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Climate change is now recognized as a reality and along with human pressures such as river fragmentation by dams, amplifies the threats to freshwater ecosystems and their biodiversity. In the Brazilian portion of the Upper Paraguay River Basin (UPRB) that encompasses the Pantanal, one of the largest tropical wetlands in the world, in addition to the high biodiversity found there, fisheries are an important ecosystem service mostly supported by migratory fishes. We estimated the current range of migratory fish of commercial interest, also assessing the climate change effects predicted on the distribution patterns. Then, we assessed the effects of future climate on fish richness, and combining species ranges with routes blocked by artificial dams investigated possible impacts on fishery and food security in the UPRB. Climate change will induce range contraction between 47% and 100% for the species analyzed, and only four migratory fish may have suitable habitat until the end-of-century. The local richness will reduce about 85% in the basin. River fragmentation by dams acting together with climate change will prevent upstream shifts for most fish species. About 4% of present range and up to 45% of future range of migratory fish should be blocked by dams in UPRB. Consequently, this will also negatively affect fishery yield and food security in the future., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This paper aims to find mechanisms to align commercial interests with underwater noise reductions from commercial shipping. Through a survey and a series of interviews with representative stakeholders, we find that while acknowledging the wide variations in ports' specificities, port actions could support the reduction in underwater noise emissions from commercial shipping through changes in hull, propeller and engine design, and through operational measures associated with reduced speed, change of route and travel in convoy. Though the impact of underwater noise emissions on marine fauna is increasingly shown to be serious and wide-spread, there is uncertainty in the mechanisms, the contexts, and the levels which should lead to action, requiring precautionary management. Vessels owners are already dealing with significant investment and operating costs to comply with fuel, ballast water, NOx and CO2 requirements. To be successful, underwater noise programs should align with these factors. Based on a multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) approach, we find a set of compromise solutions for a wide range of stakeholders. Ports could propose actions such as discounted port fees and reduced ship waiting times at ports, both depending on underwater noise performance. Cooperation between ports to scale up actions through environmental indexes and classification societies' notations, and integration with other ports' actions could help support this. However, few vessels know their underwater noise baseline as there are very few hydrophone stations, and measurement methodologies are not standardized. Costs increase and availability decreases dramatically if the vessel buyer wants to improve the noise profile. Local demands regarding airborne noise close to airports boosted global pressure on the aviation industry to adopt existing quieting technology. This experience of the aviation noise control could inform the underwater noise process., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Although drinking problems are now well documented in adolescents and young people, few data are available on alcohol use in children younger than 12. In France, studies have shown that 60-70% of 11-year-olds reported having tasted alcohol drinks, 4-7% having experienced drunkenness at least once, and that 5-8% might be regarded as "regular" alcohol users. By comparison, the prevalence of child drinking in the United States seems to be lower. All studies show that parental alcohol-specific attitudes and parental educational practices have a strong influence on the initiation of alcohol use in children. Some of them also indicate that early-onset drinking in children may be related to psychosocial functioning in other life areas, such as problem behaviors, low school engagement, and poor relationships with parents, in association with temperamental and environmental risk factors similar to those described in substance use disorders. Since epidemiological studies showed that early initiation of alcohol use is linked to later alcohol-related problems, these data call for further attention to children's perceptions and attitudes with respect to alcohol in research to prevent alcohol misuse., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Among young adolescents, early use of alcohol has been shown to be related to later alcohol use disorders and alcohol-related problems in numerous epidemiologic studies. However, if drinking problems are now well documented in young people, few data are available on alcohol use in children and young adolescents. The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions and attitudes with respect to alcohol use among young adolescents entering their first year of secondary school (mean age, 11.5 years). Data were collected from the ESPACE program, a preventive program conducted in the educational district of Limoges, France. Of the 2268 respondents with complete data, 73.4% (77.1% in males vs. 69.9% in females; P<0.001) reported having tasted alcohol drinks and 3.7% (4.9% in males vs. 2.6% in females; P=0.004) having experienced drunkenness at least once. Of these adolescents, 5.4% (8.5% in males vs. 2.4% in females, P<0.001) reported consuming alcohol at least once per month, which may be considered as a sort of regular drinking pattern. Taking age, sex, and level of alcohol consumption into account, experience of drunkenness (21.9% in regular users vs. 3.7% in occasional users), tobacco use (25.8% in regular users vs. 12.6% in occasional users and 1.5% in nonusers) and cannabis use (6.0% in regular users vs. 0.9% in occasional users and 0.2% in nonusers) were found to be significantly more frequent in regular alcohol users than in other students (P<0.001). Data analysis also showed that regular alcohol users felt significantly more frequently depressed, lacking self-assurance, dissatisfied with their physical appearance and their way of life, and they felt that they exhibited significantly more impairments in their interactions with parents, peers, and the school environment. Similarly, they were found to have significantly more frequently an inclination for risk behaviors and a significantly more positive view of drinking than other students. These results look almost like those reported in adolescents and young people, and show that the alcohol abuse pattern is drawn early in childhood. They also highlight the value of epidemiologic investigations for planning preventive interventions., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The process of consent to healthcare decisions in children and adolescents often set physicians difficult problems. From what age is a child able to understand the information given to him or her about illness and treatment? Is an ill child indeed in the capacity to give his or her voluntary consent to treatment? How to define and to assess the capacity of an ill child to take part in treatment decisions? More than the age of the child, it is his or her level of cognitive, emotional and social development and its interactions with illness that will determine his or her degree of involvement in the decision-making process. There is a moral and ethical need to respect the rights and autonomy of every individual, regardless of age. This does not mean viewing children and adolescents as rational and autonomous decision-makers. This implies that we must promote their developmentally appropriate participation in shared decision-making with parents and physicians. Therefore, instead of asking, "should children and adolescents be granted absolute autonomy in decision making?" we ought to ask, "should we treat children and adolescents like people?", (Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Relative to placebo, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are efficacious for paediatric affective disorders, although their clinical effects appear relatively modest in major depressive disorder, intermediate in obsessive-compulsive disorder, and stronger in anxiety disorders. If SSRIs modestly increase the risk of occurrence of suicidal ideation and behavior, several studies show that their use is associated with a significant decrease in the suicide rates in children and adolescents, probably because of their efficacy, compliance, and low toxicity in overdose.

