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Backgrounds: To evaluate the optical coherence tomography (OCT) biomarkers of patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) according to the presence or absence of direct anatomical relation to intervortex vein anastomosis (IVA) on indocyanine green angiography., Methods: We reviewed the records of 39 patients with chronic CSC. Patients were categorized in 2 groups: presence of IVA(Group A) or absence of IVA(Group B) in the macular region. Localization of IVA was categorized in 3 areas according to ETDRS grid:inner 1 mm circle (area-1), 1-3 mm middle circle (area-2) and 3-6 mm outer circle (area-3)., Results: There were 31 eyes in Group A,21 eyes in Group B. Mean age of the patients was 52.5 ± 11.3years in Group A,47.2 ± 11years in Group B(p<0.001).Mean initial visual acuity (VA) was 0.38±0.38LogMAR in Group A, 0.19±0.21LogMAR in Group B(p<0.001).Mean subfoveal choroidal thickness(SFCT) was 436.3 ± 134.3µ in Group A,480.2 ± 136.6µ in Group B(p<0.001).Localization of IVA in area-1 was correlated with inner choroidal attenuation (ICA) and leakage on IVA(p = 0.011,p = 0.02). Localization of IVA in area-3 was correlated with irregular lesions on RPE(p = 0.042).Smokestack configuration,intraretinal cysts and ICA were correlated with worse initial VA(p<0.001,p = 0.001 and p = 0.04).Shaggy subtype of photoreceptor disruption was associated with better initial VA(p = 0.003)., Conclusions: We detected older age, worse initial VA and thinner SFCT in patients with chronic CSC and macular region IVA(m-IVA). Long term follow-up of patients with and without m-IVA may exhibit the difference in treatment outcomes and development of neovasculopathy., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Objectives: This study was designed to search potential changes in trigemino-facial system in blind subjects by the use of relatively well-established electrophysiological methods. Excitability changes in the motor cortex were also investigated by transcranial magnetic stimulation studies (TMS) with the expectation of finding some abnormal interactions between the cortex and brainstem., Methods: Twenty blind (BS) and 13 control subjects (CoS) were included in the study. Blink reflex and its recovery with paired electrical stimulation were studied at 150, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ms interstimulus intervals (ISI). Facial F waves elicited by buccal branch stimulation were recorded from nasalis muscles. Motor cortex excitability with recordings from left first dorsal interosseus muscle was studied by using magnetically elicited silent periods and paired magnetic stimuli, subthreshold conditioning and suprathreshold test, given at ISIs of 2, 3, 4, 10, 12, 15 and 20 ms., Results: Blink reflex recovery was significantly reduced in BS group comparing to CoS at 400 and 500 ms ISIs. This difference between the groups was more prominent for the responses evoked by the initial stimulation side and faded away with stimulations on the contralateral side. Facial F wave amplitudes and F/M amplitude ratios were higher in BS group. In TMS studies, the early inhibitions at 2 and 4 ms were found to be significantly less in BS as compared to that of CoS., Conclusions: The reduced blink reflex recovery and its fast restoration with continuing stimulation might be explained by conditioning and extinction processes which have been shown to be mainly carried out by cerebellar-brainstem pathways. Our TMS studies showed reduced intracortical inhibition in the motor cortices of BS cases and facial F wave studies revealed the possible effect of this altered excitability on the facial motor nuclei., Significance: Firing probabilities of facial motor neurons in BS are probably determined by the equilibrium between the low-set excitability of blink reflex interneurons and the enhanced excitability brought on by the descending motor pathways., (Copyright © 2011 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. All rights reserved.)