cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) have emerged as a novel treatment strategy for breast cancer. However, increasing reports of CDK4/6i-associated venous thromboembolism (VTE) have garnered attention. This study assessed CDK4/6i-associated VTE in breast cancer, and examined the effect of CDK4/6i on platelet/coagulation function for the first time in vitro., Methods: PubMed and Embase databases were searched for studies published from the establishment of the database to December 31, 2022 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and real-world studies of CDK4/6i in patients with breast cancer, and the data obtained from the included studies were used for meta-analysis. A disproportionality analysis by extracting adverse drug reaction signals of CDK4/6i-associated VTE from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database was also conducted. Additionally, the in vitro effect of CDK4/6i on platelet function was assessed based on platelet aggregation tests and flow cytometry, and coagulation function was assessed based on the blood clotting function test., Findings: A total of 16,903 patients in 13 RCTs and 6,490 patients in 9 real-world studies were included in the meta-analysis. In RCTs, VTE occurred in 193 (2.1 %) and 55 (0.7 %) patients in the CDK4/6i and control groups, respectively. In real-world studies, the aggregate incidence rate of VTE was 4.2 % (95 % CI: 2.1, 6.3). The meta-analysis of RCTs revealed that abemaciclib (Odds ratio [OR]: 4.40 [95 % CI: 2.74,7.05], p < 0.001) and palbociclib (OR: 2.35 [95 % CI: 1.34, 4.12], p < 0.01) significantly increased the risk of VTE in patients with breast cancer compared to placebo. FAERS database analysis revealed that abemaciclib (reporting odds ratio [ROR]: 1.63 [95 % CI: 1.36, 1.97]; IC 025 : 0.67) and ribociclib (ROR: 1.17 [95 % CI: 1.0, 1.39]; IC 025 : 0.18) demonstrated a significantly increased signal of VTE. Similarly, findings from in vitro experiments demonstrated that abemaciclib enhanced agonist-induced platelet activation, especially when collagen was used as the inducer, and this effect became more prominent with increasing its concentration., Interpretation: Use of abemaciclib may increase the risk of VTE in patients with breast cancer, which may be partially attributed to the effect of abemaciclib on platelet function. Close monitoring of VTE occurrence is highly recommended while using abemaciclib, especially in patients at a high risk of VTE., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The multi-drug resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and complex wound microenvironment challenge the repair of MRSA infected wound. Herein, in this study, α-tocopherol modified glycol chitosan (TG) nanoparticles encapsulated with phytochemical rhein (Rhein@TG NPs) were prepared for comprehensive anti-infection and promotion of MRSA infected wound healing. Rhein@TG NPs could not only specifically release rhein in the infection site in response to low pH and lipase of infectious microenvironment, but also up-regulated M1 macrophage polarization in the infection stage, thus achieving synergistically bacterial elimination with low possibility of developing resistance. Additionally, the NPs reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory factors in the post-infection stage, scavenged the ROS, promoted cell migration and angiogenesis, which significantly improved the microenvironment of infected wound healing. Therefore, this antibiotic-free NPs enabling anti-infection and promotion of wound healing provides a new and long-term strategy for the treatment of MRSA infected wound., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Laccase is a green catalyst that can efficiently catalyze phenolic pollutants, and its catalytic efficiency is closely related to the interaction between enzyme and substrates. To investigate the binding effects between enzyme and phenolic pollutants, phenol, p-chlorophenol, and bisphenol A were used as substrates in this study. We focused on the removal and catalytic mechanism of these pollutants in water using yellow laccase derived from Coriolopsis gallica. The enzymatic catalytic products were characterized using Ultraviolet-Visible Absorption Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS), and the catalytic mechanism of laccase on phenolic pollutants was further explored by molecular docking. Based on the structural characterization and molecular docking results, the possible polymerization pathways of these phenolic compounds were speculated. Laccase catalyzed phenol to produce phenolic hydroxyl radicals, their para-radicals, and ortho-radicals, which polymerized to form oligomers linked by benzene‑oxygen-benzene and benzene-benzene. P-chlorophenol produced phenolic hydroxyl radicals and their ortho-radicals, polymerizing to form oligomers connected by benzene‑oxygen-benzene or benzene-benzene. The CC bond of the isopropyl group of bisphenol A broke to formed an intermediate product, which was further polymerized to formed a benzene‑oxygen-benzene linked oligomer., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: This study analyzed the basic condition and the influencing factors of hospitalization costs of patients with gastric cancer in Shanghai from 2014 to 2021, so as to provide a scientific reference for promoting the reform of the medical and healthcare system., Methods: The study data were obtained from the electronic medical