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Objective: To systematically review the factors influencing thirst in ICU patients, providing a reference for effective management of thirst in ICU patients and the formulation of intervention measures., Methods: A total of 12 electronic databases were searched from inception to July 2023. The synthesis method of JBI mixed methods research systematic review was used. The quantitative studies were analyzed by Stata17.0 and RevMan 5.3 software, and the qualitative studies by meta-aggregation., Results: A total of 13 studies were included, including 2 qualitative studies and 11 quantitative studies. The quantitative study was carried out by meta-aggregation, extracting seven categories to form two synthesized findings. Quantitative meta-analysis revealed that 11 factors, including marital status, whether to use mechanical ventilation for the first time, air leakage, mechanical ventilation mode, simplified acute physiology score, respiratory rate, mask comfort, serum sodium concentration, breathing pattern, diuretics, and vasoactive drugs, were all associated with the occurrence of thirst in ICU patients. The qualitative and quantitative results were integrated into 5 categories, namely personal characteristics and lifestyle, disease factors, treatment factors, psychological factors, and nurse factors., Conclusions: Thirst is a prevalent and severe issue among ICU patients, and effective interventions are required to address it. Considering its various causes, managing thirst in ICU patients should involve multiple levels of intervention. Treatment-related factors contribute significantly to thirst, and these factors should be taken into consideration when developing a thirst management strategy. Personal characteristics and lifestyle, psychological factors, drug-related factors, and nursing factors should be identified and optimized as soon as possible., Implications for Clinical Practice: Healthcare professionals should pay attention to thirst symptoms in ICU patients and promptly take effective preventive or intervention measures based on the influencing factors., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Mule ducks accumulate a large amount of fat in their livers when fed high-energy feed, which is predominantly used for producing fatty livers. Nevertheless, there is limited research on the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of fatty liver in mule ducks. Fatty acid translocase (CD36) is a sensor for fatty acids and lipid metabolism regulator, which may play a crucial role in the accumulation of fat in the liver of mule ducks. In this study, Overexpression and CD36 gene interference for 24 h was followed by induction of liver cells with 400 µmol/L palmitic acid (PA) for 24 h. The results demonstrated that CD36 overexpression increased hepatic triglyceride content, lipid droplet deposition, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis. However, interference with CD36 had the opposite effect. CD36 overexpression suppressed the expression of AMPK and CPT-1A genes but enhanced the expression of ACC1 and LKB1 genes, with interference yielding contrasting results. Additionally, the expression of CD36 inhibited the AMPK pathway, reduced AMPK phosphorylation, downregulated AMPK protein expression, and upregulated SREBP1 protein expression. This promoted palmitic acid-induced hepatocyte fat accumulation. In summary, CD36 promotes palmitic acid-induced fat accumulation in primary mule duck liver cells through the AMPK signaling pathway., Competing Interests: DISCLOSURES The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Ying-Xiu Hu reports financial support was provided by Science and Technology Innovation Special Fund of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Objectives: This study aimed to propose a standardized protocol for the fabrication of three-dimensionally (3D)-printed curvature-adaptive splints (CASs) and assess the precision of CASs on dentitions with different depths of the curve of Spee (COS)., Methods: 76 lower dental resin models, each exhibiting one of the four types of COS (0-, 2-, 4-, and 6-mm deep), were selected and digitally scanned. CASs were designed, 3D printed, and grouped into C0, C2, C4, and C6, corresponding to the four types of COS depths. To assess precision, the CASs occluded with the resin model were scanned as a whole and compared with the originally designed ones., Results: In terms of translational deviations observed in the CASs, the mean value of absolute sagittal deviation (0.136 mm) was significantly higher than those of vertical (0.091 mm) and transversal deviations (0.045 mm) (P < 0.01). Regarding rotational deviations of the CASs, the mean deviation in pitch (0.323°) was significantly higher than those in yaw (0.083°) and roll (0.110°) (P < 0.01). However, when comparing the accuracy of CASs across C0, C2, C4, and C6 groups, no statistically significant difference was found. Additionally, the translational deviations, rotational deviations, and RMSE of all groups were significantly lower than the clinically acceptable limits of 0.5 mm, 1°, and 0.25 