55 results on '"Burke V"'
Search Results
2. A reduction in alcohol consumption is associated with reduced plasma F2-isoprostanes and urinary 20-HETE excretion in men
- Author
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Barden, A., Zilkens, Renate, Croft, K., Mori, T., Burke, V., Beilin, L., Puddey, I., Barden, A., Zilkens, Renate, Croft, K., Mori, T., Burke, V., Beilin, L., and Puddey, I.
- Published
- 2007
3. Health-related behaviours as predictors of mortality and morbidity in Australian Aborigines
- Author
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Burke, V., Zhao, Yun, Lee, Andy, Hunter, E., Spargo, R., Gracey, Michael, Smith, R., Beilin, L., Puddey, I., Burke, V., Zhao, Yun, Lee, Andy, Hunter, E., Spargo, R., Gracey, Michael, Smith, R., Beilin, L., and Puddey, I.
- Published
- 2007
4. Parental smoking and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in 10- to 12-year-old children
- Author
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Burke, V., Gracey, M.P., Milligan, R.A.K., Thompson, C., Taggart, A.C., Beilin, L.J., Burke, V., Gracey, M.P., Milligan, R.A.K., Thompson, C., Taggart, A.C., and Beilin, L.J.
- Abstract
Objective: Smokers have multiple adverse health-related behaviors and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We examined whether health behaviors in parents who smoke may influence children’s health behaviors. Study design: Cross-sectional data from 10- to 12-year-olds (n = 800) entering a trial of health promotion programs. Results: Smoking in children was independently associated with maternal (odds ratio 2.1, confidence interval 1.2, 3.8) and paternal smoking (odds ratio 2.1, confidence interval 1.2, 3.7) and was less likely in girls (odds ratio 0.4, confidence interval 0.2, 0.6). Maternal smoking and paternal smoking were additive predictors in children of lower physical activity (P = .0013 for mothers; P = .0476 for fathers) and more television watching (P = .0335 for mothers; P = .0241 for fathers). Children’s fat intake was significantly greater if either parent smoked. Children’s body mass index (P = .0183) and waist-to-hip ratio (P = .0009) were significantly greater if mothers smoked. Conclusions: Poor health behaviors associated with smoking in parents, particularly mothers, are likely to influence children’s long-term risk of having lifestyle diseases. The results may also explain some of the apparent effects attributed to passive smoking in families.
- Published
- 1998
5. A controlled trial of health promotion programs in 11-year-olds using physical activity “enrichment” for higher risk children
- Author
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Burke, V., Milligan, R.A.K., Thompson, C., Taggart, A.C., Dunbar, D.L., Spencer, M.J., Medland, A., Gracey, M.P., Vandongen, R., Beilin, L.J., Burke, V., Milligan, R.A.K., Thompson, C., Taggart, A.C., Dunbar, D.L., Spencer, M.J., Medland, A., Gracey, M.P., Vandongen, R., and Beilin, L.J.
- Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the short and long term benefits of a school and home based physical activity “enrichment” program for children at higher risk of cardiovascular disease as identified by cluster analysis. Study Design: During two 10-week school terms, 800 11-year-olds took part in a randomized controlled trial with the standard physical activity and nutrition program in six schools, the standard program in a further seven schools but with the addition of physical activity enrichment for higher risk children in those schools, and no program in five control schools. Cluster analysis identifying the 29% or so highest risk children used systolic blood pressure, percent body fat, physical fitness, and blood cholesterol. Results: Fitness improved significantly in program schools, particularly with enrichment in higher risk boys. Substantial improvements persisted 6 months later in girls from program schools. At “Enrichment” schools, cholesterol showed significant benefits in higher risk girls and, 6 months later, in both boys and higher risk girls. Sodium intake and, in girls, subscapular skinfolds were lower in “Enrichment” schools when the program ended, but not 6 months later. Conclusion: Two-semester health programs with physical activity enrichment for higher risk children can produce benefits sustained for at least 6 months. Improvements extend to lower risk children exposed indirectly to the enrichment. Attenuation of effects on diet and body composition in the longer-term suggest the need for on-going programs.
- Published
- 1998
6. Understanding flow patterns from the field - Controlled laboratory experiments on the transport behavior of veterinary antibiotics in the presence of liquid manure.
- Author
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Mehrtens A, Freund W, Lüdeke P, Licha T, and Burke V
- Subjects
- Anti-Bacterial Agents, Laboratories, Soil, Sulfadiazine, Manure, Soil Pollutants analysis
- Abstract
The main entry path of veterinary antibiotics to the environment is the application of liquid manure on agricultural land. Along with the manure, they can infiltrate into soils and leach into groundwater. As the environmental behavior of veterinary antibiotics is strongly affected by the process of sorption, the comprehensive knowledge regarding their sorption behavior is key to a reliable risk assessment. However, the flow patterns in field experiments are influenced by several factors that can hardly be distinguished, while most of the sorption studies on veterinary antibiotics were designed without manure or as batch experiments, which means that the effects of manure on the transport behavior of the antibiotic substances remained unaccounted for. In order to understand the results from a previous field experiment and concurrently fill the identified knowledge gap, a column experiment was performed to investigate the effects of manure on the transport of sulfamethazine, sulfadiazine, tetracycline, and lincomycin in soil. Results show that sulfamethazine and sulfadiazine were highly mobile in both the presence and absence of manure, while tetracycline did not appear at the outlet of any column. Despite their high mobility, in the presence of manure the sulfonamides were slightly delayed compared to the conservative tracer as was also seen during the previous field experiment. Lincomycin transport was already delayed in the absence of manure. Furthermore, in the presence of manure, lincomycin was delayed by 4.5 times relative to the tracer, which clearly underlined the influence of manure on the transport of lincomycin and offers an explanation why lincomycin has barely been detected in the long-term field experiment. However, in contrast to the results obtained in the field experiment, the recovery rates were the same in presence and absence of manure for both sulfonamides and lincomycin, probably due to reduced degradation at the applied concentration level., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
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7. Occurrence, effects and behaviour of the antibiotic lincomycin in the agricultural and aquatic environment - A review.
- Author
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Mehrtens A, Licha T, and Burke V
- Subjects
- Agriculture, Manure, Soil, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Lincomycin
- Abstract
Lincomycin, an antibiotic commonly used in veterinary medicine, is frequently detected within the agricultural environment. The active compound enters the aquatic environment after manure application via infiltration or surface run-off, where it may negatively affect non-target organisms and contribute to the development and spread of resistant genes. However, a review on the fate of lincomycin within the agricultural and aquatic environment is lacking. Hence, to provide an overview, the main part of this paper summarizes the current literature on the occurrence, effects and behaviour of lincomycin in all relevant environmental compartments, including manure, soil, surface water and groundwater. Lincomycin was regularly detected in all environmental compartments and even in the food chain, appeared to sorb temporarily and mainly in its cationic microspecies, and dissipated after time periods that could cover days, months, or years, depending on the compartment and conditions. As noticed during the literature research conducted, information on the attenuation of lincomycin in terms of biological degradation in the aquatic environment is widely lacking, although it seems that biodegradation is the major removal mechanism. Therefore, a laboratory study, implemented by means of batch experiments, was carried out in order to evaluate the biological degradation of lincomycin in the aquatic environment. First order degradation started after a start-up phase of 10-14 days with a degradation rate constant of 0.55 d
-1 and a half-life time of 30 h. Further, the degradation rate constant was found to be independent of initial concentrations as long as concentrations did not exceed a concentration level at which the bacteria were inhibited, as it was the case in this study at a concentration of 10 mg L-1 . Biodegradation was confirmed as an important degradation pathway for LIN in the aquatic environment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier B.V.)- Published
- 2021
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8. Mobility of contaminants of emerging concern in soil column experiments.
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Biel-Maeso M, Burke V, Greskowiak J, Massmann G, Lara-Martín PA, and Corada-Fernández C
- Subjects
- Carbamazepine analysis, Ibuprofen, Sulfamethoxazole, Soil, Soil Pollutants analysis
- Abstract
In this study, laboratory column experiments under water saturated conditions were conducted for over 35 days to investigate the transport of nine pharmaceuticals (nadolol, sulfamethizole, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethoxypyridazine, carbamazepine, ibuprofen, diclofenac, hydrochlorothiazide, and gemfibrozil) and four artificial sweeteners (acesulfame, saccharin, cyclamate, and sucralose) in two soils (S and C) with similar organic carbon content (between 0.8 and 1.1%) and pH (7.90 and 7.25) but different texture (58.3 and 85.5% of silt+clay, respectively). Ibuprofen and artificial sweeteners reached maximum concentrations at the outlet of the columns and showed a homogenous vertical profile in the aqueous phase, with the same concentration in all sampling ports under flow percolation conditions. Regarding carbamazepine and hydrochlorothiazide, apparent retardation was observed for both and was attributed to sorption. Nadolol, a positively charged beta-blocker, did not show any apparent breakthrough. After 35 days, the columns were washed using tap water for over one week. Soils were then analyzed at different depths and vertical concentration profiles were plotted. Overall, highest concentrations were measured in the top most layers for contaminants in the soil column with higher clay content (C), whereas vertical profiles were more uniform in that with lower clay content (S)., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest We declare no financial conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
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9. A randomized controlled trial of the effects of n-3 fatty acids on resolvins in chronic kidney disease.
- Author
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Mas E, Barden A, Burke V, Beilin LJ, Watts GF, Huang RC, Puddey IB, Irish AB, and Mori TA
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal blood, Blood Glucose metabolism, Body Mass Index, C-Reactive Protein metabolism, Dietary Supplements, Docosahexaenoic Acids blood, Double-Blind Method, Eicosapentaenoic Acid blood, Female, Humans, Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids blood, Inflammation drug therapy, Insulin blood, Male, Middle Aged, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic drug therapy, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal administration & dosage, Docosahexaenoic Acids administration & dosage, Eicosapentaenoic Acid administration & dosage, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic blood
- Abstract
Background and Objective: The high incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is related partially to chronic inflammation. n-3 Fatty acids have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects and to reduce the risk of CVD. Specialized Proresolving Lipid Mediators (SPMs) derived from the n-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) actively promote the resolution of inflammation. This study evaluates the effects of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on plasma SPMs in patients with CKD., Methods: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention of factorial design, 85 patients were randomized to either n-3 fatty acids (4 g), Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ) (200 mg), both supplements, or control (4 g olive oil), daily for 8 weeks. The SPMs 18-HEPE, 17-HDHA, RvD1, 17R-RvD1, and RvD2, were measured in plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry before and after intervention., Results: Seventy four patients completed the 8 weeks intervention. n-3 Fatty acids but not CoQ significantly increased (P < 0.0001) plasma levels of 18-HEPE and 17-HDHA, the upstream precursors to the E- and D-series resolvins, respectively. RvD1 was significantly increased (P = 0.036) after n-3 fatty acids, but no change was seen in other SPMs. In regression analysis the increase in 18-HEPE and 17-HDHA after n-3 fatty acids was significantly predicted by the change in platelet EPA and DHA, respectively., Conclusion: SPMs are increased after 8 weeks n-3 fatty acid supplementation in patients with CKD. This may have important implications for limiting ongoing low grade inflammation in CKD., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2016
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10. Temperature dependent redox zonation and attenuation of wastewater-derived organic micropollutants in the hyporheic zone.
