Author: "Bachmann, C." / Publisher: elsevier - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

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43 results on '"Bachmann, C."'

1. Shutdown dose rates in-cryostat outside the EU-DEMO vacuum vessel

Author: Berry, T. A., Eade, T., Bachmann, C., Čufar, A., Franke, T., Gliss, C., Leichtle, D., and Vorpahl, C.
Subjects: Technology, Shielding, Neutronics, Shutdown dose rate, Safety, ddc:600, Radiological zoning
Abstract: Future fusion reactors using deuterium–tritium fuel will exhibit high fluences of high-energy neutrons inside and around the reactor vacuum vessel (VV). As well as causing material damage, fusion neutrons will activate materials, the decay of which leads to radiation fields in and around the reactor after shutdown. Gamma- ray emission from activated materials is a particular radiological hazard during periods of reactor shutdown. This must be accounted for in the design of the reactor shielding to ensure that risks are reduced as low as reasonably achievable. Recent neutronics work has evaluated the shutdown dose rates (SDDRs) in the EU DEMOnstration power plant (DEMO) around the ports and throughout the cryostat, incorporating prospective shielding improvements to the VV and ports. Prior to the proposed shielding design improvements, calculations for the model including the helium-cooled pebble bed (HCPB) blanket showed that radiation leakage through the blanket and VV leads to biological-equivalent SDDRs (following 12 days’ decay) above 10$^3$ μSv/h throughout the cryostat, ignoring additional contribution from radiation streaming through the port openings. Inclusion of the proposed VV changes reduces this dose rate to below 100 μSv/h. The work finds an approximate order-of-magnitude reduction in SDDR throughout the cryostat when all proposed shielding improvements are applied, leading to dose rates in the cryostat in the range of hundreds to thousands of μSv/h for the full model. The work shows that to further reduce dose rates inside the cryostat, improving the shielding performance of the ports is required, with particular emphasis on the lower port and the equatorial electron–cyclotron launcher which currently dominate the dose rates.
Published: 2023