record system of Shanghai Hospital. The grey relational analysis was applied to analyze the correlation strength of various expenses with hospitalization costs. The structural equation modeling was constructed to analyze the influences of factors on the hospitalization expenses, as well as the relationship between each factor., Results: A total of 23 335 study subjects were included. The results of grey relational analysis showed that the total cost of drugs had the strongest correlation with hospitalization expenses, followed by material expenses and surgery cost, whereas those of others were lower. The results of the structural equation modeling showed that age had the greatest influence on hospitalization expenses with a path coefficient of 0.618. Other influencing factors included surgery history, length of stay, hospital level, gender, and medical insurance., Conclusions: The total cost of drugs had the strongest correlation with hospitalization expenses. Factors such as gender, age, and hospital level all affect the hospitalization expenses. In the future, it is necessary to take further measures to control the cost of drugs and constantly optimize the structure of hospitalization costs. Meanwhile, the reform of the medical and healthcare system should be deepened to reasonably regulate the medical behaviors and reduce the financial burden of patients., Competing Interests: Author Disclosures Author disclosure forms can be accessed below in the Supplemental Material section., (Copyright © 2024 International Society for Health Economics and Outcomes Research. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background & Aims: Crotonylation, a crotonyl-CoA-based non-enzymatic protein translational modification, affects diverse biological processes, such as spermatogenesis, tissue injury, inflammation, and neuropsychiatric diseases. Crotonylation is decreased in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), but the mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we aim to describe the role of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) in tumor suppression., Methods: Three cohorts containing 40, 248 and 17 pairs of samples were used to evaluate the link between GCDH expression levels and clinical characteristics of HCC, as well as responses to anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) treatment. Subcutaneous xenograft, orthotopic xenograft, Trp53 Δhep/Δhep ; MYC- and Ctnnb oe ; MET oe -driven mouse models were adopted to validate the effects of GCDH on HCC suppression., Results: GCDH depletion promoted HCC growth and metastasis, whereas its overexpression reversed these processes. As GCDH converts glutaryl-CoA to crotonyl-CoA to increase crotonylation levels, we performed lysine crotonylome analysis and identified the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and glycolysis-related proteins PGD, TKT, and ALDOC as GCDH-induced crotonylation targets. Crotonyl-bound targets showed allosteric effects that controlled their enzymatic activities, leading to decreases in ribose 5-phosphate and lactate production, further limiting the Warburg effect. PPP blockade also stimulated peroxidation, synergizing with senescent modulators to induce senescence in GCDH high cells. These cells induced the infiltration of immune cells by the SASP (senescence-associated secretory cell phenotype) to shape an anti-tumor immune microenvironment. Meanwhile, the GCDH low population was sensitized to anti-PD-1 therapy., Conclusion: GCDH inhibits HCC progression via crotonylation-induced suppression of the PPP and glycolysis, resulting in HCC cell senescence. The senescent cell further shapes an anti-tumor microenvironment via the SASP. The GCDH low population is responsive to anti-PD-1 therapy because of the increased presence of PD-1+CD8+ T cells., Impact and Implications: Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) is a favorable prognostic indicator in liver, lung, and renal cancers. In addition, most GCDH depletion-induced toxic metabolites originate from the liver, accumulate locally, and cannot cross the blood-brain barrier. Herein, we show that GCDH inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression via crotonylation-induced suppression of the pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis, resulting in HCC cell senescence. We also found that more PD-1+CD8+ T cells are present in the GCDH low population, who are thus more responsive to anti-PD-1 therapy. Given that the GCDH low and GCDH high HCC population can be distinguished based on serum glucose and ammonia levels, it will be worthwhile to evaluate the curative effects of pro-senescent and immune-therapeutic strategies based on the expression levels of GCDH., (Copyright © 2024 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are at risk for cardiovascular diseases. Less is known about the relationship between NAFLD, ventricular arrhythmias (VAs), and cardiovascular events., Objective: We sought to evaluate the association between NAFLD and VAs and major cardiovascular events in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs)., Methods: A total of 921 patients at high risk of sudden cardiac death who received ICDs were retrospectively analyzed. NAFLD is diagnosed by the presence of hepatic steatosis and lack of secondary causes of hepatic fat accumulation. The primary end points were VAs, defined as sustained ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation documented by the device. The secondary end points were cardiac mortality, heart transplantation, and rehospitalization for heart failure., Results: The prevalence of NAFLD in patients with ICDs was 24.2% (223/921). The mean age was 58.5 ± 12.7 years, and 25.7% were female. During the mean follow-up of 34.8 months, 272 (29.5%) patients achieved primary end points and 171 (18.6%) achieved secondary end points. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that NAFLD was associated with an increased risk of VAs (hazard ratio [HR], 3.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.87-5.29; log-rank P < .0001) and secondary end points (HR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.72-2.94; log-rank P < .0001). In adjusted Cox regression models, NAFLD was an independent risk factor for VAs (HR, 3.84; CI, 2.87-5.12; P < .001) and secondary end points (HR, 2.26; CI, 1.55-3.28; P < .001)., Conclusion: In our retrospective cohort, NAFLD is significantly associated with VAs and major cardiovascular events in patients with ICDs., Competing Interests: Disclosures The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 Heart Rhythm Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The increasing consumption of antibiotics by humans and animals and their inappropriate disposal have increased antibiotic load in municipal and pharmaceutical industry waste, resulting in severe public health risks worldwide. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is the main force of antibiotic-containing wastewater treatment, and the adaptability of biochar/hydrochar (BC/HC) makes it an attractive addition to AD systems, which aim to promote methane production efficiency. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to better understand the multifaceted function of BC/HC and its role in antibiotic-containing wastewater AD. This review article examines the current status of AD of antibiotic-containing wastewater and the effects of different preparation conditions on the physicochemical properties of BC/HC and AD status. The incorporation of BC/HC into the AD process has several potential benefits, contingent upon the physical and chemical properties of BC/HC. These benefits include mitigation of antibiotic toxicity, establishment of a stable system, enrichment of functional microorganisms and enhancement of direct interspecies electron transfer. The mechanism by which BC/HC enhances the AD of antibiotic-containing wastewater, with focus on microbial enhancement, was analysed. A review of the literature revealed that the challenge of optimization and process improvement must be addressed to enhance efficiency and clarify the mechanism of BC/HC in the AD of antibiotic-containing wastewater. This review aims to provide significant insights and details into the BC/HC-enhanced AD of antibiotic-containing wastewater., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest ☒ The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. ☐ The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:, (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

The KCNA2 gene is the voltage-gated ion channel from both functional and structural perspectives. KCNA2 is involved in diverse functions including the regulation of neurotransmitter release, heart rate, insulin secretion, neuronal excitability, epithelial electrolyte transport, smooth muscle contraction, and cell volume. To investigate the relevant pathophysiological mechanisms, we generated heterozygous KCNA2 knockout human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line via CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. The generated iPSCs had a normal karyotype, were free of genetically integrated epitaxial plasmids, expressed pluripotency markers, and maintained trilineage differentiation potential., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Microplastics, interacting with drought stress, have become threat to crops by altering soil environment. Currently, the effect of combined microplastic and drought stress on crop growth remain poorly understood. In this work, the mechanism of multi-stress responses was investigated under the exposure of polvinylchloride microplastic (PV) and drought (D) individually and in combination (DPV) on rice varieties Hanyou73 and Q280 through proteomics and metabolomic analysis. All treatments negatively affect chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme activities, rice grain composition, metabolome and proteomic profiling of both rice varieties. Full rice grain yield was decreased under all treatments except PV treatment in which it was increased in both rice varieties. DPV treatment shows the lowest grain yield and more adverse effects on metabolome by affecting glycerophospholipid metabolism, tryptophan metabolism and alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism. Soluble sugar contents were decreased in H73 but in Q280 increased by 159 % under DPV and 123 % in PV treatment, compared to their control group. The results from metabolomics illustrate that glycerophospholipid metabolism is commonly altered in both rice types under all treatments. PV and drought alone and in combination induce extensive alterations in proteomics of rice leaves especially impacting proteins related to binding, translation and photosynthetic process. The results reveal that PV and DPV treatments highly distort the abundance of metabolites and proteins in both rice types, demonstrating