- Author
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Burke V, Greskowiak J, Asmuß T, Bremermann R, Taute T, and Massmann G
- Subjects
- Berlin, Environmental Monitoring, Groundwater chemistry, Oxidation-Reduction, Rivers chemistry, Seasons, Water Movements, Temperature, Wastewater analysis, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis
- Abstract
The hyporheic zone - a spatially fluctuating ecotone connecting surface water and groundwater - is considered to be highly reactive with regard to the attenuation of organic micropollutants. In the course of the presented study an undisturbed sediment core was taken from the infiltration zone of a bank filtration site in Berlin and operated under controlled laboratory conditions with wastewater-influenced surface water at two different temperatures, simulating winter and summer conditions. The aim was to evaluate the fate of site-relevant micropollutants, namely metoprolol, iopromide, diclofenac, carbamazepine, acesulfame, tolyltriazole, benzotriazole, phenazone and two phenazone type metabolites, within the first meter of infiltration dependent on the prevailing temperature. A change in temperature resulted in a development of significantly distinct redox conditions. Both temperature dependencies and related redox dependencies were identified for all micropollutants except for benzotriazole and carbamazepine, which behaved persistent under all conditions. For the remaining compounds degradation rate constants generally decreased from warm and oxic/penoxic/suboxic over cold and oxic/penoxic to warm and manganese reducing (transition zone). Individual degradation rate constants ranged from 0 (e.g. diclofenac, acesulfame and tolyltriazole in the transition zone) to 1.4×10(-4)s(-1) for metoprolol under warm conditions within the oxic to suboxic zone., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2014
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11. Sorption behavior of 20 wastewater originated micropollutants in groundwater--column experiments with pharmaceutical residues and industrial agents.
- Author
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Burke V, Treumann S, Duennbier U, Greskowiak J, and Massmann G
- Subjects
- 1-Octanol chemistry, Adsorption, Geologic Sediments chemistry, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Silicon Dioxide chemistry, Wastewater chemistry, Groundwater chemistry, Pharmaceutical Preparations chemistry, Water Pollutants, Chemical chemistry
- Abstract
Since sorption is an essential process with regard to attenuation of organic pollutants during subsurface flow, information on the sorption properties of each pollutant are essential for assessing their environmental fate and transport behavior. In the present study, the sorption behavior of 20 wastewater originated organic micropollutants was assessed by means of sediment column experiments, since experimentally determined data for these compounds are not or sparsely represented in the literature. Compounds investigated include various psychoactive drugs, phenazone-type pharmaceuticals and β-blockers, as well as phenacetine, N-methylphenacetine, tolyltriazole and para-toluenesulfonamide. While for most of the compounds no or only a low sorption affinity was observed, an elevated tendency to sorb onto aquifer sand was obtained for the β-blockers atenolol, propranolol and metoprolol. A comparison between experimental data and data estimated based on the octanol/water partition coefficient following the QSAR approach demonstrated the limitations of the latter to predict the adsorption behavior in natural systems for the studied compounds., (© 2013.)
- Published
- 2013
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12. Sesame supplementation does not improve cardiovascular disease risk markers in overweight men and women.
- Author
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Wu JH, Hodgson JM, Puddey IB, Belski R, Burke V, and Croft KD
- Subjects
- Biomarkers blood, Blood Pressure drug effects, Cardiovascular Diseases blood, Cardiovascular Diseases etiology, Cardiovascular Diseases physiopathology, Cross-Over Studies, Female, Humans, Inflammation Mediators blood, Lignans urine, Lipid Peroxidation drug effects, Lipids blood, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity blood, Obesity complications, Obesity physiopathology, Oxidative Stress drug effects, Risk Factors, Seeds, Time Factors, Cardiovascular Diseases prevention & control, Dietary Supplements, Lignans administration & dosage, Obesity drug therapy, Phytotherapy, Sesamum
- Abstract
Background and Aims: Pre-clinical studies suggest that sesame and its lignans induce beneficial changes in risk factors related to cardiovascular disease and increase the bioavailability of mammalian lignans. However, only very few intervention trials have investigated the potential bioactivities of sesame in humans. We aimed to investigate the effects of sesame supplementation in humans on blood lipids, blood pressure, systemic oxidative stress, inflammatory biomarkers and mammalian lignan metabolism., Methods and Results: We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over intervention trial at a university research centre. Overweight or obese men and women (n=33) consumed 25g/d of sesame ( approximately 50mg/d of sesame lignan) and an iso-caloric placebo matched for macronutrient composition for 5 wks each. Each intervention period was preceded by a 4-wk washout period. Blood lipid profiles, day time ambulatory blood pressure, oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers and urinary mammalian lignans were measured before and after each intervention. Results are presented as the effect of sesame supplementation relative to placebo. Urinary excretion of the mammalian lignans, enterolactone and enterodiol, increased by approximately 8-fold (P<0.001). Blood lipids and blood pressure were not altered. In addition, markers of systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and lipid peroxidation (F(2)-isoprostanes) were not affected., Conclusion: Supplementation with 25g/d of sesame can significantly increase the exposure to mammalian lignans. However, this did not cause any improvement in markers of cardiovascular disease risk in overweight or obese men and women.
- Published
- 2009
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13. Hospital admissions and length of stay for coronary disease in an Aboriginal cohort.
- Author
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Burke V, Zhao Y, Lee AH, Hunter E, Spargo RM, Gracey M, Smith R, Beilin LJ, and Puddey IB
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- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alcohol Drinking adverse effects, Alcohol Drinking ethnology, Australia epidemiology, Coronary Disease therapy, Diet adverse effects, Diet ethnology, Female, Humans, Hypertension complications, Hypertension ethnology, Length of Stay statistics & numerical data, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Odds Ratio, Patient Readmission statistics & numerical data, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Smoking adverse effects, Smoking ethnology, Time Factors, Coronary Disease ethnology, Coronary Disease etiology, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander statistics & numerical data, Patient Admission statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Background and Aims: Coronary disease (CHD)-related hospital admission is more common among indigenous than non-indigenous Australians. We aimed to identify predictors of hospital admission potentially useful in planning prevention programs., Methods and Results: Length of stay (LOS), interval between, and number of recurrent admissions were modelled with proportional hazards or negative binomial models using lifestyle data recorded in 1988-1989 among Aborigines (256 women, 258 men, aged 15-88years) linked to hospital records to 2002. Among 106 Aborigines with CHD, hypertension (hazard ratio (HR) 1.69, 95% CI 1.05-2.73); smoking (HR 1.90, 95% CI 1.02-3.53); consuming processed meat >4 times/month (HR 1.81, 95% CI 1.01-3.24); >6 eggs/week (HR 1.73, 95% CI 1.03-2.94); and lower intake of alcohol (HR 0.54, 95% CI 0.35-0.83) predicted LOS. Eating eggs (HR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01-1.09) and bush meats > or =7 times/month (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.23-0.92) predicted interval between recurrent admissions. Hypertension (IRR 4.07; 95% CI 1.32-12.52), being an ex-drinker (IRR 6.60, 95% CI 2.30-19.00), eating red meat >6 times/week (IRR 0.98, 95% CI 0.97-0.99), bush meats >7 times/month (IRR 0.26, 95% CI 0.10-0.67), and adding salt to meals (IRR 3.16, 95% CI 1.12-8.92) predicted number of admissions., Conclusion: Hypertension, alcohol drinking, smoking, and diet influence hospital admissions for CHD in Aboriginal Australians.
- Published
- 2008
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14. Long-term follow-up of participants in a health promotion program for treated hypertensives (ADAPT).
- Author
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Burke V, Mansour J, Beilin LJ, and Mori TA
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Blood Glucose metabolism, Body Mass Index, Cardiovascular Diseases blood, Diet, Exercise physiology, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Hypertension blood, Insulin blood, Lipids blood, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity prevention & control, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome, Cardiovascular Diseases prevention & control, Health Promotion, Hypertension therapy, Life Style, Outcome Assessment, Health Care
- Abstract
Background and Aims: Improvements in a lifestyle modification program for hypertensives were maintained 1 year later. Longer follow-up in such studies is limited; we therefore re-assessed participants after an additional 2 years in which there was no contact with program facilitators., Methods and Results: Participants randomised to usual care (N=118) or a 4-month lifestyle program (N=123) were previously assessed after 4 months and 1 year. After a further 2 years, diet, alcohol intake, physical activity, weight, waist girth, ambulatory blood pressure (BP), blood lipids, glucose and insulin were measured (usual care N=64; program N=76). Statistically significant net changes, relative to usual care, included blood cholesterol (-0.2 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.1-0.4); physical activity (53 min/week, 95% CI 15-91); dietary saturated fat (-1.9% energy, 95% CI -0.1 to -3.8); fish (3.2 serves/month, 95% CI 0.7-5.7); vegetables (9.1 serves/month, 95% CI 3.2-15.1); and sweet foods (-6.2 serves/month, 95% CI -1.1 to -11.3). Between-group changes in weight (-0.7 kg, 95% CI -1.8-0.4), BP (systolic 1.4 mmHg, 95% CI -0.7-3.5)/diastolic 1.0 mmHg, 95% CI -0.3-2.4) and Framingham risk (usual care: men 12.1%, women 3.7%; program: men 12.2%; women 3.5%) did not differ significantly., Conclusion: Continued reinforcement with long-term follow-up is needed in lifestyle modification programs.
- Published
- 2008
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15. Chocolate consumption and bone density in older women.