mm, respectively (P < 0.01)., Conclusions: The depth of the COS has no significant impact on the precision of CASs, as evidenced by the absence of statistically significant differences in translational, rotational deviations, and RMSE among all groups (C0, C2, C4, and C6). Moreover, despite relatively high deviations in the sagittal dimension and pitch, all dimensional deviations and RMSE remained statistically significantly lower than the corresponding clinically acceptable limits (CALs) in all groups., Clinical Significance: This standardized protocol incorporating "curvature-adaptation" represents an optimized approach to fabricating diverse 3D-printed splints tailored to dentitions with different anatomical features in contemporary digital dentistry., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Mule ducks tend to accumulate abundant fat in their livers via feeding, which leads to the formation of a fatty liver that is several times larger than a normal liver. However, the mechanism underlying fatty liver formation has not yet been elucidated. Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1), a member of the FGF superfamily, is involved in cellular lipid metabolism and mitosis. This study aims to investigate the regulatory effect of FGF1 on lipid metabolism disorders induced by complex fatty acids in primary mule duck liver cells and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism. Hepatocytes were induced by adding 1,500:750 µmol/L oleic and palmitic acid concentrations for 36 h, which were stimulated with FGF1 concentrations of 0, 10, 100, and 1000 ng/mL for 12 h. The results showed that FGF1 significantly reduced the hepatic lipid droplet deposition and triglyceride content induced by complex fatty acids; it also reduced oxidative stress; decreased reactive oxygen species fluorescence intensity and malondialdehyde content; upregulated the expression of antioxidant factors nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), HO-1, and NQO-1; significantly enhanced liver cell activity; promoted cell cycle progression; inhibited cell apoptosis; upregulated cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) and BCL-2 mRNA expression; and downregulated Bax and Caspase-3 expression. In addition, FGF1 promoted AMPK phosphorylation, activated the AMPK pathway, upregulated AMPK gene expression, and downregulated the expression of SREBP1 and ACC1 genes, thereby alleviating excessive fat accumulation in liver cells induced by complex fatty acids. In summary, FGF1 may alleviate lipid metabolism disorders induced by complex fatty acids in primary mule duck liver cells by activating the AMPK signaling pathway., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Prediction of lip prominence based on hard-tissue measurements could be helpful in orthodontic treatment planning and has been challenging and formidable thus far., Methods: A machine learning-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 1549 patients. Hard-tissue measurements and demographic information were used as the input features. Seven popular machine learning algorithms were applied to the datasets to predict upper and lower lip prominence. The algorithm that performed the best was selected for the construction of the prediction model. Evaluation of feature importance was conducted using 3 classical methods., Results: Among the 7 algorithms, the XGBoost model performed the best in the prediction of the distances between labrale superius or labrale inferius to the esthetics plane (UL-EP and LL-EP distances), with root mean square error values of 1.25, 1.49 and r 2 values of 0.755 and 0.683, respectively. Among the 14 input features, the L1-NB distance contributed the most to the prominences of the upper and lower lips. A lip prominence predictor was developed to facilitate clinical application by deploying the prediction model into a downloadable tool kit., Conclusions: The XGBoost model performed well with high accuracy and practicability in predicting upper and lower lip prominence. The artificial intelligence-aided predictor could serve as a reference for orthodontic treatment planning., (Copyright © 2023 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Treatments for malignant bone tumors are urgently needed to be developed due to the dilemma of precise resection of tumor tissue and subsequent bone defects. Although polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) has widely attracted attention in the orthopedic field, its bioinertness and poor osteogenic properties significantly restrict its applications in bone tumor treatment. To tackle the daunting issue, we use a hydrothermal technique to fabricate novel PEEK scaffolds modified with molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) nanosheets and hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles. Our dual-effect synergistic PEEK scaffolds exhibit perfect photothermal therapeutic (PTT) property dependent on molybdous ion (Mo 2+ ) concentration and laser power density, superior to conventional PEEK scaffolds. Under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, the viability of MG63 osteosarcoma