2. Overview of the JET ITER-like wall divertor

Author: Widdowson, A., Alves, E., Baron-Wiechec, A., Barradas, N. P., Catarino, N., Coad, J. P., Corregidor, V., Garcia-Carrasco, A., Heinola, K., Koivuranta, S., Krat, S., Lahtinen, A., Likonen, J., Mayer, M., Petersson, P., Rubel, M., Van Boxel, S., Abhangi, M., Abreu, P., Aftanas, M., Afzal, M., Aggarwal, K. M., Aho-Mantila, L., Ahonen, E., Aints, M., Airila, M., Albanese, R., Alegre, D., Alessi, E., Aleynikov, P., Alfier, A., Alkseev, A., Allan, P., Almaviva, S., Alonso, A., Alper, B., Alsworth, I., Alves, D., Ambrosino, G., Ambrosino, R., Amosov, V., Andersson, F., Andersson Sunden, E., Angelone, M., Anghel, A., Anghel, M., Angioni, C., Appel, L., Apruzzese, G., Arena, P., Ariola, M., Arnich, Arnoux, G., Arshad, S., Ash, A., Asp, E., Asunta, O., Atanasiu, C. V., Austin, Y., Avotina, L., Axton, M. D., Ayres, C., Bachmann, C., Baciero, A., Baiao, D., Bailescu, V., Baiocchi, B., Baker, A., Baker, R. A., Balboa, I., Balden, M., Balshaw, N., Bament, R., Banks, J. W., Baranov, Y. F., Barlow, I. L., Barnard, M. A., Barnes, D., Barnsley, R., Baron Wiechec, A., Baruzzo, M., Basiuk, V., Bassan, M., Bastow, R., Batista, A., Batistoni, P., Bauer, R., Bauvir, B., Bazylev, B., Beal, J., Beaumont, P. S., Becoulet, A., Bednarczyk, P., Bekris, N., Beldishevski, M., Bell, K., Belli, F., Bellinger, M., Belo, J. K., Belo, P., Belonohy, E., Benterman, N. A., Bergsaker, H., Bernardo, J., Bernert, M., Berry, M., Bertalot, L., Beurskens, M. N. A., Bieg, B., Bielecki, J., Biewer, T., Bigi, M., Bilkova, P., Binda, F., Bizarro, J. P. S., Bjorkas, C., Blackman, K., Blackman, T. R., Blanchard, P., Blanco, E., Blatchford, P., Bobkov, V., Boboc, A., Bodnar, G., Bogar, O., Bolzonella, T., Boncagni, L., Bonham, R., Bonheure, G., Boom, J., Booth, J., Borba, D., Borodin, D., Botrugno, A., Boulbe, C., Boulting, P., Bovert, K. V., Bowden, M., Bower, C., Boyce, T., Boyer, H. J., Bradshaw, J. M. A., Braic, V., Breizman, B., Bremond, S., Brennan, P. D., Brett, A., Brezinsek, S., Bright, M. D. J., Brix, M., Broeckx, W., Brombin, M., Brown, B. C., Brown, D. P. D., Brown, M., Bruno, E., Bucalossi, J., Buch, J., Buckley, M. A., Bucko, K., Budny, R., Buffer, Bulman, M., Bulmer, N., Bunting, P., Buratti, P., Burcea, G., Burckhart, A., Buscarino, A., Butcher, P. R., Butler, N. K., Bykov, I., Byrne, J., Byszuk, A., Cackett, A., Cahyna, P., Cain, G., Calabro, G., Callaghan, C. P., Campling, D. C., Cane, J., Cannas, B., Capel, A. J., Caputano, M., Card, P. J., Cardinali, A., Carman, P., Carralero, D., Carraro, L., Carvalho, B. B., Carvalho, I., Carvalho, P., Casson, F. J., Castaldo, C., Cavazzana, R., Cavinato, M., Cazzaniga, A., Cecconello, M., Cecil, E., Cenedese, A., Centioli, C., Cesario, R., Challis, C. D., ler, M., ra, D., Chang, C. S., Chankin, A., Chapman, I. T., Chapman, S. C., Chernyshova, M., Chiru, P., Chitarin, G., Chouli, B., Chung, N., Ciraolo, G., Ciric, D., Citrin, J., Clairet, F., Clark, E., Clatworthy, D., Clay, R., Clever, M., Coates, P. A., Coccorese, V., Cocilovo, V., Coda, S., Coelho, R., Coenen, J. W., Coffey, I., Colas, L., Collins, S., Conboy, J. E., Conroy, S., Cook, N., Coombs, D., Cooper, D., Cooper, S. R., Corre, Y., Corrigan, G., Cortes, S., Coster, D., Couchman, A. S., Cox, M., Cox, M. P., Cox, P., Craciunescu, T., Cramp, S., Crisanti, F., Cristescu, I., Croci, G., Croft, O., Crombe, K., Crowe, R., Cruz, N., Cseh, G., Cull, K., Cupido, L., Curran, D., Curuia, M., Czarnecka, A., Czarski, T., Dalley, S., Dalziel, A., Darrow, D., Davies, R., Davis, W., Day, C., Day, I. E., de la Cal, E., de la Luna, E., De Magistris, M., de Pablos, J. L., De Tommasi, G., de Vries, P. C., Deakin, K., Deane, J., Decker, J., Degli Agostini, F., Dejarnac, R., Delabie, E., den Harder, N., Dendy, R. O., Denner, P., Devaux, S., Devynck, P., Di Maio, F., Di Pace, L., Dittmar, T., Dodt, D., Donne, T., Dooley, P., Dorling, S. E., Dormido-Canto, S., Doswon, S., Douai, D., Doyle, P. T., Dreischuh, T., Drewelow, P., Drozdov, V., Drozdowicz, K., Dumont, R., Dumortier, P., Dunai, D., Dunne, M., Duran, I., Durodie, F., Dutta, P., Duval, B., Dux, R., Dylst, K., Dzysiuk, N., Edappala, P. V., Edwards, A. M., Eich, Th., Ekedahl, A., Elevant, T., El-Jorf, R., Elsmore, C. G., Ericsson, G., Eriksson, A., Eriksson, J., Eriksson, L. G., Esposito, B., Esser, H. G., Esteve, D., Evans, G. E., Evans, J., Ewart, G. D., Ewers, D. T., Fagan, D., Falie, D., Farthing, J. W., Fasoli, A., Fattorini, L., Faugeras, B., Faustin, J., Fawlk, N., Federici, G., Fedorczak, N., Felton, R. C., Fenzi, C., Fernades, A., Fern, es, H., Ferreira, J., Fessey, J. A., Figini, L., Figueiredo, A., Figueiredo, J., Fil, A., Finburg, P., Firdaouss, M., Fischer, U., Fittill, L., Fitzgerald, M., Flammini, D., Flanagan, J., Fleming, C., Flinders, K., Formisano, A., Forsythe, L., Fortuna, L., Fortune, M., Frasca, M., Frassinetti, L., Freisinger, M., Fresa, R., Frigione, D., Fuchs, V., Fyvie, J., Gadomska, M., Gal, K., Galperti, C., Galvao, R., Gao, X., Garavaglia, S., Garcia, J., Garcia-Munoz, M., Gardner, M., Garzotti, L., Gaudio, P., Gauthier, E., Gaze, J. W., Gear, D. F., Gee, S. J., Gelfusa, M., Genangeli, E., Gerasimov, S., Gervasini, G., Ghate, M., Gherendi, M., Giacalone, J. C., Giacomelli, L., Gibson, C. S., Giegerich, T., Gin, D., Giovannozzi, E., Girardo, J. B., Giroud, C., Giruzzi, G., Gleason-Gonzalez, C., Godwin, J., Gohil, P., Gojska, A., Goloborod'ko, V., Gomes, R., Goncalves, B., Goniche, M., Gonzalez, S., Goodsell, B., Goodyear, A., Gorini, G., Goussarov, A., Graham, B., Graham, M. E., Graves, J., Grazier, N., Green, N. R., Greuner, H., Grigore, E., Griph, F. S., Grisolia, C., Grist, D., Groth, M., Grundy, C. N., Gryaznevich, M., Guard, D., Gubb, D., Guillemaut, C., Guo, Y., Utoh, H. H., Hackett, L. J., Hacquin, S., Hagar, A., Hakola, A., Halitovs, M., Hall, S. J., Hallworth Cook, S. P., Hammond, K., Hart, J., Harting, D., Hartmann, N., Haupt, T. D. V., Hawkes, N. C., Hawkins, J., Haydon, P. W., Hazel, S., Heesterman, P. J. L., Hellesen, C., Hellsten, T., Helou, W., Hemming, O. N., Hender, T. C., Henderson, M., Henriques, R., Hepple, D., Hermon, G., Hidalgo, C., Highcock, E. G., Hill, J. W., Hill, M., Hillairet, J., Hillesheim, J., Hillis, D., Hjalmarsson, A., Hobirk, J., Hogben, C. H. A., Hogeweij, G. M. D., Homfray, D. A., Horacek, J., Horton, A. R., Horton, L. D., Hotchin, S. P., Hough, M. R., Howarth, P. J., Huber, A., Huddleston, T. M., Hughes, M., Hunter, C. L., Hurzlmeier, H., Huygen, S., Huynh, P., Igitkhanov, J., Iglesias, D., Imrisek, M., Ivanova, D., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Ivings, E., Jachmich, S., Jacobsen, A. S., Jacquet, P., Jakubowska, K., James, J., Janky, F., Jarvinen, A., Jaulmes, F., Jednorog, S., Jenkins, C., Jenkins, I., Jesko, K., Joffrin, E., Johnson, R., Johnson, T., Joita, L., Jones, G., Jones, T. T. C., Joyce, L., Jupen, C., Hoshino, K. K., Kallenbach, A., Kalupin, D., Kamiya, K., Kaniewski, J., Kantor, A., Karhunen, J., Kasprowicz, G., Kaveney, G., Kazakov, Y., Keeling, D. L., Keep, J., Kempenaars, M., Kennedy, C., Kenny, D., Khilkevich, E., Kiisk, M., Kim, H. -T., Kim, H. S., King, C., King, D., King, R. F., Kinna, D. J., Kiptily, V., Kirov, K., Kirschner, A., Kizane, G., Klepper, C., Knaup, M., Knipe, S. J., Kobuchi, T., Kochl, F., Kocsis, G., Kogut, D., Koppen, M., Koskela, T., Koslowski, H. R., Kotov, V., Kowalska-Strzeciwilk, E., Krasilnikov, A., Krasilnikov, V., Kreter, A., Krieger, K., Krivchenkov, Y., Krivska, A., Kruezi, U., Ksiazek, I., Kukushkin, A., Kundu, A., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kwon, O. T., Kyrytsya, V., Laan, M., Labate, C., Laguardia, L., Lam, N., Lane, C., Lang, P. T., Lapins, J., Lasa, A., Last, J. R., Lawson, A., Lawson, K. D., Lazaros, A., Lazzaro, E., Lee, S., Leggate, H. J., Lehnen, M., Leichtle, D., Leichuer, P., Leipold, F., Lengar, I., Lennholm, M., Lerche, E., Leyl, Leysen, W., Liang, Y., Lindholm, V., Linke, J., Linsmeier, Ch., Lipschultz, B., Litaudon, X., Liu, G., Liu, Y., Lo