- Author
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Hodgson JM, Devine A, Burke V, Dick IM, and Prince RL
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- Absorptiometry, Photon, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging physiology, Bone Density physiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dietary Supplements, Female, Humans, Linear Models, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, Bone Density drug effects, Bone Density Conservation Agents administration & dosage, Cacao adverse effects, Calcium, Dietary administration & dosage, Candy adverse effects, Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal prevention & control
- Abstract
Background: Nutrition is important for the development and maintenance of bone structure and for the prevention of osteoporosis and fracture. The relation of chocolate intake with bone has yet to be investigated., Objective: We investigated the relation of chocolate consumption with measurements of whole-body and regional bone density and strength., Design: Randomly selected women aged 70-85 y (n=1460) were recruited from the general population to a randomized controlled trial of calcium supplementation and fracture risk. We present here a cross-sectional analysis of 1001 of these women. Bone density and strength were measured with the use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, and quantitative ultrasonography. Frequency of chocolate intake was assessed with the use of a questionnaire and condensed into 3 categories: <1 time/wk, 1-6 times/wk, >or=1 time/d., Results: Higher frequency of chocolate consumption was linearly related to lower bone density and strength (P<0.05). Daily (>or=1 times/d) consumption of chocolate, in comparison to <1 time/wk, was associated with a 3.1% lower whole-body bone density; with similarly lower bone density of the total hip, femoral neck, tibia, and heel; and with lower bone strength in the tibia and the heel (P<0.05, for all). Adjustment for covariates did not influence interpretation of the results., Conclusions: Older women who consume chocolate daily had lower bone density and strength. Additional cross-sectional and longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these observations. Confirmation of these findings could have important implications for prevention of osteoporotic fracture.
- Published
- 2008
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16. Dog ownership, health and physical activity: a critical review of the literature.
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Cutt H, Giles-Corti B, Knuiman M, and Burke V
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- Adult, Animals, Australia, Ecology, Environment Design, Humans, Motor Activity physiology, Social Environment, Walking psychology, Dogs, Health Behavior, Human-Animal Bond, Ownership, Walking physiology
- Abstract
This review examines the association between dog ownership and adult physical activity levels. While there is evidence to suggest that dog ownership produces considerable health benefit and provides an important form of social support that encourages dog owners to walk, there is limited evidence on the physical environmental and policy-related factors that affect dog owners walking with their dog. With the high level of dog ownership in many industrialized countries, further exploration of the relationship between dog ownership and physical activity levels may be important for preventing declining levels of physical activity and the associated detrimental health effects.
- Published
- 2007
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17. A lifestyle program for treated hypertensives improved health-related behaviors and cardiovascular risk factors, a randomized controlled trial.
- Author
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Burke V, Beilin LJ, Cutt HE, Mansour J, Williams A, and Mori TA
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- Adult, Aged, Blood Glucose analysis, Body Composition, Diet, Exercise, Female, Humans, Hypertension blood, Hypertension psychology, Insulin blood, Lipids blood, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Selection, Proportional Hazards Models, Risk Factors, Smoking adverse effects, Cardiovascular Diseases prevention & control, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy methods, Hypertension therapy, Life Style
- Abstract
Objective: To assess effects of a cognitively based program on health-related behaviors and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight drug-treated hypertensives., Study Design and Setting: In a clinical trials center, volunteers, recruited by advertisement, were randomized to usual care (N=118) or to a 4-month program (N=123) incorporating weight loss; a low-sodium diet, high in fruit, vegetables, and fish; and increased physical activity. Diet, physical activity, weight, blood lipids, glucose, and insulin were measured at 4 and 16 months., Results: Ninety-eight usual care and 106 program participants completed the 4-month assessment; 90 and 102, respectively, completed follow-up. Using intention-to-treat analysis, relative to usual care, net changes with the program at 4 months were as follows: dietary fat (-2.6% energy; P<0.001); sodium (-290mg/d; P=0.004); energy (-313mJ/d; P=0.005); fish (+2.1 serves/wk; P<0.001); vegetables (+3.0 serves/wk; P<0.001); physical activity (+37min/wk; P=0.004); weight (-2.8kg; P<0.001); waist girth (-3.1cm; P<0.001); total cholesterol (-0.2mmol/L; P=0.017); and triacylglycerols (-0.12mmol/L; P=0.002). One year later, net changes included dietary fat (-2.2% energy; P<0.001); sodium (-150mg/d; P=0.029); fish (+2.0 serves/wk; P<0.001); vegetables (+4.3 serves/wk; P<0.001); weight (-2.5kg; P=0.001); waist girth (-3.1cm; P<0.001); high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (+0.03mmol/L; P=0.031)., Conclusion: Improvements in behaviors and risk factors, several maintained long term, suggest the potential for long-term benefits in hypertensives.
- Published
- 2007
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18. Increased lean red meat intake does not elevate markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in humans.
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Hodgson JM, Ward NC, Burke V, Beilin LJ, and Puddey IB
- Subjects
- Aged, Biomarkers, Female, Humans, Iron, Dietary adverse effects, Male, Middle Aged, Diet, Inflammation metabolism, Meat analysis, Oxidative Stress physiology
- Abstract
Red meat intake has been associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes, but it remains uncertain whether these associations are causally related to unprocessed lean red meat. It has been proposed that iron derived from red meat may increase iron stores and initiate oxidative damage and inflammation. We aimed to determine whether an increase in unprocessed lean red meat intake, partially replacing carbohydrate-rich foods, adversely influences markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Sixty participants completed an 8-wk parallel-designed study. They were randomized to maintain their usual diet (control) or to partially replace energy from carbohydrate-rich foods with approximately 200 g/d of lean red meat (red meat) in isoenergetic diets. Markers of oxidative stress and inflammation were measured at baseline and at the end of intervention. Results are presented as the mean between-group difference in change and [95% CI]. Red meat, relative to control, resulted in: higher protein [5.3 (3.7, 6.9) % of energy], lower carbohydrate [-5.3 (-7.9, -2.7)% of energy], and higher iron [3.2 (1.1, 5.4) mg/d] intakes; lower urinary F2-isoprostane excretion [-137 (-264, -9) pmol/mmol creatinine], lower leukocyte [-0.51 (-0.99, -0.02)x10(9)/L] counts, and a trend for lower serum C-reactive protein concentrations [-1.6 (-3.3, 0.0) mg/L, P=0.06]; and no differences in concentrations of plasma F2-isoprostanes [-12 (-122, 100) pmol/L], serum gamma-glytamyltransferase [-0.8 (-3.2, 1.5) U/L], serum amyloid A protein [-1.4 (-3.4, 0.5) mg/L], and plasma fibrinogen concentrations [-0.08 (-0.40. 0.24) g/L]. Our results suggest that partial replacement of dietary carbohydrate with protein from lean red meat does not elevate oxidative stress or inflammation.
- Published
- 2007
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19. Lupin-enriched bread increases satiety and reduces energy intake acutely.
- Author
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Lee YP, Mori TA, Sipsas S, Barden A, Puddey IB, Burke V, Hall RS, and Hodgson JM
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- Area Under Curve, Blood Glucose metabolism, Cross-Over Studies, Dietary Fiber administration & dosage, Dietary Proteins administration & dosage, Female, Flour, Ghrelin, Glycemic Index, Humans, Insulin blood, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity blood, Peptide Hormones blood, Bread, Energy Intake drug effects, Food, Fortified, Lupinus chemistry, Obesity diet therapy, Satiation drug effects
- Abstract
Background: Protein and fiber may be important determinants of satiety. Lupin kernel flour is a novel food ingredient that is rich in protein and fiber., Objective: The objective was to investigate the effects of lupin kernel flour-enriched bread (LB) on satiety and energy intake in humans., Design: Two randomized controlled crossover trials were performed to compare the acute effects of LB with those of white bread (WB). In study 1, the subjects (n = 16) completed 4 treatments 1 wk apart: WB breakfast (as toast) and WB lunch (as sandwiches), WB breakfast and LB lunch, LB breakfast and WB lunch, and LB breakfast and LB lunch. Energy intake at all breakfast meals was matched (1655 kJ), and ad libitum energy intake at lunch, 3 h after breakfast, was measured. In study 2, the subjects (n = 17) completed 2 treatments 1 wk apart: WB breakfast and LB breakfast (each 1655 kJ). Blood samples were taken at baseline and at regular intervals for 3 h after breakfast., Results: In study 1, the LB breakfast resulted in significantly higher self-reported satiety (P < 0.001) and lower energy intake (kJ) at lunch (-488; 95% CI: -798, -178) than did the WB breakfast. The LB lunch resulted in a significantly lower within-meal energy intake (kJ) at lunch (-1028; 95% CI: -1338, -727) than did the WB lunch. In study 2, compared with the WB breakfast, the LB breakfast significantly altered the 3-h postmeal plasma ghrelin response (P = 0.04) and resulted in significantly lower mean 3-h plasma ghrelin concentrations (P = 0.009)., Conclusion: A novel food enriched in protein and fiber derived from lupin kernel flour significantly influences energy intake acutely.
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- 2006
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20. Partial substitution of carbohydrate intake with protein intake from lean red meat lowers blood pressure in hypertensive persons.
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Hodgson JM, Burke V, Beilin LJ, and Puddey IB
- Subjects
- Blood Glucose metabolism, Blood Pressure physiology, Body Weight drug effects, Cardiovascular Diseases blood, Dietary Carbohydrates metabolism, Dietary Proteins metabolism, Female, Humans, Hypertension metabolism, Lipids blood, Male, Middle Aged, Potassium urine, Sodium urine, Blood Pressure drug effects, Dietary Carbohydrates administration & dosage, Dietary Proteins administration & dosage, Hypertension diet therapy, Meat
- Abstract
Background: Compared with carbohydrate intake, dietary intake of plant protein can lower blood pressure in humans, but the effects of animal protein intake on blood pressure have yet to be investigated., Objective: We aimed to determine whether partial substitution of carbohydrate intake with animal protein intake from lean red meat changes blood pressure and other markers of cardiovascular disease risk in hypertensive persons., Design: Hypertensive persons (n = 60) were recruited to an 8-wk parallel-design study. The participants were randomly assigned either to maintain their usual diet (control group) or to partially replace energy intake from carbohydrate-rich foods with protein from lean red meat (protein group). Measurements were performed at baseline and at the end of the intervention., Results: Compared with the control group, the protein group had a significantly higher protein intake [x (95% CI) percent of energy: 5.3% (3.7%, 6.9%), P < 0.001] and a corresponding lower carbohydrate intake [-5.3% of energy (-7.9%, -2.7%), P < 0.001]. Body weight and intakes of fat, alcohol, and fiber were not significantly different between the groups. Compared with the control group, the clinic, 24-h, awake, and asleep systolic blood pressures were lower [-5.2 (-10.3, -0.1), -4.0 (-7.4, -0.6), -4.7 (-8.9, -0.5), and -4.7 (-10.3, -0.1) mm Hg, respectively, P < 0.05] and fasting plasma glucose concentrations were higher [0.33 mmol/L (0.09, 0.58 mmol/L), P = 0.008] in the protein group. These differences were independent of age, sex, and changes in weight, alcohol intake, or urinary sodium and potassium excretion. Diastolic blood pressure and heart rate, arterial compliance, blood lipids, and serum insulin were not significantly different between the groups., Conclusion: Within the context of other studies, these results suggest that modest substitution of carbohydrate-rich foods with protein-rich foods may lower blood pressure in hypertensive persons.