cells is significantly reduced by modified PEEK scaffolds, indicating a tumor-killing potential in vitro. Furthermore, the incorporation of HA nanoparticles on the surface of PEEK bolsters proliferation and adherence of MC3T3-E1 cells, boosting mineralization for further bone defect repair. The results of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and histological analysis of 4-week treated rat femora demonstrate the preeminent photothermal and osteogenesis capacity of 3D-printed modified scaffolds in vivo. In conclusion, the dual-effect synergistic orthopedic implant with photothermal anticancer property and osteogenic induction activity strikes a balance between tumor treatment and bone development promotion, offering a promising future therapeutic option., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Objective: To compare the bracket bonding accuracy, efficiency, reproducibility, and three-dimensional (3D) printing duration of the computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) unilateral contact guided bonding device (GBD-U) and the bilateral contact guided bonding device (GBD-B) in vitro., Methods: Five resin dental model sets were scanned and virtually bonded with brackets. GBD-U and GBD-B were designed and 3D printed for each model. GBD-Us had guide blocks that fit the occlusal sides of the bracket tie-wings, while GBD-Bs had guide arms that fit the occlusal and distal sides of the tie-wings. Five orthodontic residents were recruited to bond brackets on the same 3D-printed copies of resin models in a dental mannequin using GBD-Us and GBD-Bs, respectively. The time for 3D printing of GBDs and bracket bonding was recorded. The linear and angular deviations between the bonded brackets and the virtually bonded ones were measured., Results: A total of 50 sets of resin models (1000 brackets/tubes) were bonded. The time for 3D printing and bracket bonding was shorter for GBD-Us (41.96 mins/6.38 mins) than for GBD-Bs (78.04 mins/7.20 mins). In both devices, 100% linear deviations and over 95% angular deviations were below 0.5 mm or 2°, respectively. Deviations in the mesiodistal dimension, torque, angulation, and rotation were significantly lower in the GBD-U group (P<0.01). High inter-operator reproducibility of bracket bonding was confirmed for both devices., Conclusion: GBD-U was more time-efficient in 3D printing. Both GBDs showed clinically acceptable accuracy, whereas GBD-U had higher bonding accuracy in the mesiodistal dimension, torque, angulation, and rotation than GBD-B., Clinical Significance: CAD/CAM GBD-U provides high bracket bonding accuracy in a time-efficient manner and has the potential to be clinically applied., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Despite the high prevalence of postdialysis fatigue (PDF) in maintenance hemodialysis patients, no meta-analysis on the prevalence and risk factors of PDF has yet been published. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of PDF and explore its related factors., Methods: PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and the four Chinese databases (National Knowledge Infrastructure [CNKI], Chinese Biomedical Literature database [SinoMed], Wanfang Digital Periodicals [WANFANG], and Chinese Science and Technology Periodicals [VIP] database) were searched from inception up to July 2022. This study was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. The articles were independently searched by two reviewers, and the relevant data were extracted. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality was used to assess the quality of the included studies., Results: Thirteen articles with 2,118 participants were included. The pooled prevalence was 60.0%. The meta-analysis results revealed that the ultrafiltration volume, mean arterial pressure after dialysis, and good sleep quality were potentially associated with PDF, whereas only good sleep quality (odds ratio 0.24, 95% confidence interval 0.19-0.30) was significantly associated with PDF., Conclusion: PDF is common in maintenance hemodialysis patients, which is related to the ultrafiltration volume, sleep quality, and mean arterial pressure after dialysis. However, the mechanism underlying the risk factors and PDF remains unknown. Further research is warranted to investigate the risk factors, intervention, treatment, and mechanism in maintenance hemodialysis patients., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