Schiavo, V. P., Loarer, T., Loarte, A., Lobel, R. C., Lohr, N., Lomas, P. J., Lonnroth, J., Lopez, J., Lopez, J. M., Louche, F., Loving, A. B., Lowbridge, S., Lowry, C., Luce, T., Lucock, R. M. A., Lukin, A., Lungu, A. M., Lungu, C. P., Lupelli, I., Lyssoivan, A., Macheta, P., Mackenzie, A. S., Maddaluno, G., Maddison, G. P., Magesh, B., Maget, P., Maggi, C. F., Maier, H., Mailloux, J., Maj, A., Makkonen, T., Makwana, R., Malaquias, A., Mansffield, F., Mansfield, M., Manso, M. E., Mantica, P., Mantsinen, M., Manzanares, A., Mar, et, Y., Marcenko, N., Marchetto, C., Marchuk, O., Marinelli, M., Marinucci, M., Markovic, T., Marocco, D., Marot, L., Marren, C. A., Marsen, S., Marshal, R., Martin, A., Martin, D. L., Martin, Y., Martin de Aguilera, A., Martin-Solis, J. R., Masiello, A., Maslov, M., Maslova, V., Matejcik, S., Mattei, M., Matthews, G. F., Matveev, D., Matveev, M., Maviglia, F., Mayoral, M. -L., Mazon, D., Mazzotta, C., McAdams, R., McCarthy, P. J., McClements, K. G., McCormick, K., McCullen, P. A., McDonald, D., Mcgregor, R., McKean, R., McKehon, J., McKinley, R., Meadows, I., Meadows, R. C., Medina, F., Medl, Medley, S., Meigh, S., Meigs, A. G., Meneses, L., Menmuir, S., Merrigan, I. R., Mertens, Ph., Meshchaninov, S., Messiaen, A., Meszaros, B., Meyer, H., Miano, G., Michling, R., Middleton-Gear, D., Miettunen, J., Migliucci, P., Militello-Asp, E., Minucci, S., Mirizzi, F., Miyoshi, Y., Mlynar, J., Monakhov, I., Monier-Garbet, P., Mooney, R., Moradi, S., Mordijck, S., Moreira, L., Moreno, R., Morgan, P. D., Morgan, R., Morley, L., Morlock, C., Morris, A. W., Morris, J., Moser, L., Moulton, D., Murari, A., Muraro, A., Mustata, I., Asakura, N. N., Nabais, F., Nakano, T., Nardon, E., Naulin, V., Nave, M. F. F., Nedzelski, I., Neethiraj, N., Nemtsev, G., Nespoli, F., Neto, A., Neu, R., Neubauer, O., Newman, M., Nicholls, K. J., Nicolai, D., Nicolas, T., Nieckchen, P., Nielsen, P., Nightingale, M. P. S., Nilsson, E., Nishijima, D., Noble, C., Nocente, M., Nodwell, D., Nordman, H., Nunes, I., O'Meara, B., Oberkofler, M., Obryk, B., Odupitan, T., Ogawa, M. T., O'Gorman, T., Okabayashi, M., Olariu, S., O'Mullane, M., Ongena, J., Orsitto, F., Oswuigwe, B. I., Pace, N., Pacella, D., Page, A., Paget, A., Pagett, D., Pajuste, E., Palazzo, S., Pamela, J., Pamela, S., Panin, A., Panja, S., Papp, P., Parail, V., Paris, P., Parish, S. C. W., Park, M., Parsloe, A., Pasqualotto, R., Pearson, I. J., Pedrosa, M. A., Pereira, R., Perelli Cippo, E., Perez von Thun, Ch., Perez-Von-Thun, C., Pericoli-Ridolfini, V., Perona, A., Peruzzo, S., Peschanyi, S., Peterka, M., Petravich, G., Petrzilka, V., Pfefferle, D., Philipps, V., Pietropaolo, A., Pillon, M., Pintsuk, G., Piovesan, P., Pires dos Reis, A., Pironti, A., Pisano, F., Pitts, R., Plusczyk, C., Plyusnin, V., Pomaro, N., Pompilian, O., Pool, P. J., Popovichev, S., Porcelli, F., Porosnicu, C., Porton, M., Pospieszczyk, A., Possnert, G., Potzel, S., Powell, T., Pozniak, K., Pozzi, J., Prajapati, V., Prakash, R., Prestopino, G., Price, D., Price, R., Prior, P., Prokopowicz, R., Proudfoot, R., Puglia, P., Puiatti, M. E., Pulley, D., Purahoo, K., Putterich, T., Quercia, A., Rachlew, E., Rack, M., Raeder, J., Rainford, M. S. J., Ramogida, G., Ranjan, S., Rasmussen, J., Rasmussen, J. J., Rathod, K., Ratta, G., Rayner, C., Rebai, M., Reece, D., Reed, A., Refy, D., Regan, B., Regana, J., Reich, M., Reid, P., Reinelt, M., Reinke, M. L., Reinke, M., Reiser, D., Reiter, D., Rendell, D., Reux, C., Riccardo, V., Rimini, F. G., Riva, M., Roberts, J. E. C., Robins, R. J., Robinson, S. A., Robinson, T., Robson, D. W., Roddick, P., Rodionov, R., Rohde, V., Romanelli, F., Romanelli, M., Romanelli, S., Romano, A., Rowe, D., Rowe, S., Rowley, A., Rubinacci, G., Ruchko, L., Ruiz, M., Ruset, C., Ryc, L., Rzadkiewicz, J., Saarelma, S., Sabot, R., Sadakov, S., Safi, E., Sagar, P., Saibene, G., Saint-Laurent, F., Salewski, M., Salmi, A., Salzedas, F., Samm, U., S, iford, D., quist, P., Santa, P., Santala, M. I. K., Sartori, F., Sartori, R., Saunders, R., Sauter, O., Scannell, R., Scarabosio, A., Schlummer, T., Schmidt, V., Schmitz, O., Schmuck, S., Schneider, M., Scholz, M., Schopf, K., Schweer, B., Sergienko, G., Serikov, A., Sertoli, M., Shabbir, A., Shannon, M., Shannon, M. M. J., Sharapov, S. E., Shaw, I., Shaw, S. R., Shepherd, A., Shevelev, A., Shumack, A., Sibbald, M., Sieglin, B., Silva, C., Simmons, P. A., Sinha, A., Sipila, S. K., Sips, A. C. C., Siren, P., Sirinelli, A., Sjostr, Skiba, M., Skilton, R., Slade, B., Smith, N., Smith, P. G., Smith, T. J., Snoj, L., Soare, S., Solano, E. R., Soldatov, S., Sonato, P., Sopplesa, A., Sousa, J., Sowden, C. B. C., Sozzi, C., Sparkes, A., Spelzini, T., Spineanu, F., Stables, G., Stamatelatos, I., Stamp, M. F., Stancalie, V., Stankiewicz, R., Stankunas, G., Stano, M., Stan-Sion, C., Starkey, D. E., Stead, M. J., Stejner, M., Stephen, A. V., Stephen, M., Stevens, B. D., Stoyanov, D., Strachan, J., Str, Stransky, M., Strom, P., Stubbs, G., Studholme, W., Subba, F., Summers, H. P., Sun, Y., Svensson, J., Sykes, N., Syme, B. D., Szabolics, T., Szepesi, G., Szydlowski, A., Suzuki, T. T., Tabares, F., Takalo, V., Tal, B., Tala, T., Talbot, A. R., Taliercio, C., Tamain, P., Tame, C., Tardocchi, M., Taroni, L., Taylor, K. A., Telesca, G., Teplova, N., Terra, A., Testa, D., Teuchner, B., Tholerus, S., Thomas, F., Thomas, J. D., Thomas, P., Thompson, A., Thompson, C. -A., Thompson, V. K., Thomson, L., Thorne, L., Tigwell, P. A., Tipton, N., Tiseanu, I., Tojo, H., Tokar, M. Z., Tomes, M., Tonner, P., Tosti, S., Towndrow, M., Trimble, P., Tripsky, M., Tsalas, M., Tsitrone, E., Tskhakaya jun, D., Tudisco, O., Turner, I., Turner, M. M., Turnyanskiy, M., Tvalashvili, G., Tyrrell, S. G. J., Ul-Abidin, Z., Ulyatt, D., Unterberg, B., Urano, H., Uytdenhouwen, I., Vadgama, A. P., Valcarcel, D., Valisa, M., Valovic, M., Van Eester, D., Van Renterghem, W., van Rooij, G. J., Var, as, C. A. F., Varoutis, S., Vartanian, S., Vasava, K., Vdovin, V., Vega, J., Verdoolaege, G., Verhoeven, R., Verona, C., Vervier, M., Veshchev, E., Vezinet, D., Vicente, J., Villari, S., Villone, F., Vinyar, I., Viola, B., Vitelli, R., Vitins, A., Vlad, M., Voitsekhovitch, I., Vondracek, P., Vrancken, M., Pires de