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- 2006
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21. The 6-minute walk test does not reliably detect changes in functional capacity of patients awaiting cardiac transplantation.
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Cheetham C, Taylor R, Burke V, O'Driscoll G, and Green DJ
- Subjects
- Australia, Chronic Disease, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Female, Heart Failure physiopathology, Heart Failure surgery, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Oxygen Consumption physiology, Predictive Value of Tests, Exercise Test, Heart Failure diagnosis, Heart Transplantation, Walking physiology
- Abstract
Background: Peak oxygen consumption (Vo(2)peak) is a strong independent predictor of prognosis in patients with severe chronic heart failure (CHF) and is used to guide optimal timing of transplantation. However, its assessment is relatively expensive and time-consuming and requires sophisticated equipment and highly trained personnel. The purpose of this study was to determine whether changes in 6-minute walk test (6WT) distance, a simple, inexpensive potential alternative measure of functional capacity, can predict changes in Vo(2)peak in patients with severe CHF., Methods: Sixteen subjects (ejection fraction 23+/-2%, Vo(2)peak 16.2+/-1.1 ml kg (-1)min(-1)) underwent repeated 6WT and Vo(2)peak assessments that included familiarization and 4 serial measures, 6 weeks apart (baseline and at Weeks 6, 12 and 18). Analysis compared baseline performance with each subsequent testing occasion., Results: At baseline, mean (+/-SE) VO(2)peak was 16.3+/-1.1 ml kg(-1) min(-1) and 6WT distance was 458+/-21 m. 6WT and Vo(2)peak were strongly correlated at all timepoints (average r=0.82; all p<0.05). However, mixed model analysis, assessing the capacity of the changes seen in 6WT to predict changes in Vo(2)peak, showed no statistical significance (F=0.11; p=0.74)., Conclusions: The 6WT is commonly used to assess functional capacity in patients with heart failure. This study demonstrates that, despite a strong cross-sectional correlation with Vo(2)peak, changes in the 6WT are not a reliable predictor of changes in Vo(2)peak within patients. Therefore, the 6WT has limited utility as a serial measure to assess changes in the clinical status of patients with severe heart failure.
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- 2005
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22. Independent and additive effects of energy restriction and exercise on glucose and insulin concentrations in sedentary overweight men.
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Cox KL, Burke V, Morton AR, Beilin LJ, and Puddey IB
- Subjects
- Adult, Body Mass Index, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity blood, Physical Fitness, Blood Glucose, Diet, Energy Intake, Exercise, Insulin blood, Obesity therapy
- Abstract
Background: Overweight and inactivity are associated with impaired glucose tolerance, reduced insulin sensitivity, and diabetes. Few controlled trials have assessed the independent and combined effects of energy restriction and exercise on the prevention of these conditions., Objective: The objective was to evaluate the independent and additive effects of 16 wk of energy restriction and exercise on glucose and insulin concentrations., Design: Sixty nonsmoking, overweight, sedentary men aged 20-50 y were randomly assigned to either maintain or restrict their energy intake (4186-6279 kJ/d). Within each of these arms, the subjects were further randomly assigned to either a light-intensity (control) or a vigorous-intensity exercise program for 30 min 3 times/wk., Results: Fifty-one subjects completed the study. Maximal oxygen uptake increased ( approximately 24%; P < 0.001) with vigorous but not with light exercise. Significant weight loss was observed with energy restriction (x: 10.12 kg; 95% CI: 8.02, 12.22 kg; P < 0.001) but not with exercise. Vigorous exercise reduced fasting glucose and glucose and insulin areas under the curve (AUCs) by 13% (P = 0.01) and 20% (P = 0.02), respectively. Exercise effects were independent of weight change. Energy restriction resulted in a 40% reduction in the insulin AUC (P = 0.01). Vigorous exercise and energy restriction were additive in reducing the insulin AUC., Conclusions: Energy restriction and vigorous exercise independently and additively reduce glucose and insulin concentrations in response to an oral-glucose-tolerance test. Both of these lifestyle interventions provide a potent strategy that should be an integral part of any program to reduce the risk of impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and diabetes in overweight and sedentary persons.
- Published
- 2004
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23. A randomized trial of interactive group sessions achieved greater improvements in nutrition and physical activity at a tiny increase in cost.
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Dzator JA, Hendrie D, Burke V, Gianguilio N, Gillam HF, Beilin LJ, and Houghton S
- Subjects
- Adult, Cholesterol blood, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Diet, Exercise, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Psychotherapy, Group economics, Life Style, Marriage, Obesity prevention & control, Psychotherapy, Group methods
- Abstract
Objective: Weight gain may follow altered eating habits and decreased physical activity in couples beginning to live together. Mutual support and willingness to accept changes in lifestyle at this stage may facilitate positive responses to health promotion. We aimed to compare the effects of a diet and physical activity program in couples using a randomized controlled trial., Study Design and Setting: Couples were randomized to a control group or to one of two intervention groups in whom the program was either delivered mainly by mail or with a combination of mail-outs and interactive group sessions., Results: Diets, physical fitness, and blood cholesterol improved up to 12 months after beginning the 4-month program, mainly in the interactive group. In that group, at the end of the program, the estimated cost was 445.30 dollars (111.33 dollars/month) per participant per unit change in outcome variables, only 0.03 dollars per participant per month more than the group receiving the program mainly by mail. One year after beginning the program, costs per participant per month were 38.37 dollars in the interactive group and 38.22 dollars in the group receiving the program mainly by mail-out., Conclusion: The changes observed in cardiovascular risk factors could translate to a substantial cost-savings relating to health.
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- 2004
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24. Combined effect of coenzyme Q10 and fenofibrate on forearm microcirculatory function in type 2 diabetes.
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Playford DA, Watts GF, Croft KD, and Burke V
- Subjects
- Acetylcholine administration & dosage, Apolipoprotein A-I blood, Apolipoprotein A-I drug effects, Area Under Curve, Blood Pressure drug effects, Bradykinin administration & dosage, Cholesterol, HDL blood, Cholesterol, LDL blood, Coenzymes, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 physiopathology, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Therapy, Combination, Electrocardiography, Enzyme Inhibitors administration & dosage, F2-Isoprostanes blood, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin drug effects, Homocysteine blood, Homocysteine drug effects, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nitroprusside administration & dosage, Regional Blood Flow drug effects, Statistics as Topic, Systole drug effects, Treatment Outcome, Triglycerides blood, Vasodilator Agents administration & dosage, omega-N-Methylarginine administration & dosage, Antioxidants therapeutic use, Blood Circulation drug effects, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 blood, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 drug therapy, Fenofibrate blood, Fenofibrate therapeutic use, Forearm blood supply, Hypolipidemic Agents therapeutic use, Ubiquinone analogs & derivatives, Ubiquinone therapeutic use
- Abstract
Arteriopathy is the principal complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It develops from endothelial dysfunction, which we have hypothesised occurs in diabetes primarily as a consequence of dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress. Fenofibrate and CoQ may improve endothelial function by regulating dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress, respectively. We therefore aimed to assess the independent and combined effects of fenofibrate and coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ) on endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilator function of the forearm microcirculation in type 2 diabetes. Eighty dyslipidaemic type 2 diabetics were randomized to receive fenofibrate (200 mg/daily), CoQ (200 mg/daily), fenofibrate plus CoQ (200+200 mg daily), or placebo for 12 weeks. Forearm microcirculatory function was assessed with venous occlusion plethysmography during the infusion of acetylcholine (ACh), bradykinin (BK), sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) into the brachial artery. Blood flow responses were calculated as area under the curve (AUC). Fenofibrate significantly lowered plasma cholesterol, triglyceride and fibrinogen (P<0.001), and elevated HDL-cholesterol and homocysteine (P<0.001). CoQ did not change plasma isoprostanes, but significantly lowered systolic blood pressure and HbA(1c) (P<0.05). Fenofibrate plus CoQ significantly improved (P<0.05) the AUC for ACh, BK and SNP without significantly altering basal responses to L-NMMA. Fenofibrate or CoQ alone did not significantly alter blood flow responses. Improvements in blood flow were independent of changes in plasma lipids, blood pressure, homocysteine and isoprostanes, but were correlated (P=0.013) with HbA(1c). In conclusion, in this factorial trial we found that only the combination of fenofibrate and CoQ markedly improved endothelial and non-endothelial forearm vasodilator function in dyslipidemic type 2 diabetic patients. The favourable vascular effect of this therapeutic combination could be due to increase in the bioactivity of and/or responses to endothelium-derived relaxing factors, including nitric oxide, and this may entail synergistic stimulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.
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- 2003
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25. Physical activity and nutrition programs for couples: a randomized controlled trial.
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Burke V, Giangiulio N, Gillam HF, Beilin LJ, and Houghton S
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Blood Pressure, Cholesterol blood, Cholesterol, LDL blood, Exercise Therapy methods, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity blood, Obesity diet therapy, Smoking Cessation, Western Australia, Couples Therapy methods, Health Promotion methods, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Obesity prevention & control
- Abstract
Diet and physical activity habits may deteriorate after cohabitation, leading to weight gain and increased risk of lifestyle diseases. We carried out a 4-month, randomized controlled trial of a diet and physical activity program for couples with a 1-year follow-up, comparing two methods of delivery. The program used six modules, which, after an initial group session, were mailed to the low-level intervention group. In the high-level intervention group, half of the modules were mailed, and the others were delivered at interactive group sessions. A control group received no intervention. Postintervention and at follow-up, physical fitness improved in the high-level group, saturated fat intake decreased in both intervention groups, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol fell in the high-level group. Fewer participants in the high-level group became overweight or obese. Health promotion for couples can improve health behaviors and potentially lower the risk of lifestyle diseases in participants and their future families.
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- 2003
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26. Can black tea influence plasma total homocysteine concentrations?