Unlabelled: Hospitalisation often remains stressful for adolescents. Therefore the improvement of life conditions and management of poorly adolescents during their hospital stay grows into an important concern in the medical staff. However, there is a lack of standardized instruments for an objective and reproducible assessment of problems related to this subject. The Hospital Stress Rating Scale (HSRS), validated in hospitalized adult patients, seems to be an interesting tool allowing an assessment of the level of stress and to specify the stressful factors., Subjects and Methods: During ten months, 107 adolescent inpatients, 39 males and 68 females, aged on average 13.5 +/-1.5 years, were included in the study. In addition to the HSRS, in a version adapted for adolescents, two other self-report questionnaires were used: the Toulouse Stress Rating Scale (TSRS), which is a rating scale validated to assess the level of stress and to identify the clinical manifestations of stress in adolescents, and the Toulouse Coping Rating Scale (TCRS), which is a rating scale validated to assess the coping style of adolescents in stressful situations. The sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the studied subjects were collected by a standardized questionnaire., Results: A significant correlation was found between the HSRS mean total score and the TSRS mean total score. The HSRS item by item analysis showed that the nature of the stressors varied according to the clinical characteristics of the subjects. Lastly, the coping style was found having a significant influence on the level of stress reported by the subjects., Conclusion: Even if they were obtained in a relatively small sample, these results show that the HSRS is a useful tool to assess the stress reported by the hospitalized adolescents. Such an instrument may be useful to plan aid and preventive strategies and to assess their impact in hospitalized adolescents.

Since the 50s, the role of implicit theories in the organization and interpretation of information has gained increasing acceptance among both cognitive and social psychologists. These implicit theories refer to the two different assumptions people may make about the malleability of personal attributes. They may believe that a highly valued personal attribute, such as intelligence or morality, is fixed, i.e. a nonmalleable trait-like entity (entity theory), or that the attribute is a malleable quality that can be changed and developed (incremental theory). The identification of these two theories allows us to understand the cognition, emotion and behavior of individuals in achievement situations. Many studies carried out in the primary school show that children who hold an entity theory of personal attribute (i.e. they consider badness like a stable quality) have a strong tendency to attribute their failures to a fixed trait. They are more likely to attribute failures to their bad abilities. In contrast, children who hold an incremental theory of personal attribute (i.e. they consider badness as a malleable quality) are more likely to understand the same negative outcomes in terms of specific factors: they attribute them to a lack of effort. In addition, several studies have shown that entity theorists are more likely than incremental theorists to react helplessly in the face of failure. They are more likely to show negative affect and behaviors. This helpless response pattern is characterized by a lack of persistence. In contrast, incremental theorists try harder and develop better strategies and continue to work. Finally, several studies demonstrate that environmental factors play an important role in the implicit theories elaboration.

Introduction: Choking phobia has been rarely described in the literature and its prevalence has not yet been determined. Because of its clinical picture (female predominance, avoidance or refusal of certain foodstuffs, secondary weight loss, associated obsessive-compulsive symptoms), it is often misdiagnosed as anorexia nervosa., Case Report: The authors describe the case of an 11-year-old girl, hospitalised for anorexia, who actually had choking phobia. Following a long history of anxiety disorders (including separation anxiety, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder), the choking phobia had been triggered by a traumatic choking episode occurred in her grandfather. The disorder was successfully treated by cognitive-behavioural techniques associated with an antidepressant therapy., Conclusion: This typical case questions the relationships between choking phobia and the other anxiety disorders of childhood and adolescence. According to data from the literature, the authors conclude that choking phobia may be regarded as a non developmental specific phobia, whose occurrence is facilitated by the presence of pre-existing anxiety disorders. The disorder is usually improved by cognitive-behavioural treatment.

The study of the cognitive abilities of hearing-impaired children is important for both practical (e.g. to determine appropriate teaching strategies) and theoretical reasons (e.g. to examine the role of language in thought processes). The aim of this paper is to examine the cognitive function of hearing-impaired children from a review of the literature. If most studies show that deaf children are similar to normal children in virtually all aspects of cognitive function, many studies also emphasize pronounced differences in their academic achievement. Besides the degree of hearing loss and the age at onset of deafness, environmental factors (such as parental support and educational methods) seem to play an important role in the cognitive development and academic success of these children. This underlines the importance of the measures adopted for the deaf children as they may have a positive or negative impact on their development.

Background: The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence and correlates of sleep problems in adolescents., Methods: A total of 763 students chosen at random among the 15 secondary schools of a French département were given a self-report questionnaire., Results: As much as 40.8% reported at least one of the five sleep disturbances we studied including difficulties falling asleep and staying asleep, a need for more sleep, early awakenings, and chronic sleeping pill intake. These sleep problems were highly related to various personal and family disorders. Discriminant analysis for categorical data pointed to a consistent but not significant descriptive profile accounting for sleep problems in these students. Suicide, weight concerns, and stimulant abuse were the most informative personal correlates as parts of this profile., Conclusion: These findings suggest that the complaint of poor sleep should be regarded with special care in adolescents as a possibly meaningful and sensitive sign of severe family or personal disruption.