Sa, W. W., Waldon, C. W. F., Walker, M., Walsh, M., Warren, R. J., Waterhouse, J., Watkins, N. W., Watts, C., Wauters, T., Way, M. W., Webster, A., Weckmann, A., Weil, Weisen, H., Weiszflog, M., Welte, S., Wendel, J., Wenninger, R., West, A. T., Wheatley, M. R., Whetham, S., Whitehead, A. M., Whitehead, B. D., Whittington, P., Widdowson, A. M., Wiesen, S., Wilkes, D., Wilkinson, J., Williams, M., Wilson, A. R., Wilson, D. J., Wilson, H. R., Wischmeier, M., Withenshaw, G., Witts, D. M., Wojciech, D., Wojenski, A., Wood, D., Wood, S., Woodley, C., Woznicka, U., Wright, J., Wu, J., Yao, L., Yapp, D., Yavorskij, V., Yoo, M. G., Yorkshades, J., Young, C., Young, D., Young, I. D., Zabolotny, W., Zacks, J., Zagorski, R., Zaitsev, F. S., Zanino, R., Zaroschi, V., Zastrow, K. D., Zeidner, W., Ziolkowski, A., Zoita, V., Zoletnik, S., Zychor, I., JET Contributors, Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, JET Contributors, Department of Physics, Widdowson, A., Alves, E., Baron-Wiechec, A., Barradas, N. P., Catarino, N., Coad, J. P., Corregidor, V., Garcia-Carrasco, A., Heinola, K., Koivuranta, S., Krat, S., Lahtinen, A., Likonen, J., Mayer, M., Petersson, P., Rubel, M., Van Boxel, S., Abhangi, M., Abreu, P., Aftanas, M., Afzal, M., Aggarwal, K. M., Aho-Mantila, L., Ahonen, E., Aints, M., Airila, M., Albanese, R., Alegre, D., Alessi, E., Aleynikov, P., Alfier, A., Alkseev, A., Allan, P., Almaviva, S., Alonso, A., Alper, B., Alsworth, I., Alves, D., Ambrosino, G., Ambrosino, R., Amosov, V., Andersson, F., Andersson Sunden, E., Angelone, M., Anghel, A., Anghel, M., Angioni, C., Appel, L., Apruzzese, G., Arena, P., Ariola, M., Arnich, Arnoux, G., Arshad, S., Ash, A., Asp, E., Asunta, O., Atanasiu, C. V., Austin, Y., Avotina, L., Axton, M. D., Ayres, C., Bachmann, C., Baciero, A., Baiao, D., Bailescu, V., Baiocchi, B., Baker, A., Baker, R. A., Balboa, I., Balden, M., Balshaw, N., Bament, R., Banks, J. W., Baranov, Y. F., Barlow, I. L., Barnard, M. A., Barnes, D., Barnsley, R., Baron Wiechec, A., Baruzzo, M., Basiuk, V., Bassan, M., Bastow, R., Batista, A., Batistoni, P., Bauer, R., Bauvir, B., Bazylev, B., Beal, J., Beaumont, P. S., Becoulet, A., Bednarczyk, P., Bekris, N., Beldishevski, M., Bell, K., Belli, F., Bellinger, M., Belo, J. K., Belo, P., Belonohy, E., Benterman, N. A., Bergsaker, H., Bernardo, J., Bernert, M., Berry, M., Bertalot, L., Beurskens, M. N. A., Bieg, B., Bielecki, J., Biewer, T., Bigi, M., Bilkova, P., Binda, F., Bizarro, J. P. S., Bjorkas, C., Blackman, K., Blackman, T. R., Blanchard, P., Blanco, E., Blatchford, P., Bobkov, V., Boboc, A., Bodnar, G., Bogar, O., Bolzonella, T., Boncagni, L., Bonham, R., Bonheure, G., Boom, J., Booth, J., Borba, D., Borodin, D., Botrugno, A., Boulbe, C., Boulting, P., Bovert, K. V., Bowden, M., Bower, C., Boyce, T., Boyer, H. J., Bradshaw, J. M. A., Braic, V., Breizman, B., Bremond, S., Brennan, P. D., Brett, A., Brezinsek, S., Bright, M. D. J., Brix, M., Broeckx, W., Brombin, M., Brown, B. C., Brown, D. P. D., Brown, M., Bruno, E., Bucalossi, J., Buch, J., Buckley, M. 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R., Mertens, Ph., Meshchaninov, S., Messiaen, A., Meszaros, B., Meyer, H., Miano, G., Michling, R., Middleton-Gear, D., Miettunen, J., Migliucci, P., Militello-Asp, E., Minucci, S., Mirizzi, F., Miyoshi, Y., Mlynar, J., Monakhov, I., Monier-Garbet, P., Mooney, R., Moradi, S., Mordijck, S., Moreira, L., Moreno, R., Morgan, P. D., Morgan, R., Morley, L., Morlock, C., Morris, A. W., Morris, J., Moser, L., Moulton, D., Murari, A., Muraro, A., Mustata, I., Asakura, N. N., Nabais, F., Nakano, T., Nardon, E., Naulin, V., Nave, M. F. F., Nedzelski, I., Neethiraj, N., Nemtsev, G., Nespoli, F., Neto, A., Neu, R., Neubauer, O., Newman, M., Nicholls, K. J., Nicolai, D., Nicolas, T., Nieckchen, P., Nielsen, P., Nightingale, M. P. S., Nilsson, E., Nishijima, D., Noble, C., Nocente, M., Nodwell, D., Nordman, H., Nunes, I., O'Meara, B., Oberkofler, M., Obryk, B., Odupitan, T., Ogawa, M. T., O'Gorman, T., Okabayashi, M., Olariu, S., O'Mullane, M., Ongena, J., Orsitto, F., Oswuigwe, B. 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E., Pulley, D., Purahoo, K., Putterich, T., Quercia, A., Rachlew, E., Rack, M., Raeder, J., Rainford, M. S. J., Ramogida, G., Ranjan, S., Rasmussen, J., Rasmussen, J. J., Rathod, K., Ratta, G., Rayner, C., Rebai, M., Reece, D., Reed, A., Refy, D., Regan, B., Regana, J., Reich, M., Reid, P., Reinelt, M., Reinke, M. L., Reinke, M., Reiser, D., Reiter, D., Rendell, D., Reux, C., Riccardo, V., Rimini, F. G., Riva, M., Roberts, J. E. C., Robins, R. J., Robinson, S. A., Robinson, T., Robson, D. W., Roddick, P., Rodionov, R., Rohde, V., Romanelli, F., Romanelli, M., Romanelli, S., Romano, A., Rowe, D., Rowe, S., Rowley, A., Rubinacci, G., Ruchko, L., Ruiz, M., Ruset, C., Ryc, L., Rzadkiewicz, J., Saarelma, S., Sabot, R., Sadakov, S., Safi, E., Sagar, P., Saibene, G., Saint-Laurent, F., Salewski, M., Salmi, A., Salzedas, F., Samm, U., S, Iford, D., Quist, P., Santa, P., Santala, M. I. 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M., Wojciech, D., Wojenski, A., Wood, D., Wood, S., Woodley, C., Woznicka, U., Wright, J., Wu, J., Yao, L., Yapp, D., Yavorskij, V., Yoo, M. G., Yorkshades, J., Young, C., Young, D., Young, I. D., Zabolotny, W., Zacks, J., Zagorski, R., Zaitsev, F. S., Zanino, R., Zaroschi, V., Zastrow, K. D., Zeidner, W., Ziolkowski, A., Zoita, V., Zoletnik, S., Zychor, I., and Jet, Contributors
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Fuel retention, Tungsten coating, Materials Science (miscellaneous), Nuclear engineering, complex mixtures, 114 Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Fusion, plasma och rymdfysik, 0103 physical sciences, Forensic engineering, ta216, 010306 general physics, Deposition, Jet (fluid), ta114, Divertor, Dust, Erosion, Jet, equipment and supplies, lcsh:TK9001-9401, Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, JET, lcsh:Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, human activities
Abstract: The work presented draws on new analysis of components removed following the second JET ITER-like wall campaign 2013–14 concentrating on the upper inner divertor, inner and outer divertor corners, lifetime issues relating to tungsten coatings on JET carbon fibre composite divertor tiles and dust/particulate generation. The results show that the upper inner divertor remains the region of highest deposition in the JET-ILW. Variations in plasma configurations between the first and second campaign have altered material migration to the corners of the inner and outer divertor. Net deposition is shown to be beneficial in the sense that it reduces W coating erosion, covers small areas of exposed carbon surfaces and even encapsulates particles. The work presented draws on new analysis of components removed following the second JET ITER-like wall campaign 2013–14 concentrating on the upper inner divertor, inner and outer divertor corners, lifetime issues relating to tungsten coatings on JET carbon fibre composite divertor tiles and dust/particulate generation. The results show that the upper inner divertor remains the region of highest deposition in the JET-ILW. Variations in plasma configurations between the first and second campaign have altered material migration to the corners of the inner and outer divertor. Net deposition is shown to be beneficial in the sense that it reduces W coating erosion, covers small areas of exposed carbon surfaces and even encapsulates particles.
Published: 2017