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Hodgson JM, Burke V, Beilin LJ, Croft KD, and Puddey IB
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Blood Pressure, Body Mass Index, Cholesterol blood, Cross-Over Studies, Female, Folic Acid blood, Gallic Acid urine, Humans, Lipids blood, Male, Methylation, Middle Aged, Phenols administration & dosage, Phenols chemistry, Polymers administration & dosage, Polymers chemistry, Polyphenols, Vitamin B 12 blood, Vitamin B 6 blood, Flavonoids, Gallic Acid analogs & derivatives, Homocysteine blood, Tea
- Abstract
Background: Polyphenols can act as acceptors of methyl groups during the metabolism of methionine to homocysteine. This may result in elevations in plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations after ingestion of polyphenol-rich beverages such as tea., Objectives: Our major objective was to determine whether regular, moderate-to-high intakes of black tea alter tHcy concentrations. We also assessed the relation between the degree of O-methylation of tea-derived polyphenols and the change in tHcy with regular ingestion of tea., Design: Twenty-two subjects completed a randomized, controlled crossover study. Subjects consumed 1250 mL black tea/d (5 cups each containing 2 g tea leaves in 250 mL boiled water) and 1250 mL hot water/d for 4 wk each. Fasting tHcy concentrations and 24-h urinary excretion of 4-O-methylgallic acid (4OMGA, the major O-methylated metabolite of gallic acid) were measured at the end of each period. 4OMGA was used as a marker of overall O-methylation of tea-derived polyphenols., Results: Black tea did not significantly alter mean (+/- SEM) tHcy concentrations (9.9 +/- 0.5 and 10.0 +/- 0.5 micro mol/L for the hot water and black tea periods, respectively). However, the increased excretion of 4OMGA as a consequence of black tea consumption was positively associated with the change in tHcy from the hot water period to the black tea period (r = 0.55, P = 0.008). Subjects in the bottom quartile of increase in 4OMGA excretion had a significant decrease in tHcy (-0.28 +/- 0.10 micro mol/L; P = 0.046), and those in the top quartile had a significant increase in tHcy (0.78 +/- 0.16 micro mol/L; P = 0.005)., Conclusions: Overall, regular ingestion of black tea did not alter mean tHcy concentrations. However, individual differences in O-methylation of polyphenolic compounds may influence the ultimate effects of black tea on tHcy.
- Published
- 2003
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27. Effects of purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on platelet, fibrinolytic and vascular function in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients.
- Author
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Woodman RJ, Mori TA, Burke V, Puddey IB, Barden A, Watts GF, and Beilin LJ
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 complications, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Hypertension complications, Male, Middle Aged, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 physiopathology, Docosahexaenoic Acids pharmacology, Eicosapentaenoic Acid pharmacology, Endothelium, Vascular drug effects, Fibrinolysis drug effects, Hypertension physiopathology, Platelet Aggregation drug effects
- Abstract
Background: Type 2 diabetes and hypertension are both associated with an increased risk of atherothrombosis. We assessed whether purified eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from fish oil have differential effects on platelet, fibrinolytic and vascular function in patients with both conditions., Methods: In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial of parallel design, 59 treated-hypertensive Type 2 diabetic men and postmenopausal women, were randomised to 4 g/day of EPA, DHA or olive oil (placebo) for 6 weeks. Collagen and PAF-stimulated platelet aggregation, collagen-stimulated thromboxane release (TXB2), plasma tPA and PAI-1 antigens, von Willebrand factor, p-selectin, and flow-mediated and glyceryl-trinitrate-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery, were examined before and at the end of intervention., Results: Thirty-nine men and 12 women aged 61.2+/-1.2 year completed the study. Relative to placebo, DHA but not EPA supplementation significantly reduced collagen aggregation (16.9%, P=0.05) and TXB2 (18.8%, P=0.03). There were no significant changes in either PAF-stimulated platelet aggregation, fibrinolytic function or vascular function in either the EPA or DHA group relative to placebo., Conclusion: Highly purified DHA may be a more effective anti-thrombotic agent than EPA. However, longer-term studies assessing morbidity and mortality are needed in order to establish if DHA contributes to reducing CHD amongst Type 2 diabetic patients with treated hypertension.
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- 2003
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28. Effects of purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on glycemic control, blood pressure, and serum lipids in type 2 diabetic patients with treated hypertension.
- Author
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Woodman RJ, Mori TA, Burke V, Puddey IB, Watts GF, and Beilin LJ
- Subjects
- Aged, Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 blood, Docosahexaenoic Acids adverse effects, Double-Blind Method, Eicosapentaenoic Acid adverse effects, Fatty Acids blood, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Insulin physiology, Lipoproteins blood, Male, Middle Aged, Olive Oil, Phospholipids blood, Plant Oils pharmacology, Blood Glucose analysis, Blood Pressure drug effects, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 complications, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 physiopathology, Docosahexaenoic Acids pharmacology, Eicosapentaenoic Acid pharmacology, Hypertension complications, Lipids blood
- Abstract
Background: n-3 Fatty acids lower blood pressure, improve lipids, and benefit other cardiovascular disease risk factors. Effects on glycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes are uncertain., Objective: We determined whether purified eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have differential effects on glycemic control, including insulin sensitivity and stimulated insulin secretion; 24-h ambulatory blood pressure; and serum lipids in type 2 diabetic patients with treated hypertension., Design: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of parallel design, 59 subjects were randomly assigned to consume 4 g EPA, DHA, or olive oil/d for 6 wk while continuing to consume their usual diet., Results: Thirty-nine men and 12 postmenopausal women with a mean (+/- SE) age of 61.2 +/- 1.2 y completed the study. In comparison with the change from baseline in fasting glucose in the olive oil group, fasting glucose in the EPA and DHA groups increased 1.40 +/- 0.29 mmol/L (P = 0.002) and 0.98 +/- 0.29 mmol/L (P = 0.002), respectively. Neither EPA nor DHA had significant effects on glycated hemoglobin, fasting insulin or C-peptide, insulin sensitivity or secretion, or blood pressure. Serum triacylglycerols in the EPA and DHA groups decreased 19% (P = 0.022) and 15% (P = 0.022), respectively. There were no significant changes in serum total, LDL, or HDL cholesterol, although HDL(2) cholesterol in the EPA and DHA groups increased 16% (P = 0.026) and 12% (P = 0.05), respectively. HDL(3) cholesterol decreased 11% (P = 0.026) with EPA supplementation., Conclusions: EPA and DHA had similar benefits on lipids but adverse effects on short-term glycemic control in hypertensive diabetic patients. The overall implications for cardiovascular disease require long-term evaluation.
- Published
- 2002
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29. Leukocyte count and vascular function in Type 2 diabetic subjects with treated hypertension.
- Author
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Woodman RJ, Watts GF, Puddey IB, Burke V, Mori TA, Hodgson JM, and Beilin LJ
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Antihypertensive Agents administration & dosage, Blood Flow Velocity, Case-Control Studies, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 blood, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 complications, Diabetic Angiopathies complications, Female, Humans, Hypertension complications, Inflammation Mediators analysis, Interleukin-6 analysis, Leukocyte Count, Male, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Prognosis, Reference Values, Risk Assessment, Sampling Studies, Selectins analysis, Sensitivity and Specificity, Severity of Illness Index, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha analysis, C-Reactive Protein analysis, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 diagnosis, Diabetic Angiopathies diagnosis, Hypertension diagnosis, Hypertension drug therapy
- Abstract
Background: Traditional cardiovascular risk factors may only partially explain abnormal vascular function in Type 2 diabetic patients. This study examined the associations between vascular function and markers of inflammation in Type 2 diabetic subjects with treated hypertension., Methods: Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and glyceryl-trinitrate mediated dilatation (GTNMD) of the brachial artery were used to assess endothelium-dependent and -independent function, respectively, in 29 hypertensive Type 2 diabetic subjects (HbA1c <9%), and 17 healthy control subjects. Plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and leukocyte count were used as markers of inflammation. Soluble L-selectin, P-selectin, and von Willebrand factor (vWf) were measured to assess leukocyte, platelet and endothelial cell activation, respectively., Results: Compared with controls, diabetic subjects had impaired FMD (3.9+/-3.0 vs. 5.5+/-2.4%, P=0.07) and GTNMD (11.4+/-4.8% vs. 15.4+/-7.1%, P=0.04). They also had higher levels of CRP (2.7+/-2.6 vs. 1.4+/-1.1 mg/l, P=0.03), fibrinogen (3.4+/-0.7 vs. 2.7+/-0.3 g/l, P<0.001) and TNF-alpha (20.9+/-13.4 vs. 2.5+/-1.7 pg/l, P<0.001). In diabetic subjects, after adjustment for age and gender, leukocyte count was an independent predictor of FMD (P=0.02), accounting for 17% of total variance. Similarly, leukocyte count (P<0.001) accounted for 23% and IL-6 (P=0.03) for 12% of the variance in GTNMD. vWf was correlated with leukocyte count (r=0.38, P=0.04), FMD (r=-0.35, P=0.06) and GTNMD (r=-0.47, P=0.009), whilst P-selectin correlated with fibrinogen (r=0.58, P=0.001)., Conclusion: These cross-sectional observations are consistent with the hypothesis that reduced FMD and GTNMD in Type 2 diabetes is at least in part secondary to increased inflammation, with associated endothelial and platelet activation.
- Published
- 2002
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30. Accuracy of blood pressure measurement and anthropometry among volunteer observers in a large community survey.
- Author
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Adams C, Burke V, and Beilin LJ
- Subjects
- Australia, Health Surveys, Humans, Volunteers, Anthropometry, Blood Pressure Determination, Quality Control
- Abstract
The Busselton Survey is a population survey that is held about every three years. In 1994-1995 a re-survey was held of all past participants and 8,502 attended. Financial constraints precluded employing staff for data collection for blood pressure and anthropometry, these therefore were collected by unpaid lay volunteers. Quality control by a health professional was critical to the assessment and maintenance of accuracy in these measurements. For blood pressure three readings were taken simultaneously by a quality control person and the volunteer using a dual stethoscope. Duplicate anthropometric measurements were taken by a criterion anthropometrist and the volunteer. Inter and intra-observer technical errors of measurement (TEM) were calculated. Sixty-two volunteers were trained to take BP measurements; of these, 38 collected data, and 63 were trained in anthropometry; of these, 30 were suitable as measurers. Training was conducted on a group and individual basis by the quality assurance person for the study both in the Perth metropolitan area and rural Busselton. The TEM for SBP was 1.6 mm Hg (SD 1.0 mm Hg) and 1.5 mm Hg (SD 0.8) for DBP. For skin-folds intra-observer TEM ranged from 0.6 mm to 1.0 mm. Between-observer TEM ranged from 2.1 mm to 5.4 mm. For limb and waist circumferences, intra-observer TEM ranged from 0.3 cm to 1.6 cm. Between-observer TEM for circumferences ranged from 0.5 cm to 1.9 cm. Unpaid volunteer measurers can, if carefully trained and supervised, provide acceptable blood pressure data and anthropometry in large population surveys.
- Published
- 2002
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31. Regular ingestion of tea does not inhibit in vivo lipid peroxidation in humans.