that microplastic toxicity effects on rice plants become more severe when combined with drought stress., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Aims: Genvoya, Biktarvy and Dovato are novel single-tablet antiretroviral therapy(ART). The aim of this study is to explore the therapeutic effects of these novel drugs on HIV/AIDS., Main Methods: This retrospective cohort study, conducted at a single center, included a total of 200 HIV-treated patients who transitioned to these new antiretroviral drugs from July 2021 to August 2023. Data were extracted from electronic medical records at Ditan Hospital. The Genvoya group comprised 22 patients, and all subsequent switches in this group were to Biktarvy. The primary HAART group consisted of 178 patients initially treated with a first-line triple Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) regimen during the same period. This group was further subdivided into HAART+Dovato, HAART+Biktarvy, and HAART+Genvoya groups based on the switching regimen. The primary outcomes focused on changes in viral load and immune efficacy, while secondary safety indicators included blood/liver function, lipid parameters, renal function, blood glucose, blood uric acid, etc. KEY FINDINGS: The viral suppression rate was 100 % after the drug change treatment, and CD4+ T cell counts increased significantly across all four groups. Over the 6-month treatment period, there were increases in creatinine (Cr), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), erythrocyte count, and glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Conversely, Alanine transaminase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin (ALB), and blood glucose (Glu) levels decreased., Significance: Genvoya, Biktarvy and Dovato are recommended for the treatment of HIV/AIDS and have a good safety profile., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Understanding the occurrence, sources, and ecological risks of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which are universal persistent organic pollutants, is critical for improving the sustainability and ecological safety of lake systems. Herein, to determine PCB contamination levels and formulate control strategies in lake sediments, 210 sediment samples were collected from 21 lakes along a latitudinal gradient (18-45°N, ∼3000 km) across eastern China and were analyzed for all 209 PCB congeners. The results showed that the total PCB concentration varied greatly from 0.26 to 163.82 ng/g dry weight and exhibited a latitudinal trend of central > north/south. Spatial variations were affected mainly by the organic carbon fraction and local population density. Most lakes had similar PCB profiles, with lower chlorinated PCBs dominating. Notably, non-Aroclor PCB 11 was the most abundant congener. Moreover, unintentionally produced PCBs (UP-PCBs) accounted for ∼31 % of all PCBs. These findings highlight that the significance of UP-PCBs has been overlooked in past studies and that full-congener analysis is necessary for future monitoring. According to the ecological risk assessment of PCBs, zero to moderate risk existed in lake sediments. Therefore, effective strategies are needed to mitigate the impact of PCBs (especially UP-PCBs) from multiple sources on lakes., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Aflatoxin G 1 (AFG 1 ) is a mycotoxin commonly found in agricultural products, including dried fruits, meat, and milk products. Oral AFG 1 administration induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-dependent chronic pulmonary inflammation, promoting AFG 1 -induced damage in alveolar epithelial cell, which is associated with lung adenocarcinoma. Pulmonary macrophages may be divided into tissue-resident alveolar macrophages (TRAMs) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMs), which involve in chronic lung inflammation. However, whether these macrophages contribute to AFG 1 -induced chronic pulmonary inflammation remains unknown. In this study, we found oral AFG 1 administration disrupted the balance between TRAMs and MoMs, increasing MoMs infiltration and decreasing the number of TRAMs. AFG 1 upregulated TNF-α expression in MoMs, but downregulated sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin F (Siglec-F) expression in TRAMs. Inhibition of TNF-α-dependent inflammation rescued the imbalance between TRAMs and MoMs in AFG 1 -treated lung tissues. Additionally, AFG 1 stimulated MoMs differentiation to the proinflammatory M1 phenotype in vitro. Using a specific in vitro TRAM model, AFG 1 downregulated Siglec-F and the M2 phenotypic markers arginase 1 and YM1, and upregulated the M1 phenotypic markers IL-6, iNOS and TNF-α, altering the TRAMs phenotype to the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype in vitro. Additionally, mouse maternal dietary exposure to AFG 1 caused an imbalance in pulmonary macrophages, decreasing TRAMs and increasing MoMs population in offspring, which was associated with proliferative lesions in the alveolar septa. Thus, dietary AFG 1 exposure triggered an imbalance in pulmonary macrophages in both mother and offspring mice, and induced pro-inflammatory phenotypic alterations, which contributed to AFG 1 -induced chronic lung inflammation. These results provide clues to how AFG 1 -induced immunotoxicity and genotoxicity in humans might be prevented., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Haitao Shen reports was provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China. Haitao Shen reports was provided by Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province, China. Haitao Shen reports was provided by Science and Technology Program of Hebei Province, China. Yangxuan Wei reports was provided by Science Research Project of Hebei Education Department, China. Jiayu Zhang reports was provided by Science Research Project of Hebei Education Department, China. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The ongoing and progressive evolution of antibiotic resistance presents escalating challenges for the clinical management and prevention of bacterial infections. Understanding the makeup of resistance genomes and accurately quantifying the current abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are crucial for assessing the threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to public health. This comprehensive study investigated the distribution and diversity of bacterial community composition, ARGs, and virulence factors (VFs) across human, chicken, pig fecal, and soil microbiomes in various provinces of China. As a result, multidrug resistance was identified across all samples. Core ARGs primarily related to multidrug, MLS (Macrolides-Lincosamide-Streptogramins), and tetracycline resistance were characterized. A significant correlation between ARGs and bacterial taxa was observed, especially in soil samples. Probiotic strains such as Lactobacillus harbored ARGs, potentially contributing to the dissemination of antibiotic resistance. We screened subsets of ARGs from samples from different sources as indicators to assess the level of ARGs contamination in samples, with high accuracy. These results underline the complex relationship between microbial communities, resistance mechanisms, and environmental factors, emphasizing the importance of continued research and monitoring to better understand these dynamics., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Authors declare no competing financial interests or personal relationships that could influence the reported work., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

In our research, a novel polysaccharide (named SSP-3a) with uniform molecular weight was extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf. The structural analysis revealed that SSP-3a was an acidic polysaccharide with a heavy average molecular weight of 1.83 × 10 5  Da. By HPLC, the primary constituents of SSP-3a were mannose (11.60 %), glucuronic acid (42.99 %), glucose (23.43 %), and xylose (22.04 %). According to FT-IR and 1 H NMR analysis, it was confirmed to be a β-configuration pyranose with a CO stretching vibrational peak. The immunomodulation results also showed that SSP-3a not only significantly promoted RAW264.7 cell proliferation and phagocytosis, but also stimulated the release of NO and cytokines. Furthermore, mechanistic studies suggested that SSP-3a had the ability to trigger MAPKs and NF-κB immunological signaling pathways via TLR4 receptors. The findings suggested that SSP-3a might be a beneficial active component for the food and pharmaceutical industries., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors state that they have no known conflicting financial interests or personal ties that might have influenced the work presented in this study., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The intertrochanteric fracture is a common fragility fracture typically resulting from low-energy falls. The functional outcome of intertrochanteric fractures is closely linked to the patient's underlying physical condition, intraoperative procedures, and postoperative complications. In terms of surgery, while timely surgery and appropriate internal fixation have demonstrated favorable outcomes, attention to intraoperative reduction is crucial. In recent years, there have been further developments in the evaluation of reduction of intertrochanteric fractures, particularly in the anteromedial cortical reduction, and these advances have been further scientifically elucidated in terms of their ability to provide stable fracture reduction and resist loss of reduction. In order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the anteromedial cortex theory, this article reviewed the anatomy, related theoretical progress, and controversies in recent years., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors disclosed no relevant relationships., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Objective: Keloids are characterized by abnormal activation of fibroblasts and excessive collagen deposition. Keloids are notoriously difficult to treat effectively due to their high recurrence rate after therapy. Our study explored the use of the punch technique in conjunction with photodynamic therapy, a novel approach that may swiftly reduce keloid volume, promote collagen remodeling, mitigate inflammation and enhance the wound healing process., Methods: In our study, we conducted a retrospective analysis of 47 keloid patients who were treated with cross-punch technique combined with photodynamic therapy (punch+PDT group), compared them with a control group of 42 patients who received cross-punch therapy alone (punch group). The visual Analog Scale (VAS) scoring system, the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) questionnaire and the subjective scoring of patients were implemented to assess the improvement rate at baseline (month 0) and 