A 22-year-old woman visited the hospital complaining of lip protrusion, crowded teeth, and a gummy smile. The clinical examination showed a convex profile with a hyperdivergent mandible and a severe gummy smile in both anterior and posterior regions. The unstable mandible position was considered during treatment planning, and a targeted mechanic system was carefully designed. Temporary skeletal anchorage devices in the posterior dental region and a transpalatal arch were introduced as anchorage for the intrusion of the entire maxillary dentition and controlled retraction of the anterior teeth. Based on effective and simple mechanisms, we successfully eliminated the severe gummy smile and improved the facial aesthetics with the aid of conventional appliances. This approach provided an alternative option to orthognathic surgery or bulky invasive miniscrews for treatment of skeletal Class II malocclusion with severe gummy smile., (Copyright © 2022 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Smile analysis in horizontally angled views is indispensable for esthetic assessment and could reveal teeth-to-lip disharmony, which might escape discovery in the frontal and profile views. However, evidence is lacking on where the anterior teeth should be positioned for esthetics in angled smiles., Methods: Based on 3-dimensional facial image processing and geometric analysis, the lip edges were projected to the horizontal plane, and the horizontal teeth-to-lip relation was simplified and represented by the distances from dental landmarks to lower bow-shaped curves (LBSC), with the distance from facial-axis (FA) point of the canine to LBSC (FA-tangent line [TL] distance) identified as the key parameter. Using photographic modification and esthetic assessment, the effect of FA-TL distances on the attractiveness of 45° angled smiles was tested, with esthetic ranges identified. A simplified method was developed to obtain the estimative LBSC and FA-TL distances using 2-dimensional photographs and geometric analysis to facilitate clinical application., Results: The FA-TL distance remarkably affected the esthetics of 45° angled smiles. Smiles were attractive when the FA-TL distance ranged from -1.0 to 1.5 mm perceived by orthodontists and from -1.5 to 1.5 mm perceived by laypersons. The 2-dimensional photograph-derived estimative FA-TL distance was not significantly different from that obtained in a 3-dimensional image, validating the simplified method., Conclusions: The LBSC could serve as a reference frame to determine the lateral limit of the maxillary anterior arch for the esthetics of 45° angled smiles. The FA-TL distance, which represented the spatial relation of the maxillary canine with the lower lip, was an esthetically essential parameter. For females aged 20-30 years, the FA point of the maxillary canines should be positioned no more than 1.5 mm labial or lingual to the LBSC., (Copyright © 2022 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Guided bone regeneration technique is an effective approach to repair bone defects, in which a barrier membrane is essential. However, the collagen barrier membranes commonly used lose stability quickly, leading to connective tissue invasion and failure of osteogenesis. Herein, we presented an oxidized sodium alginate (OSA)-collagen heterogeneous bilayer barrier membrane with well-controlled pore size and osteogenesis-promoting ability. The OSA crosslinking significantly improved the structural stability, compressive strength, swelling behavior, and slowed down the biodegradation rate of collagen membranes. Meanwhile, the collagen-based membranes exhibited superior cytocompatibility, osteogenesis-promotion, and barrier function against fibroblasts. Especially, the osteogenic differentiation was most promoted on the membrane with a large pore size (240-310 μm), while the barrier function was most improved on the membrane with a small pore size (30-60 μm). Then the above two membranes were combined together to obtain a heterogeneous bilayer membrane. This bilayer barrier membrane showed excellent osteogenesis-promoting ability in rats., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The existing approaches for healing mandibular condylar osteochondral defects, which are prevalent in temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD), are sparse and not reparative. To address this, regenerative medicine in situ has transpired as a potential therapeutic solution as it can effectively regenerate composite tissues. Herein, injectable self-crosslinking thiolated hyaluronic acid (HA-SH)/type I collagen (Col I) blend hydrogel and BCP ceramics combined with rabbit bone mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs)/chondrocytes were used to fabricate a new bi-layer scaffold to simulate specific structure of rabbit condylar osteochondral defects. The in vitro results demonstrated that the blend hydrogel scaffold provided suitable microenvironment for simultaneously realizing proliferation and chondrogenic specific matrix secretion of both rBMSCs and chondrocytes, while BCP ceramics facilitated rBMSCs proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. The in vivo results confirmed that compared with cell-free implant, the rBMSCs/chondrocytes-loaded bi-layer scaffold could effectively promote the regeneration of both fibrocartilage and subchondral bone, suggesting that the bi-layer scaffold presented a promising option for cell-mediated mandibular condylar cartilage regeneration., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest There are no conflicts to declare., (Copyright © 2021 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has attracted worldwide concerns because of its high person-to-person infectivity and lethality, and it was labeled as a pandemic as the rapid increase in the number of confirmed