- Author
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Hodgson JM, Croft KD, Mori TA, Burke V, Beilin LJ, and Puddey IB
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Antioxidants pharmacology, Creatinine urine, Cross-Over Studies, Female, Gallic Acid urine, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Oxidative Stress, Polyphenols, F2-Isoprostanes urine, Flavonoids, Gallic Acid analogs & derivatives, Lipid Peroxidation drug effects, Phenols pharmacology, Plant Extracts pharmacology, Polymers pharmacology, Tea chemistry
- Abstract
Prospective studies suggest that tea may protect against cardiovascular disease. A potential mechanism for such an effect involves inhibition of lipid peroxidation by polyphenolic antioxidants derived from tea. Our objective was to determine whether regular ingestion of tea could inhibit in vivo lipid peroxidation. Two controlled intervention studies assessed the effects of regular ingestion of tea on lipid peroxidation determined by measurement of urinary F(2)-isoprostane excretion. Study 1: The effects of 1000 mL/d of green tea and black tea were compared with hot water containing caffeine in 13 subjects with elevated blood pressure using a randomized 3-period (7 d each) crossover design. Study 2: The effects of 1250 mL/d of black tea were compared with hot water in 22 subjects with mildly raised serum total cholesterol concentrations using a randomized 2-period (4 wk each) crossover design. F(2)-isoprostane excretion was not altered after regular ingestion of green tea (273 +/- 48 pmol/mmol creatinine) or black tea (274 +/- 39 pmol/mmol creatinine) in comparison with hot water (263 +/- 47 pmol/mmol creatinine; Study 1), or by regular ingestion of black tea (334 +/- 71 pmol/mmol creatinine) in comparison with hot water (355 +/- 75 pmol/mmol creatinine; Study 2). These results do not support the suggestion that polyphenolic antioxidants derived from tea inhibit in vivo lipid peroxidation.
- Published
- 2002
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32. Lipoprotein lipase D9N, N291S and S447X polymorphisms: their influence on premature coronary heart disease and plasma lipids.
- Author
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van Bockxmeer FM, Liu Q, Mamotte C, Burke V, and Taylor R
- Subjects
- Adult, Alleles, Coronary Disease blood, Coronary Disease etiology, Female, Humans, Lipids blood, Male, Polymorphism, Genetic, Coronary Disease genetics, Lipoprotein Lipase genetics
- Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) plays a pivotal role in lipoprotein metabolism. Three recently described exonic polymorphisms of the gene, D9N, N291S and S447X, have been variably found to influence plasma lipids while effects on coronary heart disease (CHD) are less well documented. Two predominantly Caucasian groups were studied: CHD patients <50 years of age, with angiographically documented CHD; and a randomly recruited community control group without a history of heart disease. The 9N allele of the D9N polymorphism was present in 25 of 428 (5.8%) of Caucasian males with CHD and in seven of 291 (2.4%) of corresponding community subjects (odds ratio, 2.5; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1-5.9; P=0.03) and was also significantly over-represented in the Caucasian males with myocardial infarction (MI) (21 of 308 or 6.8%; odds ratio, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.1-5.9; P=0.01). The distributions of the other two polymorphisms were similar in the CHD and community groups. In multivariate models adjusted for age, sex, diabetes, body mass index, smoking, lipid levels and race, the D9N polymorphism remained significantly related to both CHD and MI, with an odds ratio >2. There were, generally, trends to more adverse fasting plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglycerides in carriers of the 291S and 9N alleles, and the opposite trends for triglycerides in 447X carriers. In the community group, male carriers of 291S (n=13) had significantly (20%) lower HDL cholesterol than corresponding non-carriers (n=323), 0.98+/-0.07 mmol/l (mean+/-S.E.) versus 1.22+/-0.02 mmol/l (P<0.005), while HDL cholesterol was not different in male carriers (n=8) and non-carriers (n=296) of 9N (1.23+/-0.13 mmol/l versus 1.22+/-0.02 mmol/l). Multivariate analysis confirmed that the 291S allele carrier status conferred a significantly lower HDL cholesterol (P=0.001) and the 447X allele lower triglyceride (P<0.01) in the community group. In conclusion, LPL 9N carrier status was unequivocally related to premature CHD and to MI in males, strongly supporting recent results in older aged males. The somewhat different effects of the D9N and N291S polymorphisms on plasma lipids, and the absence of a clear effect of the N291S on CHD, raise the possibility that the effect of 9N carrier status might be mediated through effects on LPL function in addition to those influencing fasting plasma lipids.
- Published
- 2001
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33. Acute effects of ingestion of black and green tea on lipoprotein oxidation.
- Author
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Hodgson JM, Puddey IB, Croft KD, Burke V, Mori TA, Caccetta RA, and Beilin LJ
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Antioxidants analysis, Area Under Curve, Caffeine metabolism, Chromatography, Gas, Copper Sulfate chemistry, Fluoresceins chemistry, Gallic Acid analogs & derivatives, Gallic Acid urine, Humans, Linear Models, Lipid Peroxides blood, Male, Middle Aged, Oxidation-Reduction, Phenols analysis, Polymers analysis, Polyphenols, Tea metabolism, Flavonoids, Lipid Peroxides biosynthesis, Lipoproteins metabolism, Tea physiology
- Abstract
Background: Tea has been associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. One proposed mechanism of this risk reduction involves inhibition of lipoprotein oxidation in vivo by antioxidant polyphenolic compounds derived from tea. However, controlled interventions uniformly failed to show that ingestion of tea can inhibit LDL oxidation ex vivo. The absence of effects in previous studies may be due to the isolation of LDL particles from polyphenolic compounds that are present in the aqueous phase of serum., Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the acute effects of ingestion of black and green tea on ex vivo Cu(2+)-induced lipoprotein oxidation without prior isolation of lipoproteins from serum., Design: The acute effects of 4 hot drinks-green tea and black tea (each at a dose equivalent to 4 standard cups), water matched to the teas for caffeine content, and water-were assessed in 20 healthy men by using a Latin-square design. The lag time to lipoprotein diene formation, slope of the propagation phase of the oxidation curve, and area under the oxidation curve were calculated. Urinary concentrations of 4-O-methylgallic acid were used as a marker of uptake and metabolism of polyphenolic compounds from tea., Results: Significant increases in urinary 4-O-methylgallic acid for black and green tea (P < 0. 0001) were observed. Caffeine did not significantly influence lipoprotein oxidation. Compared with the water control, there was a greater lag time for black tea (5.4 +/- 2.9 min; P = 0.05) that was of borderline significance and a similar trend for green tea (4.4 +/- 2.8 min; P = 0.17). Slope and area under the oxidation curve were not altered., Conclusion: Black tea has a mild acute effect on ex vivo lipoprotein oxidation in human serum. 2000;71:-7.
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids have differential effects on serum lipids and lipoproteins, LDL particle size, glucose, and insulin in mildly hyperlipidemic men.
- Author
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Mori TA, Burke V, Puddey IB, Watts GF, O'Neal DN, Best JD, and Beilin LJ
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Blood Glucose analysis, Centrifugation, Density Gradient, Cholesterol blood, Cholesterol, HDL blood, Cholesterol, HDL chemistry, Cholesterol, LDL blood, Cholesterol, LDL chemistry, Docosahexaenoic Acids blood, Double-Blind Method, Eicosapentaenoic Acid blood, Humans, Hypercholesterolemia blood, Insulin blood, Male, Middle Aged, Particle Size, Triglycerides blood, Docosahexaenoic Acids metabolism, Eicosapentaenoic Acid metabolism, Hypercholesterolemia metabolism, Lipids blood, Lipoproteins blood
- Abstract
Background: Regular consumption of n-3 fatty acids of marine origin can improve serum lipids and reduce cardiovascular risk., Objective: This study aimed to determine whether eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids have differential effects on serum lipids and lipoproteins, glucose, and insulin in humans., Design: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of parallel design, 59 overweight, nonsmoking, mildly hyperlipidemic men were randomly assigned to receive 4 g purified EPA, DHA, or olive oil (placebo) daily while continuing their usual diets for 6 wk., Results: Fifty-six men aged 48.8 +/- 1.1 y completed the study. Relative to those in the olive oil group, triacylglycerols fell by 0.45 +/- 0.15 mmol/L ( approximately 20%; P = 0.003) in the DHA group and by 0.37 +/- 0.14 mmol/L ( approximately 18%; P = 0.012) in the EPA group. Neither EPA nor DHA had any effect on total cholesterol. LDL, HDL, and HDL(2) cholesterol were not affected significantly by EPA, but HDL(3) cholesterol decreased significantly (6.7%; P = 0.032). Although HDL cholesterol was not significantly increased by DHA (3. 1%), HDL(2) cholesterol increased by approximately 29% (P = 0.004). DHA increased LDL cholesterol by 8% (P = 0.019). Adjusted LDL particle size increased by 0.25 +/- 0.08 nm (P = 0.002) with DHA but not with EPA. EPA supplementation increased plasma and platelet phospholipid EPA but reduced DHA. DHA supplementation increased DHA and EPA in plasma and platelet phospholipids. Both EPA and DHA increased fasting insulin significantly. EPA, but not DHA, tended to increase fasting glucose, but not significantly so., Conclusions: EPA and DHA had differential effects on lipids, fatty acids, and glucose metabolism in overweight men with mild hyperlipidemia.
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Dietary fish as a major component of a weight-loss diet: effect on serum lipids, glucose, and insulin metabolism in overweight hypertensive subjects.