12-month follow-up (month 12)., Results: The results demonstrated significant enhancements in both VAS scores and DLQI scores on month 12 when compared with those on month 0. Notably, the subjective scoring indicated a marked difference, with 93.62 % of patients in the punch+PDT group and 59.52 % in the punch group reporting good or excellent improvement., Conclusion: Patients in the punch+PDT group had a significant improvement rate than those in the punch group., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Copper ions (Cu 2+ ) pose significant risks to both human health and the environment as they tend to accumulate in soil and water. To address this issue, an innovative method using biomass-derived fluorescent carbon dots (D-CDs) synthesized via a hydrothermal process, with xylan serving as the carbon source was developed. D-CDs solution exhibited remarkable sensitivity and selectivity as a fluorescence sensor for Cu 2+ , boasting a low detection threshold of 0.64 μM. In order to facilitate real-time monitoring of Cu 2+ , solid-state fluorescent nanofiber membrane (NFD-CDs) through electrospinning was engineered. Additionally, D-CDs demonstrated successful Cu 2+ detection in various real water samples, including those sourced from Xuanwu Lake, the Yangtze River, tap water, and bottled water, with accurate recovery rates observed. As a result, this research introduces a dual-mode analytical system for onsite detection of Cu 2+ in real scenarios. By harnessing biomass-derived fluorescent CDs materials and solid-state fluorescence sensors, this approach offers a promising solution for addressing the challenges associated with Cu 2+ contamination., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The study was designed to examine the effects of simultaneous combination of aerobic exercise and video game training on executive functions (EFs) and brain functional connectivity in older adults., Design: A four-armed, quasi-experimental study., Setting and Participants: Community-dwelling adults aged 55 years and older., Methods: A total of 97 older adults were divided into one of four groups: aerobic exercise (AE), video game (VG), combined intervention (CI), and passive control (PC). Participants in intervention groups received 32 sessions of training over a 4-month period at a frequency of twice a week. EFs was evaluated using a composite score derived from a battery of neuropsychological tests. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was employed to evaluate overall cognitive function, while the 6-Minute Walking Test (6MWT) was utilized to gauge physical function. Additionally, the functional connectivity (FC) of the frontal-parietal networks (FPN) was examined as a neural indicator of cognitive processing and connectivity changes., Results: In terms of EFs, both VG and CI groups demonstrated improvement following the intervention. This improvement was particularly pronounced in the CI group, with a large effect size (Hedge's g = 0.83), while the VG group showed a medium effect size (Hedge's g = 0.56). A significant increase in MoCA scores was also observed in both the VG and CI groups, whereas a significant increase in 6MWT scores was observed in the AE and CI groups. Although there were no group-level changes observed in FC of the FPN, we found that changes in FC was behaviorally relevant as increased FC was associated with greater improvement in EFs., Conclusion: The study offers preliminary evidence that both video game training and combined intervention could enhance EFs in older adults. Simultaneous combined intervention may hold greater potential for facilitating EFs gains. The initial evidence for correlated changes in brain connectivity and EFs provides new insights into understanding the neural basis underlying the training gains., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Background: Peripheral electrical nerve stimulation (PENS) reportedly improves cardiac function after myocardial ischemia (MI) by rebalancing the cardiac autonomic nervous system. The dynamic and continuous influence of PENS on autonomic and cardiac function based on cardiac self-repair is not well understood., Objectives: This study aimed to explore the relationship between autonomic nervous balance and functional cardiac repair after MI and to clarify the optimal acupoint selection and time course for PENS., Methods: The activities of the superior cervical cardiac sympathetic nerve and vagus nerve were recorded to evaluate the autonomic tone directly. The pressure-volume loop system was used for left ventricular diastolic and systolic function. Noninvasive continuous electrocardiography and echocardiography were performed to analyze heart rate, heart rate variability, and left ventricular function. The effect of continuous PENS (cPENS) or instant PENS (iPENS) on autonomic and cardiac indications was tested., Results: Sympathetic nerve activity and vagus nerve activity increased as compensatory self-regulation on days 7 and 14 post-MI, followed by an imbalance of autonomic tone and cardiac dysfunction on day 28. cPENS at acupoint PC6 maintained autonomic hyperexcitability, improved myocardial systolic and diastolic abilities, and reduced myocardial fibrosis on day 28 post-MI, whereas cPENS at acupoint ST36 had a limited effect. Both iPENS at PC6 and ST36 improved the autonomic and cardiac function of rats in the cPENS groups., Conclusion: Rats showed autonomic fluctuations and cardiac