3. Structure Et Proprietes Electroniques D'Agregats D'Atomes De Cuivre. Une Etude Lcao-Mo-Scf “Ab Initio”.

Author: Bachmann, C., primary, Demuynck, J., additional, and Veillard, A., additional
Published: 1980
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4. Containment structures and port configurations

Author: Bachmann, C., Ciupinski, L., Gliss, C., Franke, T., H��rtl, T., Marek, P., Maviglia, F., Mozzillo, R., Pielmeier, R., Schiller, T., Spaeh, P., Steinbacher, T., Stetka, M., Todd, T., and Vorpahl, C.
Subjects: Cryostat, Tokamak, Design integration, In-vessel components, Breeding blanket, Vacuum vessel, 7. Clean energy, DEMO
Abstract: This article describes the DEMO cryostat, the vacuum vessel, and the tokamak building as well as the system configurations to integrate the main in-vessel components and auxiliary systems developed during the Pre-Conceptual Design Phase. The vacuum vessel is the primary component for radiation shielding and containment of tritium and other radioactive material. Various systems required to operate the plasma are integrated in its ports. The vessel together with the external magnetic coils is located inside the even larger cryostat that has the primary function to provide a vacuum to enable the operation of the superconducting coils in cryogenic condition. The cryostat is surrounded by a thick concrete structure: the bioshield. It protects the external areas from neutron and gamma radiation emitted from the tokamak. The tokamak building layout is aligned with the VV ports implementing floors and separate rooms, so-called port cells, that can be sealed to provide a secondary confinement when a port is opened during in-vessel maintenance. The ports of the torus-shaped VV have to allow for the replacement of in-vessel components but also incorporate plasma limiters and auxiliary heating and diagnostic systems. The divertor is replaced through horizontal ports at the lower level, the breeding blanket (BB) through upper vertical ports. The pipe work of these in-vessel components is also routed through these ports. To facilitate the vertical replacement of the BB, it is divided into large vertical segments. Their mechanical support during operation relies on vertically clamping them inside the vacuum vessel by a combination of obstructed thermal expansion and radial pre-compression due to the ferromagnetic force acting on the breeding blanket structural material in the toroidal magnetic field.

5. Impact of plasma-wall interaction and exhaust on the EU-DEMO design

Author: C. Vorpahl, J. Gerardin, Irena Ivanova-Stanik, Wolfgang Biel, M. Cavedon, Stylianos Varoutis, Mattia Siccinio, M. Firdaouss, C. Bachmann, Volker Hauer, Francesco Maviglia, Fulvio Militello, R. Kembleton, E. Fable, Fabio Subba, G. Federici, F. Janky, Maviglia, F, Siccinio, M, Bachmann, C, Biel, W, Cavedon, M, Fable, E, Federici, G, Firdaouss, M, Gerardin, J, Hauer, V, Ivanova-Stanik, I, Janky, F, Kembleton, R, Militello, F, Subba, F, Varoutis, S, and Vorpahl, C
Subjects: Disruptions, Divertor reattachment, ELMs, EU-DEMO, Limiters, Transients, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Work (thermodynamics), Materials science, Steady state (electronics), Materials Science (miscellaneous), Nuclear engineering, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Limiter, 0103 physical sciences, ddc:530, 010302 applied physics, Transient, Physics, Divertor, Plasma, Dissipation, lcsh:TK9001-9401, Power (physics), Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Heat flux, lcsh:Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, Disruption, ELM, ddc:624
Abstract: In the present work, the role of plasma facing components protection in driving the EU-DEMO design will be reviewed, focusing on steady-state and, especially, on transients. This work encompasses both the first wall (FW) as well as the divertor. In fact, while the ITER divertor heat removal technology has been adopted, the ITER FW concept has been shown in the past years to be inadequate for EU-DEMO. This is due to the higher foreseen irradiation damage level, which requires structural materials (like Eurofer) able to withstand more than 5 dpa of neutron damage. This solution, however, limits the tolerable steady-state heat flux to ~1 MW/m2, i.e. a factor 3–4 below the ITER specifications. For this reason, poloidally and toroidally discontinuous protection limiters are implemented in EU-DEMO. Their role consists in reducing the heat load on the FW due to charged particles, during steady state and, more importantly, during planned and off-normal plasma transients. Concerning the divertor configuration, EU-DEMO currently assumes an ITER-like, lower single null (LSN) divertor, with seeded impurities for the dissipation of the power. However, this concept has been shown by numerous simulations in the past years to be marginal during steady-state (where a detached divertor is necessary to maintain the heat flux below the technological limit and to avoid excessive erosion) and unable to withstand some relevant transients, such as large ELMs and accidental loss of detachment. Various concepts, deviating from the ITER design, are currently under investigation to mitigate such risks, for example in-vessel coils for strike point sweeping in case of reattachment, as well as alternative divertor configurations. Finally, a broader discussion on the impact of divertor protection on the overall machine design is presented.
Published: 2021