- Author
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Mori TA, Bao DQ, Burke V, Puddey IB, Watts GF, and Beilin LJ
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Animals, Antihypertensive Agents therapeutic use, Blood Glucose metabolism, Energy Intake, Female, Humans, Hypertension drug therapy, Hypertension metabolism, Insulin metabolism, Lipids blood, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity complications, Obesity metabolism, Postmenopause, Weight Loss, Diet, Reducing, Fatty Acids, Omega-3 administration & dosage, Fishes, Hypertension complications, Obesity diet therapy
- Abstract
Background: Obesity in hypertensive patients is associated with dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, both of which are improved by weight control. n-3 Fatty acids have diverse effects on mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis, including a decrease in serum triacylglycerols and an increase in HDL(2) cholesterol., Objective: The objective was to examine whether dietary fish enhances the effects of weight loss on serum lipids, glucose, and insulin in 69 overweight, treated hypertensive patients., Design: Overweight patients being treated for hypertension were randomly assigned to either a daily fish meal (3.65 g n-3 fatty acids), a weight-loss regimen, the 2 regimens combined, or a control group for 16 wk., Results: Sixty-three subjects completed the study. Weight decreased by a mean (+/-SEM) of 5.6 +/- 0.8 kg with energy restriction. Weight loss decreased fasting insulin (P = 0.003) and the area under the curve for insulin (P = 0.003) and glucose (P = 0.047) during an oral-glucose-tolerance test. The greatest decrease occurred in the fish + weight-loss group. There was no independent effect of fish on glucose or insulin. Fish increased HDL(2) cholesterol (P = 0.004) and decreased HDL(3) cholesterol (P = 0.026) without altering total, LDL, or HDL cholesterol. Weight loss had no effect on these variables. Fasting triacylglycerols fell significantly with fish consumption (29%) and weight loss (26%). The fish + weight-loss group showed the greatest improvement in lipids: triacylglycerols decreased by 38% (P < 0.001) and HDL(2) cholesterol increased by 24% (P = 0.04) compared with the control group., Conclusions: Incorporating a daily fish meal into a weight-loss regimen was more effective than either measure alone at improving glucose-insulin metabolism and dyslipidemia. Cardiovascular risk is likely to be substantially reduced in overweight hypertensive patients with a weight-loss program incorporating fish meals rich in n-3 fatty acids.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Measurement of urinary F(2)-isoprostanes as markers of in vivo lipid peroxidation-A comparison of enzyme immunoassay with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
- Author
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Proudfoot J, Barden A, Mori TA, Burke V, Croft KD, Beilin LJ, and Puddey IB
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Biomarkers urine, Cross Reactions, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry methods, Humans, Immunoenzyme Techniques, Male, Middle Aged, Reference Values, Regression Analysis, Dinoprost analogs & derivatives, Dinoprost urine
- Abstract
This study aimed at comparing the two most commonly utilized methods for measuring urinary F(2)-isoprostanes, currently considered one of the best available markers of in vivo lipid peroxidation. The F(2)-isoprostanes were measured in 24-h urine samples from 14 male subjects using electron capture negative ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (ECNI-GCMS) with 8-iso-PGF(2alpha)-d(4) as an internal standard and compared with levels obtained using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA, 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) kit, Cayman Chemical Co.). The methods were compared using Pearson correlation coefficients, and Bland-Altman plots were constructed for the difference in F(2)-isoprostane against the average F(2)-isoprostane measured by either method. Weighted least-products regression was used to determine fixed bias (where there is a consistent difference between the methods) and proportional bias (where one method gives values higher or lower than the other method by an amount proportional to the size of the measurement). The correlation between F(2)-isoprostane levels obtained using EIA and GCMS methods, although significant, was poor (r = 0.628, P < 0.02). Comparison of the methods using the Bland-Altman analysis showed that there were wide limits of agreement between the two methods with only 28% of the values falling within the 95% confidence limits for the difference. The GCMS gave higher values with a mean difference of 298.1 pM (636.6, -40.2; P = 0.079), and a near significant linear association between the differences and the mean F(2)-isoprostane level (r = -0.559, P = 0.05). Weighted least-product regression analysis confirmed the presence of both significant fixed and proportional bias with the EIA giving lower levels of F(2)-isoprostanes at low concentrations and higher levels at higher concentrations. The cross-reactivity in the EIA of 8-iso-15(R)-PGF(2alpha) and 9beta-PGF(2alpha) which coelute with the F(2)-isoprostane peak measured by GCMS was very low, 0.2 and 0.1%, respectively. The proportional bias observed between the methods may in part be due to differences in the relative amounts of 8-iso-15(R)-PGF(2alpha), 9beta-PGF(2alpha), and 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) with increasing lipid peroxidation. This study shows that the measurements of F(2)-isoprostanes by EIA and GCMS are not equivalent. Therefore, comparison of levels derived using a GCMS method which estimates concentration from a peak encompassing a number of F(2)-isoprostane isomers, and levels derived from enzyme immunoassay measuring a specific isoprostane, may be inappropriate., (Copyright 1999 Academic Press.)
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Influence of gender and socio-economic status on dietary patterns and nutrient intakes in 18-year-old Australians.
- Author
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Milligan RA, Burke V, Beilin LJ, Dunbar DL, Spencer MJ, Balde E, and Gracey MP
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Analysis of Variance, Australia, Cohort Studies, Confidence Intervals, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diet Surveys, Dietary Carbohydrates administration & dosage, Dietary Fats administration & dosage, Dietary Fiber administration & dosage, Dietary Proteins administration & dosage, Energy Intake, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Sodium, Dietary administration & dosage, Software, Surveys and Questionnaires, Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Feeding Behavior
- Abstract
This study used two-day diet records to examine dietary behaviours in 504 Australian 18 year-olds in relation to gender, socio-economic status (SES) and national dietary guidelines. Fat intake exceeded 30% of energy in about 80% of subjects and was greater than 40% in about one-quarter. Saturated fat provided more than 10% of dietary energy in more than 90% of participants; less than 1% achieved a polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio of at least one. The major food groups contributing to fat intake were convenience foods (32% in men, 28% in women) and meat (27% in men, 25% in women). Fibre intake was less than 30 g/day in 93% of women and 77% of men. Intakes of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and vitamins C and A, as a ratio of energy consumption, were greater in women than men, while sodium intake was significantly higher in men. Convenience foods were the greatest contributors to sodium intake (27% in men, 22% in women) followed by meat, bread, and soups and sauces. Greater consumption of cereals, fruit, vegetables and low-fat foods in young women of higher SES was reflected in their nutrient profile with higher intake of fibre and vitamin C and lower intake of fat. Men ate more cereals, meat and sugary foods and less fruit, vegetables and low-fat foods. Only 2.5% of men and 4.1% of women conformed with the health promotion message, widely publicised locally, to eat two fruits and five vegetables daily. Not eating breakfast was associated with lower calcium intake in men and women, and lower iron and fibre in take in women. Achieving behavioural changes in young adults must take into account differences in dietary behaviour related to gender and SES.
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. A controlled trial of the effects of pattern of alcohol intake on serum lipid levels in regular drinkers.
- Author
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Rakic V, Puddey IB, Dimmitt SB, Burke V, and Beilin LJ
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Apolipoprotein A-I blood, Apolipoprotein A-I drug effects, Apolipoprotein A-II blood, Apolipoprotein A-II drug effects, Cholesterol blood, Cholesterol, HDL blood, Cholesterol, HDL drug effects, Cholesterol, LDL blood, Cholesterol, LDL drug effects, Ethanol administration & dosage, Humans, Life Style, Lipoprotein(a) blood, Lipoprotein(a) drug effects, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Triglycerides blood, Alcohol Drinking blood, Lipids blood
- Abstract
To determine whether the effects of drinking pattern (predominantly weekend versus daily drinking) have differential effects on serum lipids, 55 healthy male drinkers were recruited on the basis of a regular alcohol intake, 210-500 ml absolute alcohol/week (approximately 3-6 standard drinks/day), with more than 60% consumed as beer. Fourteen subjects were categorised as predominantly weekend drinkers, while 41 subjects regularly drank on a daily basis. After maintenance of their drinking pattern during a 4-week familiarisation, subjects were randomised to either consume low alcohol beer (0.9%, v/v) only, or to maintain their usual drinking habit consuming full-strength beer (5%, v/v) for the next 4 weeks. They then switched to full-strength or low alcohol beer, respectively, for a further 4 weeks. Their drinking pattern remained constant during the study. In both weekend and daily drinkers, a reduction in alcohol intake (i.e. from 387 ml/week to 88 ml/week for weekend drinkers and from 418 ml/week to 95 ml/week for daily drinkers, respectively, P < 0.001) resulted in a similar 0.12 mmol/l fall in HDL-C (P < 0.01) with a concomitant significant fall in both apolipoproteins A-I and A-II. In daily drinkers total cholesterol fell by 0.28 mmol/l (P < 0.001) and triglyceride by 0.22 mmol/l (P < 0.01) with a reduction in alcohol intake, but no change in LDL-C was seen. In contrast, weekend drinkers total cholesterol was unchanged while triglyceride decreased by 0.26 mmol/l (P < 0.05) and LDL-C increased by 0.25 mmol/l (P < 0.01). Lp(a) increased with a reduction in alcohol intake in both daily (9.1 U/l, P < 0.05) and weekend drinkers (27.6 U/l, P = 0.07). Previous reports of a more atherogenic lipid profile with episodic versus regular daily drinking were not confirmed in this study and potentially favourable effects of alcohol to increase HDL-C and decrease Lp(a) were shown to be independent of drinking pattern in these moderate to heavy drinkers.
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
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39. Associations between lifestyle and cardiovascular risk factors in 18-year-old Australians.
- Author
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Milligan RA, Burke V, Dunbar DL, Spencer M, Balde E, Beilin LJ, and Gracey MP
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Alcohol Drinking epidemiology, Blood Pressure, Body Constitution, Cholesterol blood, Exercise, Female, Humans, Life Style, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Physical Fitness, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Smoking epidemiology, Cardiovascular Diseases epidemiology, Health Behavior
- Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to examine associations between cardiovascular risk factors and variables reflecting health-related behaviors in 18-year-old Australians., Methods: Anthropometry, blood pressure, nonfasting serum cholesterol, and physical fitness were measured in 301 male and 286 female Australian 18-year-olds. Usual physical activity, smoking, and drinking habits were assessed by questionnaire., Results: Systolic (SBP), with mean SBP higher by 14 mm Hg in males, related positively to weight for height for age and "unsafe" drinking (exceeding Australian national guidelines) and negatively to fitness and birth weight. Total cholesterol, which was positively associated with waist-hip ratio and negatively with fitness, was higher in females [mean 4.4 mmol/L, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.3, 4.5] than in males (mean 4.1 mmol/L, 95% CI 4.0, 4.2). In 24% of males and 48% of females, usual levels of physical activity were low, consistent with lower scores on fitness tests in females. Thirty percent of males and 24% of females regularly drank at "unsafe," levels while 26% of males and 29% of females smoked. Smoking was associated with "unsafe" drinking., Conclusion: Cardiovascular risk factors in 18-year-olds are related to smoking, "unsafe" drinking, and physical inactivity, particularly in females. These behaviors should be targeted in designing multimodal health promotion programs appropriate for these young adults.
- Published
- 1997
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Dietary fatty acids and progression of coronary artery disease in men.
- Author
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Watts GF, Jackson P, Burke V, and Lewis B
- Subjects
- Cholesterol blood, Coronary Angiography, Coronary Disease diagnostic imaging, Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated administration & dosage, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Oleic Acids administration & dosage, Palmitic Acid, Palmitic Acids administration & dosage, Risk Factors, Stearic Acids administration & dosage, Coronary Disease etiology, Dietary Fats administration & dosage, Fatty Acids administration & dosage, Oleic Acid
- Abstract
We examined associations between dietary fatty acids and progression of coronary artery disease (CAD) in 50 men receiving a lipid-lowering diet or usual care in the St Thomas' Atherosclerosis Regression Study. Nutrient intake was assessed by dietary history and computerized food tables. Progression of CAD over 39 mo, measured by a decrease in minimum absolute width of coronary segments (MinAWS) on angiography, was highly correlated with intakes of palmitic, stearic (18:0), palmitoleic, and elaidic (t-18:1) acids (P < 0.001); no protective effects were found with polyunsaturates. Total saturates and trans unsaturates explained 20% of variance in CAD progression. After adjustment for plasma cholesterol and other risk factors, change in MinAWS was most closely associated with intakes of 18:0 and t-18:1 fatty acids (P = 0.009). We suggest that progression of CAD in men is strongly related to intakes of both long-chain saturates and trans unsaturates, the effects of 18:0 and t-18:1 possibly being independent of plasma cholesterol concentration.