patients in most areas around the world became evident. The SARS-CoV-2 is mainly transmitted through respiratory droplets and close contact. There is also evidence of transmission through aerosols and digestive tracts. Because orthodontic treatment involves a large population who need routine return-visits, it was significantly affected and suspended because of the COVID-19 pandemic and the shutdown of the dental clinics and hospitals. Although the spread of COVID-19 has been effectively controlled in China, and many areas have gradually resumed work and classes, orthodontic participants are still under high risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This is due to the fact that the asymptomatic carriers of SARS-CoV-2 or patients in the incubation period may cause the cross-infection between orthodontic practitioners and patients. The close proximity between the practitioners and the patients, and the generation of droplets and aerosols that contain saliva and blood during treatment further increase the risks of transmission. In this article, we summarized the preventive strategies for control of SARS-CoV-2 transmission to protect both staff and patients during the orthodontic practice., (Copyright © 2020 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: A protocol was introduced to achieve accurate bracket placement in vivo, which consisted of operative procedures for precise control, and a computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing-guided bonding device. To evaluate the accuracy of this protocol, a 3-dimensional assessment was performed., Methods: Ten consecutive patients were enrolled. Strictly following the protocol, from December 2017 to March 2018, brackets were placed on the teeth of each patient using the device. To evaluate the accuracy, deviations of positions and orientations for bracket placement were measured. Each patient was followed up after 3 months regarding bracket failures., Results: The guided bonding device was used in all cases, and a total of 205 brackets were successfully bonded and evaluated. Except for 15.12% brackets with torque deviation over 2°, the deviations in mesiodistal, buccolingual, vertical, rotation, and angulation were below the clinical acceptable range (0.5 mm in translation or 2° in orientation) for all brackets. In the 3-month follow-up, there was no bracket failure in any patient., Conclusion: This protocol transferred the planned bracket position from the digital setup to patient's dentition with generally high positional accuracy., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

The development of transgenic technologies in the Cashmere goat (Capra hircus) has the potential to improve the quality of the meat and wool. The piggyBac (PB) transposon system is highly efficient and can be used to transpose specific target genes into the genome. Here, we developed a PB transposon system to produce transgenic Cashmere goat fetal fibroblasts (GFFs) with the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). We then used the genetically modified GFFs as nuclear donors to generate transgenic embryos by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The embryos (n = 40) were implanted into female goats (n = 20). One transgenic kid that expressed EGFP throughout the surface features of its body was born. This result demonstrated the usefulness of PB transposon system in generating transgenic Cashmere goats., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of buccolingual inclinations of the maxillary canines and premolars on the perceived attractiveness of the smile when viewed from the frontal perspective., Methods: A smiling frontal photograph was taken of a man. A 3-dimensional digital dental model of this subject was constructed within which the buccolingual inclinations of the canines and premolars could be altered relative to the occlusal plane. Three-dimensional models of the altered digital models were then printed in resin and mounted on articulators. Frontal photos of the mounted models were taken and transferred to the smile image. A series of images was produced with the canines and premolars inclined buccally or lingually by different degrees. The smile images were assessed by 2 panels, orthodontists and laypeople., Results: There was a broad range of esthetic acceptability for the buccolingual inclinations of the maxillary canines and premolars. The range of preferred inclinations was not as broad. Smile esthetics was significantly compromised (P <0.01) when the canines were lingually inclined more than -12°, or the premolars were lingually inclined more than -15°, as perceived by orthodontists and laypersons. Buccally tipping the canines more than 6° also made the smile esthetics less satisfying (P <0.01)., Conclusions: It could be esthetically satisfying to position the teeth within the ranges of 0° to -7° of inclination for the canines and -3° to -11° of inclination for the premolars, as assessed by the orthodontists, or of 3° to -10° of inclination for the canines and 5° to -11° of inclination for the premolars, as assessed by the laypersons. Clinicians could exercise flexibility