6. Choice of a low operating temperature for the DEMO EUROFER97 divertor cassette

Author: C. Bachmann, Ermile Gaganidze, J.-H. You, D. De Meis, G. Mariano, D. Marzullo, G. Di Gironimo, Jarir Aktaa, Rosaria Villari, Maria Teresa Porfiri, P. Frosi, Giuseppe Mazzone, Michael Rieth, Mazzone, Giuseppe, Aktaa, J, Bachmann, C, De Meis, D, Frosi, P, Gaganidze, E, DI GIRONIMO, Giuseppe, Mariano, G, Marzullo, D, Porfiri, Mt, Rieth, M, Villari, R, You, Jh, and Di Gironimo, G
Subjects: Materials science, DEMO, Divertor cassette, EUROFER97, Neutron fluence, Nuclear engineering, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Operating temperature, Materials Science(all), Neutron flux, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, 010306 general physics, Ductility, Embrittlement, Engineering & allied operations, Civil and Structural Engineering, Structural material, Divertor, Transition temperature, Mechanical Engineering, Creep, DEMO, Divertor cassette, EUROFER97, Neutron fluence, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, ddc:620
Abstract: One of the fundamental input parameters required for the thermo hydraulic and structural design of a divertor cassette is the operation temperature range. In the current design activities to develop European DEMO divertor in the frame of EUROfusion, reduced activation steel EUROFER97 was chosen as structural material for the divertor cassette body considering its low long-term activation and superior creep and swelling resistance under neutron irradiation (You et al., 2016) [1] . For specifying an operation temperature range (i.e. cooling condition) various, often conflicting requirements have to be considered. In this article the lower limit of allowed operation temperature window is defined for EUROFER97 for structural design of DEMO divertor cassette body. The underlying rationale and supporting experimental data from a number of previous irradiation tests are also presented. The motivation of this survey study is to explore the possibility to use EUROFER97 for water-cooled divertor cassette at temperatures below 350 °C which has been regarded as limit temperature to preserve ductility under irradiation. Based on the literature data of FTTT (Fracture Toughness Transition Temperature) calibrated by Master Curve method, it is concluded that EUROFER97 at the envisaged maximum dose of 6 dpa will have to be operated above 180 °C taking the embrittlement due to helium production into account.
Published: 2016

7. Proximalization of arterial inflow for treatment of hemodialysis access-induced distal ischemia.

Author: Bachmann C, Parker M, Sardana T, Ramsey L, and Hashemi H
Subjects: Humans, Retrospective Studies, Female, Male, Middle Aged, Aged, Treatment Outcome, Time Factors, Polytetrafluoroethylene, Regional Blood Flow, Risk Factors, Upper Extremity blood supply, Graft Occlusion, Vascular etiology, Graft Occlusion, Vascular physiopathology, Graft Occlusion, Vascular therapy, Axillary Artery surgery, Axillary Artery physiopathology, Renal Dialysis, Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical adverse effects, Ischemia physiopathology, Ischemia etiology, Ischemia therapy, Ischemia surgery, Vascular Patency, Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation adverse effects, Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation instrumentation, Blood Vessel Prosthesis
Abstract: Objective: Hemodialysis access-induced distal ischemia (HAIDI) is a known complication of hemodialysis (HD) access. Distal revascularization and interval ligation (DRIL) is the preferred treatment for HAIDI by many surgeons. Proximalization of arterial inflow (PAI) is a promising alternative technique that, unlike DRIL, preserves the native arterial inflow. The purpose of this study is to report our experience with PAI on a series of 64 patients., Methods: This is a single-center, retrospective cohort study of patients with both arteriovenous (AV) fistulas and grafts who underwent PAI for HAIDI from 2017 to 2023. A 4 × 7 tapered polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft was used to connect HD access inflow to the axillary artery in the majority of cases. The primary outcome of the study is resolution of HAIDI (complete, partial, or no resolution). Secondary outcomes include functional patency (primary and secondary) and 30-day complications following PAI., Results: Of the 71 patients identified to have had PAI between May 2017 to August 2023, seven were lost to follow-up. In total, 64 patients were included, with an average age of 65 years (standard deviation, 15 years), 59.4% (38/64) female, and 37.5% (24/64) African American. The study population was notable for numerous comorbid conditions including 95.3% (61/64) hypertension; 50% (32/64) coronary artery disease; 79.7% (51/64) diabetes; and 43.8% (28/64) smoking history. Following PAI intervention for HAIDI, 55 of 64 patients (85.9%) experienced complete resolution of ischemic symptoms; five of 64 patients (7.8%) had partial resolution; two of 64 patients (3.1%) had no resolution, and two of 64 patients (3.1%) had unknown resolution. Primary patency at 1, 12, and 24 months was 94%, 81%, and 71%, respectively. Secondary patency at 1, 12, and 24 months was 97%, 87%, and 84%, respectively. The 30-day complication rate was 10.9% (7/64), with five of 64 (7.8%) thromboses, one of 64 (1.6%) thrombosis and infection, and one of 64 (1.6%) upper extremity swelling secondary to central venous stenosis (resolved with angioplasty of central venous system). Failure rate due to thrombosis at 12 and 24 months was 14% (9/64) and 15.6% (10/64), respectively., Conclusions: Our study, the largest case series of PAI to date, demonstrates that PAI is a reliable option for HAIDI intervention and has comparable safety and efficacy results to DRIL, despite the use of a synthetic graft. Furthermore, PAI has the added benefit of maintaining the native arterial pathway. Further investigation of PAI is warranted as a promising alternative to DRIL for HAIDI management., Competing Interests: Disclosures None., (Copyright © 2024 Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2024
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8. Functional status in older patients with cancer and a frailty risk profile: A multicenter observational study.

Author: Meert G, Kenis C, Milisen K, Debruyne PR, De Groof I, Focan C, Cornélis F, Verschaeve V, Bachmann C, Bron D, Den Bulck HV, Schrijvers D, Langenaeken C, Specenier P, Jerusalem G, Praet JP, Lobelle JP, Flamaing J, Wildiers H, and Decoster L
Subjects: Humans, Female, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Male, Activities of Daily Living, Prospective Studies, Functional Status, Geriatric Assessment, Frailty epidemiology, Frailty diagnosis, Neoplasms epidemiology, Neoplasms therapy
Abstract: Introduction: Functional status (FS) and frailty are significant concerns for older adults, especially those with cancer. Data on FS (Activities of Daily Living [ADL]; Instrumental Activities of Daily Living [IADL]) and its evolution during cancer treatment in older patients and a frailty risk profile are scarce. Therefore, this study examines FS and its evolution in older patients with cancer and a frailty risk profile and investigates characteristics associated with functional decline., Material and Methods: This secondary data-analysis, focusing on FS, uses data from a large prospective multicenter observational cohort study. Patients ≥70 years with a solid tumor and a frailty risk profile based on the G8 screening tool (score ≤ 14) were included. A geriatric assessment was performed including evaluation of FS based on ADL and IADL. At approximately three months of follow-up, FS was reassessed. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify predictive factors for functional decline in ADL and IADL., Results: Data on ADL and IADL were available at baseline and follow-up in 3388 patients. At baseline 1886 (55.7%) patients were dependent for ADL, whereas 2085 (61.5%) patients were dependent at follow-up. Functional decline was observed in 23.6% of patients. For IADL 2218 (65.5%) patients were dependent for IADL, whereas 2591 (76.5%) patients were dependent at follow-up. Functional decline in IADL was observed in 41.0% of patients. In multivariable analysis, disease stage III or IV, comorbidities, falls history in the past twelve months, and FS measured by IADL were predictive factors for functional decline in both ADL and IADL. Other predictive factors for functional decline in ADL were polypharmacy, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group-Performance Status (ECOG-PS) score 2-4, and cognitive impairment, and for functional decline in IADL were female sex, fatigue, and risk for depression., Discussion: Functional impairments are frequent in older persons with cancer and a frailty risk profile, and several characteristics are identified that are significantly associated with functional decline. Therefore, FS is an essential part of the geriatric assessment which should be standard of care for this patient population. Next step is to proceed with directed interventions with the aim to limit the risk of functional decline as much as possible., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
Published: 2022
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9. Developing communication curricula in healthcare education: An evidence-based guide.