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Relationships between nutrient intake and progression/regression of coronary atherosclerosis as assessed by serial quantitative angiography.
- Author
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Watts GF, Lewis B, Jackson P, Burke V, Lewis ES, Brunt JN, and Coltart DJ
- Subjects
- Adult, Coronary Artery Disease diagnostic imaging, Coronary Artery Disease diet therapy, Dietary Fats administration & dosage, Disease Progression, Humans, Male, Coronary Angiography, Coronary Artery Disease physiopathology, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
- Abstract
To elucidate the direction and magnitude of effects of nutrition on coronary artery disease (CAD), the relation between nutrient intake and angiographic changes were examined in the course of a controlled dietary trial. Ninety men with symptomatic CAD and serum cholesterol greater than 232 mg/dL were entered into a randomized controlled trial of a lipid-lowering diet, or of diet plus cholestyramine, compared with usual cardiac care. Of those in the first and second groups, 50 patients completed the trial and are the subject of this report. Quantitative coronary angiography was performed at baseline and at 39 months. From repeated dietary assessment during the trial, mean nutrient intakes were computed, and their relationships with change of coronary artery narrowing were analyzed. Progression of coronary disease was directly, strongly and independently associated with intake of saturated fatty acids of chain length 14-18. This was not fully explained by the effects of saturated fat in raising serum cholesterol; after adjustment for low density lipoprotein cholesterol level, stearic acid (C18:0) intake remained independently predictive of progression. No 'protective' effect of linoleic, linolenic or eicosapentaenoic acid was demonstrable. Intake of trans fatty acids was directly related to progression. Together with the favourable treatment effects on angiographic appearance and clinical end-points, these findings provide further support for a causal role of saturated fats in CAD; restriction of foods containing such fats should be emphasized as part of regimens aimed to reduce progression of coronary atherosclerosis.
- Published
- 1995
42. Effects of varying dietary fat, fish, and fish oils on blood lipids in a randomized controlled trial in men at risk of heart disease.
- Author
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Mori TA, Vandongen R, Beilin LJ, Burke V, Morris J, and Ritchie J
- Subjects
- Adult, Animals, Cholesterol blood, Cholesterol, HDL blood, Cholesterol, LDL blood, Fatty Acids, Omega-3 administration & dosage, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Triglycerides blood, Diet, Dietary Fats administration & dosage, Fish Oils administration & dosage, Fishes, Heart Diseases blood, Lipids blood
- Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of incorporating fish with 40%- or 30%-fat diets and the differences in response to fish or fish oil omega 3 fats. Men with high-normal blood pressure and elevated serum cholesterol were randomly allocated to one of seven diets for 12 wk. Fish or fish oil with a 40%-fat diet increased total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, HDL2 cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol, and reduced triglycerides. The 30%-fat diet alone reduced cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol, with triglycerides unchanged. Fish with the 30%-fat diet reduced cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides and increased HDL2 cholesterol. This study has shown that plasma lipids are affected similarly by fish or fish oil in men consuming a 40%-fat diet. Adverse effects of omega 3 fats on total and LDL cholesterol are reversed by a 30%-fat diet, whereas one daily fish meal substantially lowers triglycerides and reverses the fall in HDL cholesterol that is usual with a low-fat diet.
- Published
- 1994
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Association of lifestyle and personality characteristics with blood pressure and hypertension: a cross-sectional study in the elderly.
- Author
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Burke V, Beilin LJ, German R, Grosskopf S, Ritchie J, Puddey IB, and Rogers P
- Subjects
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alcohol Drinking, Australia, Female, Humans, Hypertension drug therapy, Hypertension physiopathology, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Smoking, Socioeconomic Factors, Blood Pressure, Hypertension psychology, Life Style, Personality
- Abstract
The association between certain lifestyle and personality characteristics and blood pressure in the elderly was assessed in a cross-sectional study of 843 independent living 60-87 year old volunteers. They comprised 338 women and 505 men of whom 35 and 30% respectively were being treated with antihypertensive drugs. Among untreated volunteers, 28% of women and 28% of men had systolic blood pressure greater than 160 or diastolic blood pressure greater than 95. Isolated systolic hypertension was found in 20% of untreated women and 14% of untreated men. Lifestyle factors and personality characteristics associated with blood pressure were similar to those described in younger adult populations, although there were some differences related to gender and whether subjects were being treated for hypertension. Stepwise multiple regression showed that higher blood pressure was associated with greater body mass index (BMI), alcohol intake and coffee drinking and measures of irritability. Increased physical activity, and high values for measures of suspicion and extraversion were negatively related to blood pressure. Age was positively related to systolic, but not to diastolic blood pressure. The presence of hypertension was significantly associated with self-reports of raised cholesterol, diabetes or angina, as well as past history of heart failure, heart attack or stroke. Thus, in this elderly free-living population blood pressures are still significantly associated with behavioural characteristics which could be further investigated as an alternative or adjunct to antihypertensive therapy.
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Aeromonas species as enteric pathogens.
- Author
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Gracey M, Burke V, Rockhill RC, Suharyono, and Sunoto
- Subjects
- Aeromonas metabolism, Child, Enterotoxins biosynthesis, Humans, Aeromonas pathogenicity, Bacterial Infections, Diarrhea etiology
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Impaired gastric function in experimental malnutrition.
- Author
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Thomason H, Burke V, and Gracey M
- Subjects
- Animals, Intestine, Small microbiology, Pentagastrin pharmacology, Rats, Gastric Acid metabolism, Gastric Mucosa physiopathology, Protein Deficiency physiopathology
- Abstract
Selective dietary protein deprivation led to impaired pentagastrin stimulated gastric acid secretion in rats but was not simply due to lower body weights in the experimental group. This may be a significant pathophysiological factor in clinical malnutrition because of reduction of gastric acid control over bacterial populations in upper intestinal secretions.
- Published
- 1981
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Reduction by aspirin of intestinal fluid-loss in acute childhood gastroenteritis.
- Author
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Burke V, Gracey M, Suharyono, and Sunoto
- Subjects
- Aspirin therapeutic use, Bacterial Infections, Body Weight drug effects, Clinical Trials as Topic, Double-Blind Method, Female, Gastroenteritis etiology, Humans, Infant, Intestinal Secretions drug effects, Male, Secretory Rate drug effects, Aspirin pharmacology, Dehydration prevention & control, Diarrhea, Infantile prevention & control, Gastroenteritis drug therapy
- Abstract
Soluble aspirin was given by mouth in therapeutic doses in a double-blind trial to malnourished infants and young children with gastroenteritis and dehydration. Faecal fluid-losses were reduced and weight-grain was enhanced in the group given aspirin. These effects were statistically significant when compared with those obtained with a placebo preparation and in a group of patients given supportive therapy but no specific drug treatment. The results suggest that aspirin may be useful in reducing intestinal fluid-loss in childhood gastroenteritis. Before the widespread use of aspirin can be recommended, its effects in patients not under hospital supervision must be determined.
- Published
- 1980
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Clostridium difficile and its toxins.
- Author
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Riley TV, Bowman RA, Robinson J, and Burke V
- Subjects
- Adult, Animals, Clostridium isolation & purification, Humans, Mice, Rats, Clostridium Infections complications, Diarrhea etiology, Toxins, Biological
- Published
- 1983
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Aeromonas-associated gastroenteritis.
- Author
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Gracey M, Burke V, and Robinson J
- Subjects
- Aeromonas isolation & purification, Aeromonas metabolism, Australia, Child, Child, Preschool, Diarrhea, Infantile etiology, Diarrhea, Infantile microbiology, Enterotoxins biosynthesis, Enterotoxins isolation & purification, Feces microbiology, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Prospective Studies, Bacterial Infections, Gastroenteritis etiology
- Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Aeromonas spp. were isolated from 118 (10.2%) children with diarrhoea and 7 (0.6%) of those without diarrhoea in a prospective, year-long study of 1156 children with gastroenteritis and the same number of age and sex matched controls. In Perth, Western Australia, aeromonas-associated diarrhoea is distinctly seasonal with a sharp summer peak. The disease most commonly presents in children under two years of age as watery diarrhoea of short duration and mild fever which require no specific treatment. In more than one-third of patients diarrhoea lasted for over 2 weeks and in almost one-quarter there was a dysentery-like illness. In some patients with aeromonas-associated diarrhoea the clinical features could be regarded as suggestive of ulcerative colitis.
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Effect of microorganisms isolated from the upper gut of malnourished children on intestinal sugar absorption in vivo.
- Author
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Gracey M, Burke V, Thomas JA, and Stone DE
- Subjects
- Animals, Candida, Child, Preschool, Diarrhea etiology, Escherichia coli, Female, Humans, Infant, Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Male, Pseudomonas, Rats, Species Specificity, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Arbutin metabolism, Digestive System microbiology, Intestinal Absorption, Nutrition Disorders microbiology, Plants, Medicinal metabolism
- Abstract
The effect of microorganisms isolated from the upper gastrointestinal tract of malnourished children on intestinal sugar absorption was studied in rats in vivo. Pure cultures of organisms were grown overnight in a nutrient broth and the resultant supernatant fluid which contained microorganisms in similar numbers to those found in the patients was used as the basic solution for jejunal perfusions which were done in anesthetized adult Wistar rats. The substrate used was arbutin (p-hydroxphenyl-beta-glucoside), a recognized marker of intestinal active sugar transport. Of the gram-positive cocci studied, only the saprophyte, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, did not adversely affect the intestinal absorption of arbutin. The only gram-positive rod studied, a lactobacillus, also significantly inhibited arbutin absorption. Of the Enterobacteriaciae studied, Salmonella paratyphi B, a Shigella and Proteus sp. did not affect arbutin absorption. All the species of Escherichia coli studied, including a nonpathogenic variety, inhibited absorption. Klebsiella sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were also effective. Of the Candida sp., C. albicans and C. parapsilosis were inhibitory while C. tropicalis was not. These results suggest that microorganisms not generally considered enteropathogenic may adversely affect intestinal function when present in the lumen of the gut in excessive numbers and contribute to the production of diarrhea in children with malnutrition.
- Published
- 1975
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Association of monosaccharide malabsorption with abnormal small-intestinal flora.
- Author
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Gracey M, Burke V, and Anderson CA
- Subjects
- Bile Acids and Salts analysis, Enterobacter isolation & purification, Escherichia coli isolation & purification, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Intestinal Absorption, Intestine, Small microbiology, Monosaccharides metabolism
- Published
- 1969
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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