within this range, when compromising tooth positions for transverse jaw discrepancies., (Copyright © 2015 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The Fränkel function regulator III appliance (FR-3) has been used to correct Class III malocclusions for many years; however, its treatment effectiveness is controversial. In this study, we aimed to assess the effectiveness of the FR-3 in treating patients with Class III malocclusion in the growth and development period., Methods: Medline (via PubMed), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, Scirus, Lilacs, Scopus, and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform were searched electronically. Relevant journals and reference lists of included studies were manually searched. The quality of the included studies was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. The meta-analysis was carried out using RevMan (version 5.2; Nordic Cochrane Centre, Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark)., Results: Seven high-quality cohort studies were included. The meta-analysis showed that SNA changes did not differ in the short (mean difference, 0.43°; 95% CI, -0.52°-1.39°) and long (mean difference, 0.37°; 95% CI, -0.29°-1.03°) terms. However, SNB changes significantly differed in the short (mean difference, -1.62°; 95% CI, -2.62° to -0.62°) and long (mean difference, -1.50°; 95% CI, -2.12° to -0.88°) terms. By contrast, MPA changes did not differ in the short term (mean difference, 0.55°; 95% CI, -0.74°-1.84°)., Conclusions: Clinical evidence suggests that the FR-3 might restrict mandibular growth but not stimulate forward movement of the maxilla. Further high-quality studies are necessary to confirm the effectiveness of the FR-3., (Copyright © 2014 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: In this study, we aimed to explore the expressions of α-smooth muscle actin, collagen type I, collagen type III, and osteocalcin in the periodontal ligament (PDL) under orthodontic loading, and to investigate the effect of myofibroblasts on collagen synthesis and osteocalcin production., Methods: The teeth in the right maxillae of the rats were orthodontically loaded while the contralateral teeth remained unloaded as controls. The total 30 rats were divided into 5 groups, with each group corresponding to a treatment duration (0, 3, 5, 7, or 14 days, respectively). The expressions of α-smooth muscle actin, collagen type I, collagen type III, and osteocalcin in the tension area of the PDL over time were analyzed by immunochemistry staining. For the in-vitro study, the expressions of α-smooth muscle actin, collagen type I, collagen type III, and osteocalcin in the myofibroblasts and human osteoblast-like cells (MG63) coculture and PDL cells-MG63 coculture systems were examined by Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction., Results: Enhanced expression of α-smooth muscle actin, collagen type I, collagen type III, and osteocalcin in the tension area of the PDL under orthodontic loading were observed in vivo, and increased expressions of α-smooth muscle actin, collagen type I, collagen type III, and osteocalcin in the myofibroblasts-MG63 coculture system were observed compared with the controls., Conclusions: Expressions of α-smooth muscle actin, collagen type I, collagen type III, and osteocalcin are up-regulated in the PDL under orthodontic tensile loading. Myofibroblasts have a more positive effect on collagen synthesis and osteocalcin expression than do PDL cells., (Copyright © 2014 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

This article reports the successful use of miniscrews in the mandible to treat a 20-year-old Mongolian woman with a chief complaint of anterior crossbite. The patient had a skeletal Class III malocclusion with a mildly protrusive mandible, an anterior crossbite, and a deviated midline. In light of the advantages for reconstruction of the occlusal plane and distal en-masse movement of the mandibular arch, we used a multiloop edgewise archwire in the initial stage. However, the maxillary incisors were in excessive labioversion accompanied by little retraction of the mandibular incisors; these results were obviously not satisfying after 4 months of multiloop edgewise archwire treatment. Two miniscrews were subsequently implanted vertically in the external oblique ridge areas of the bilateral mandibular ramus as skeletal anchorage for en-masse distalization of the mandibular dentition. During treatment, the mandibular anterior teeth were retracted about 4.0 mm without negative lingual inclinations. The movement of the mandibular first molar was almost bodily translation. The maxillary incisors maintained good inclinations by rotating their brackets 180° along with the outstanding performance of the beta-titanium wire. The patient received a harmonious facial balance, an attractive smile, and ideal occlusal relationships. The outcome was stable after 1 year of retention. Our results suggest that the application of miniscrews in the posterior area of the mandible is an effective approach for Class III camouflage treatment. This technique requires minimal compliance and is particularly useful for correcting Class III patients with mild mandibular protrusion and minor crowding., (Copyright © 2013 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