Author: Bachmann C, Pettit J, and Rosenbaum M
Subjects: Clinical Competence, Communication, Delivery of Health Care, Humans, Curriculum, Education, Medical, Undergraduate
Abstract: Objective: To present a guide for communication curriculum development in healthcare professions for educators and curriculum planners., Methods: We collated a selection of theories, frameworks and approaches to communication curriculum development to provide a roadmap of the main factors to consider when developing or enhancing communication skills curricula., Results: We present an evidence-based guide for developing and enhancing communication curriculum that can be applied to undergraduate and postgraduate healthcare education. Recommended steps to consider during the communication curricula development process include thoughtful examination of current communication education, needs assessment, focused learning goals and objectives, incorporation of experiential educational strategies allowing for skills practice and feedback and use of formative and summative assessment methods. A longitudinal, developmental and helical implementation approach contributes to reinforcement and sustainment of learners' knowledge and skills., Conclusion and Practice Implications: Drawing on best practices in developing communication curricula can be helpful in ensuring successful approaches to communication skills training for any level of learner or healthcare profession. This position paper provides a guide and identifies resources for new and established communication curriculum developers to reflect on strengths and opportunities in their own approaches to addressing the communication education needs of their learners., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2022
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10. Development and national consensus finding on patient-centred high stakes communication skills assessments for the Swiss Federal Licensing Examination in Medicine.

Author: Bachmann C, Kropf R, Biller S, Schnabel KP, Junod Perron N, Monti M, Berendonk C, Huwendiek S, and Breckwoldt J
Subjects: Consensus, Humans, Switzerland, Clinical Competence, Communication
Abstract: Objective: To describe and evaluate a consensus finding and expert validation process for the development of patient-centred communication assessments for a national Licensing Exam in Medicine., Methods: A multi-professional team of clinicians and experts in communication, assessment and role-play developed communication assessments for the Swiss Federal Licensing Examination. The six-month process, informed by a preceding national needs-assessment, an expert symposium and a critical literature review covered the application of patient-centred communication frameworks, the development of assessment guides, concrete assessments and pilot-tests. The participants evaluated the process., Results: The multiple-step consensus process, based on expert validation of the medical and communication content, led to six high-stakes patient-centred communication OSCE-assessments. The process evaluation revealed areas of challenge such as calibrating rating-scales and case difficulty to the graduates' competencies and integrating differing opinions. Main success factors were attributed to the outcome-oriented process and the multi-professional exchange of expertise. A model for developing high stakes patient-centred communication OSCE-assessments was derived., Conclusions: Consensus finding was facilitated by using well-established communication frameworks, by ensuring outcome-orientated knowledge exchange among multi-professional experts, and collaborative validation of content through experts., Practice Implications: We propose developing high-stakes communication assessments in a multi-professional expert consensus and provide a conceptual model., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors report no declarations of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2021
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11. Unplanned hospitalizations in older patients with cancer: Occurrence and predictive factors.

Author: Lodewijckx E, Kenis C, Flamaing J, Debruyne P, De Groof I, Focan C, Cornélis F, Verschaeve V, Bachmann C, Bron D, Luce S, Debugne G, Van den Bulck H, Goeminne JC, Schrijvers D, Geboers K, Petit B, Langenaeken C, Van Rijswijk R, Specenier P, Jerusalem G, Praet JP, Vandenborre K, Lobele JP, Milisen K, Wildiers H, and Decoster L
Subjects: Aged, Belgium epidemiology, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Prospective Studies, Geriatric Assessment, Neoplasms epidemiology, Neoplasms therapy
Abstract: Background: This study aims to investigate the occurrence of unplanned hospitalizations in older patients with cancer and to determine predictive factors., Methods: A prospective Belgian multicentre (n = 22), observational cohort study was performed. Patients ≥70 years with a malignant tumor were included. Patients underwent G8 screening followed by geriatric assessment (GA) if abnormal at baseline and were followed for unplanned hospitalizations at approximately three months. Uni- and multivariable regression models were performed to determine predictive factors associated with unplanned hospitalizations in older patients with an abnormal G8., Results: In total, 7763 patients were included in the current analysis of which 2409 (31%) patients with a normal G8 score and 5354 (69%) with an abnormal G8 score. Patients with an abnormal G8 were hospitalized more frequently than patients with a normal G8 (22.9% versus 12.4%; p < 0.0001). Reasons for unplanned hospitalizations were most frequently cancer related (25.7%) or cancer therapy related (28%). In multivariable analysis, predictive factors for unplanned hospitalizations in older patients with cancer and an abnormal G8 were female gender, absence of surgery, chemotherapy, ADL dependency, malnutrition and presence of comorbidities., Conclusion: Older patients with cancer and an abnormal G8 screening present a higher risk (23%) for unplanned hospitalizations. Predictive factors for these patients were identified and include not only patient and treatment related factors but also GA related factors., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2021
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12. A definition framework for building adaptation projects.

Author: Shahi S, Esnaashary Esfahani M, Bachmann C, and Haas C
Abstract: Building adaptation encompasses a range of construction activities that improve existing building conditions and extend the effective lives of buildings. The scopes of building adaptation projects vary, and may include rehabilitating failing structures, improving environmental performances, and changing functional uses. In order to address multiple aspects of building adaptation, different terminologies are used in the literature and in practice, including refurbishment, retrofitting, rehabilitation, renovation, restoration, modernization, conversion, adaptive reuse, material reuse, conservation, and preservation, amongst others. These terminologies are often used interchangeably with overlapping definitions, causing a lack of clarity in the addressed scope of work. An extensive literature review of terminologies related to building adaptation was conducted and the most common and applicable terminologies were identified. Recent definitions, applications, and scope for the identified terminologies are reviewed. Based on this classification, a definition framework is developed enabling precise categorization of building adaptation projects, and application is demonstrated in multiple case studies. The proposed definition framework is a valuable reference for future researchers and practitioners to clearly and consistently define the scope of work in their building adaption projects, and thus avoiding the high costs arising from codes, specifications, and project descriptions that confuse these definitions., Competing Interests: None., (© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2020
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13. The prognostic value of patient-reported Health-Related Quality of Life and Geriatric Assessment in predicting early death in 6769 older (≥70 years) patients with different cancer tumors.