dysfunction 28 days post-MI. cPENS produced sympathomimetic action to sustain cardiac self-compensation, but with acupoint specificity. On the basis of cPENS, iPENS evoked autonomic regulation and cardiac benefits without acupoint differentiation., Competing Interests: Disclosures The authors do not have any possible conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Heart Rhythm Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Selenium (Se), an indispensable trace element in broiler chickens, is closely associated with the growth and development of skeletal muscles. However, the role of Se in the proliferation of broiler myoblasts and its specific biological mechanisms have not been elucidated. In the present study, an in vitro growth model of broiler pectoral myoblasts cultured with Se (Na 2 SeO 3 ) for 24 h was established. Using light microscopy, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, and flow cytometry, we found that compared to the control (Con) group, Se supplemental level obviously promoted myoblast proliferation and prevented cell cycle arrest from the G1 phase to the S + G2 phase. Through intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation detection, western blotting, and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), the study showed that the reduced ROS production caused by Se supplementation significantly decreased PTEN expression and activated the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in myoblasts, thereby promoting the P53/P21/CyclinD1-regulated cell cycle progression, as well as the expression of proliferation-related myogenic regulatory factors (MRF). Our findings support the potential of Se to maintain the proliferative capacity of chicken myoblasts and emphasize the importance of Se intake in regulating skeletal muscle growth and development in poultry., Competing Interests: DISCLOSURES All the authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Bacterial infection and free radical oxidative stress at the wound site could easily cause cascade inflammation and hinder the healing process of the wound. In this study, chitosan-cysteine-gallic acid (CCG) hydrogel with antibacterial and antioxidant properties was synthesized by chitosan (CS), cysteine (Cys), and gallic acid (GA) for a preliminary evaluation of its therapeutic efficacy in a mouse model of full-layer skin defect. In vitro analysis showed that the CCG hydrogel had good antibacterial activity and blood compatibility. In vivo, the CCG hydrogel wound dressings accelerated wound healing, stimulate angiogenesis, increase collagen deposition and anti-inflammatory factor expression. The CCG hydrogel wound dressing is designed to promote the regeneration of damaged skin tissue and is expected to become a potential candidate for clinical treatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study focuses on the in-situ catalytic pyrolysis of the Penicillin fermentation residue (PFR), a typical antibiotic fermentation residues (AFR), using a red mud-Ca(OH) 2 composite (RM-xCa) to enhance syngas production, tar conversion, and desulfurization. The invesitigation explored the effects of different preparation methods, amount of CaO addition, and final pyrolysis temperature on the performance of RM-xCa composites. The RM-xCa composite prepared by the hydrothermal method with pressure exhibited higher catalytic activity due to the formation of soluble Na through cation exchange. The amount of CaO added determined the sulfur adsorption capacity of RM-xCa, as well as the amount of H 2 O and CO 2 involved in tar reforming and char gasification reactions. Final pyrolysis temperature significantly influenced the reduction state of Fe 2 O 3 and decomposition of Ca(OH) 2 , affecting the catalytic activity and sulfur adsorption behavior of RM-xCa composites. The optimized RM-xCa composite, RM-4Ca-HT, decreased tar and H 2 S formationby 34 % and 38 %, respectively, at 700 °C. Additionally, RM-xCa composites can lower the oxygen and sulfur content of tar. Solid residues from PFR catalytic pyrolysis were found suitable for reused as catalysts in further tar removal process., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Accidental combustion and energy recovery of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) result in the formation of harmful organic substances and excessive emissions of CO 2 and CO. This paper presents our recent efforts to unravel the formation mechanism of these harmful substances during the PET combustion process using thermal analysis and simulation calculations (DFT, CDFT, and ReaxFF). Our findings reveal that PET oxidative pyrolysis produces free radicals, harmful small molecule gases, and CO 2 . The interaction between aromatic free radicals and oxygen initiates unstable peroxy bonds, triggering uncontrollable chain exothermic reactions and producing oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (OPAH) precursors. We propose a straightforward and eco-friendly free radical interlocking co-deposition inhibition strategy for PET by incorporating polycarbonate (PC). This strategy aims to facilitate green energy recovery by curbing OPAH formation and reducing CO 2 and CO emissions during PET waste combustion. Our investigation into the oxidative pyrolysis of PET challenges conventional wisdom dominated by C-H bond fracture, paving the way for efficient, low-pollution green energy recovery., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)