A 23-year-old Mongolian woman came for a consultation with chief complaints of protrusive lips and a gummy smile. The clinical examination showed a convex profile, a protrusive maxilla, excessively proclined and extruded maxillary incisors, and a Class II Division 1 malocclusion. Temporary anchorage devices (TADs) in the posterior dental region were used as anchorage for the retraction and intrusion of her maxillary anterior teeth. Those appliances, combined with a compensatory curved maxillary archwire, eliminated the severe gummy smile and the protrusive profile, and corrected the molar relationship from Class II to Class I. With no extra temporary anchorage devices in the anterior region for intrusion, the treatment was workable and simple. The patient received a satisfactory occlusion and an attractive smile., (Copyright © 2011 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: This retrospective study was designed to investigate the position changes and movement patterns of incisors and molars after orthodontic treatment with extractions of 4 second premolars in patients with mild crowding, slight dental protrusion, and Angle Class I relationship., Methods: Pretreatment and posttreatment cephalograms of 26 subjects were chosen from patients treated by an experienced orthodontist. The movements of the incisors and the molars as well as tooth tipping were measured., Results: Relative to the posttreatment occlusal plane, the mean incisor movements were 3.3 and 2.9 mm lingually in the maxilla and the mandible, respectively. The first molars were moved mesially an average of 3.2 and 3.4 mm in the maxilla and the mandible, respectively. The incisor inclination was under proper control. The extraction space was almost equally taken up by the anterior and posterior segments., Conclusions: These data can be used to estimate the expected position changes and movement patterns of the incisors and molars in patients with mild crowding and slight bialveolar dental protrusion after orthodontic treatment with 4 second premolar extractions., (Copyright © 2010 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Length of treatment is a complaint of many orthodontic patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the security and feasibility of rapid tooth movement with periodontal ligament distraction., Methods: Eight male beagles, aged 13 to 16 months, were used in this study. Extraction of the mandibular second premolar and alveolar surgery to reduce the osteal resistance on the mesial side of the extraction socket were performed on the experimental side. Then a device was placed to distract the first premolars distally on the experimental side; on the control side, the first premolars were distalized with nickel-titanium coil springs. The beagles were killed in the first, second, fourth, and eighth weeks after orthodontic force application., Results: The first premolar on the experimental side moved more rapidly than that on the control side (P <0.05). Histologic data indicated that more new bone was deposited on tension area of the experimental side than on the control side. Active and extensive bone resorption in the compressive area and bone deposition in the tension area were observed on the experimental side., Conclusions: These results suggest that the periodontal ligament can be rapidly distracted without complications. The rapid orthodontic tooth movement by distracting the periodontal ligament cannot be emulated by current conventional orthodontic concepts and methods.

Introduction: It has been reported that oral surgery can accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of alveolar surgery that undermines interseptal bone in orthodontic tooth movement., Methods: Ten male beagles, aged 12 to 15 months, were used in this study. Extraction of the mandibular second premolar and alveolar surgery to reduce the osteal resistance on the mesial side of the extraction socket were performed on the experimental side; on the control side, only the second premolar was extracted. The first premolars were distalized against the third premolars with orthodontic nickel-titanium coil springs on the both sides. The beagles were killed in the first, second, third, fourth, and eighth weeks after orthodontic force application., Results: The first premolar on the experimental side moved more rapidly than that on the control side (P <.01). Tissue slices were obtained for histological evaluation. No obvious root resorption and no irreversible injury to the pulp were observed on either side. Active and extensive bone resorption in the compressive area and bone deposition in the tension area were observed on the experimental sides., Conclusions: Self-fluorescence checks showed that more new bone was deposited in the tension area of the experimental side than on the control side (P <.05). These results suggest that alveolar surgery might be an effective and safe way to aid orthodontic tooth movement.