Author: Quinten C, Kenis C, Decoster L, Debruyne PR, De Groof I, Focan C, Cornelis F, Verschaeve V, Bachmann C, Bron D, Luce S, Debugne G, Van den Bulck H, Goeminne JC, Schrijvers D, Geboers K, Petit B, Langenaeken C, Van Rijswijk R, Specenier P, Jerusalem G, Praet JP, Vandenborre K, Lycke M, Flamaing J, Milisen K, Lobelle JP, and Wildiers H
Subjects: Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Prognosis, Quality of Life, Geriatric Assessment, Neoplasms therapy, Patient Reported Outcome Measures
Abstract: Objectives: We aimed to determine the prognostic value of baseline Health-Related Quality Of Life (HRQOL) and geriatric assessment (GA) to predict three-month mortality in older patients with cancer undergoing treatment., Methods: Logistic regressions analysed HRQOL, as measured with the EORTC Global Health Status (GHS) scale, and geriatric information prognostic for early mortality controlling for oncology variables. The assessment was established with the odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI) and level of significance set at p < 0.05. Discriminative power was evaluated with area under the curve (AUC)., Results: In total, 6769 patients were included in the study, of whom 1259 (18.60%) died at three months. Our model showed higher odds of early death for patients with lower HRQOL (GHS, OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.98-0.99; p < 0.001), a geriatric risk profile (G8 Screening Tool, 1.94, 1.14-3.29; p = 0.014), cognitive decline (Mini Mental State Examination, 1.41, 1.15-1.72; p = 0.001), being at risk for malnutrition (Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form, 1.54, 1.21-1.98; p = 0.001), fatigue (Visual Analogue Scale for Fatigue, 1.45, 1.16-1.82; p = 0.012) and comorbidities (Charlson Comorbidity index, 1.23, 1.02-1.49; p = 0.033). Additionally, older age, poor ECOG PS and being male increased the odds of early death, although the magnitude differed depending on tumor site and stage, and treatment (all p < 0.05). Predictive accuracy increased with 3.7% when including HRQOL and GA in the model., Conclusion: The results suggest that, in addition to traditional clinical measures, HRQOL and GA provide additional prognostic information for early death, but the odds differ by patient and tumor characteristics., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2020
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14. Dose-controlled tDCS reduces electric field intensity variability at a cortical target site.

Author: Evans C, Bachmann C, Lee JSA, Gregoriou E, Ward N, and Bestmann S
Subjects: Adult, Brain Waves, Evoked Potentials, Motor, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Neurological, Random Allocation, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation standards, Biological Variation, Population, Motor Cortex physiology, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation methods
Abstract: Background: Variable effects limit the efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as a research and therapeutic tool. Conventional application of a fixed-dose of tDCS does not account for inter-individual differences in anatomy (e.g. skull thickness), which varies the amount of current reaching the brain. Individualised dose-control may reduce the variable effects of tDCS by reducing variability in electric field (E-field) intensities at a cortical target site., Objective: To characterise the variability in E-field intensity at a cortical site (left primary motor cortex; M1) and throughout the brain for conventional fixed-dose tDCS, and individualised dose-controlled tDCS., Methods: The intensity and distribution of the E-field during tDCS was estimated using Realistic Volumetric Approach to Simulate Transcranial Electric Stimulation (ROAST) in 50 individual brain scans taken from the Human Connectome Project, for fixed-dose tDCS (1 mA & 2 mA) and individualised dose-controlled tDCS targeting left M1., Results: With a fixed-dose (1 mA & 2 mA), E-field intensity in left M1 varied by more than 100% across individuals, with substantial variation observed throughout the brain as well. Individualised dose-control ensured the same E-field intensity was delivered to left M1 in all individuals. Its variance in other regions of interest (right M1 and area underneath the electrodes) was comparable with fixed- and individualised-dose., Conclusions: Individualised dose-control can eliminate the variance in E-field intensities at a cortical target site. Assuming that the current delivered to the brain directly determines its physiological and behavioural consequences, this approach may allow for reducing the known variability of tDCS effects., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2020
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15. Health related quality of life in older patients with solid tumors and prognostic factors for decline.

Author: Decoster L, Quinten C, Kenis C, Flamaing J, Debruyne PR, De Groof I, Focan C, Cornelis F, Verschaeve V, Bachmann C, Bron D, Luce S, Debugne G, den Bulck, Goeminne JC, Baitar A, Geboers K, Petit B, Langenaeken C, Van Rijswijk R, Specenier P, Jerusalem G, Praet JP, Vandenborre K, Lobelle JP, Lycke M, Milisen K, and Wildiers H
Subjects: Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cancer Pain epidemiology, Comorbidity, Fatigue epidemiology, Female, Humans, Male, Neoplasms epidemiology, Neoplasms therapy, Prospective Studies, Activities of Daily Living, Geriatric Assessment methods, Neoplasms psychology, Quality of Life
Abstract: Objectives: This study aims to investigate health-related quality of life (HRQOL) at baseline and at follow-up in older patients with cancer and to determine prognostic factors for HRQOL decline., Methods: A prospective Belgian multicentre (n = 22) study was performed. Patients ≥70 years with a malignant tumor and abnormal G8 (≤14/17) screening tool were included. Patients underwent geriatric assessment (GA) and HRQOL evaluation with follow up at three months. Uni- and multivariate regression models were performed to determine factors associated (p < .05) with baseline HRQOL and HRQOL decline at follow-up., Results: Results reflect data collected from 3673 patients. A multivariate analysis showed that younger patients, and those with poor Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group - Performance Status (ECOG-PS), specific tumor types (gastrointestinal, gynaecological and thorax) and higher stage had lower baseline HRQOL. In addition worse functional status and presence of pain, fatigue, depression and malnutrition were associated with lower baseline HRQOL. During treatment (n = 2972), improvement in HRQOL was observed in 1037 patients (35%) and a decline in 838 patients (28.2%). In multivariate analysis, stage and presence of baseline comorbidities, pain, fatigue or malnutrition were associated with HRQOL evolution., Conclusion: Baseline HRQOL in older patients with cancer and an abnormal G8 depends on tumor and age related parameters. During follow-up, HRQOL improved in one third of patients, indicating that they may benefit from cancer treatment while one quarter demonstrated a HRQOL decline for which prognostic factors were identified., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2019
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16. Adherence to geriatric assessment-based recommendations in older patients with cancer: a multicenter prospective cohort study in Belgium.

Author: Kenis C, Decoster L, Flamaing J, Debruyne PR, De Groof I, Focan C, Cornélis F, Verschaeve V, Bachmann C, Bron D, Luce S, Debugne G, Van den Bulck H, Goeminne JC, Schrijvers D, Geboers K, Petit B, Langenaeken C, Van Rijswijk R, Specenier P, Jerusalem G, Praet JP, Vandenborre K, Lobelle JP, Lycke M, Milisen K, and Wildiers H
Subjects: Aftercare standards, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Belgium, Clinical Decision-Making, Female, Humans, Male, Mass Screening standards, Medical Oncology standards, Neoplasms therapy, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Prospective Studies, Quality of Life, Aftercare statistics & numerical data, Geriatric Assessment statistics & numerical data, Guideline Adherence statistics & numerical data, Mass Screening statistics & numerical data, Neoplasms diagnosis
Abstract: Background: In the general older population, geriatric assessment (GA)-guided treatment plans can improve overall survival, quality of life and functional status (FS). In GA-related research in geriatric oncology, studies mainly focused on geriatric screening and GA but not on geriatric recommendations, interventions and follow-up. The aim of this study was to investigate the adherence to geriatric recommendations and subsequent actions undertaken in older patients with cancer., Patient and Methods: A prospective Belgian multicenter (N = 22) cohort study included patients ≥70 years with a malignant tumor upon oncologic treatment decision. Patients with an abnormal result on the geriatric screening (G8 ≤14/17) underwent GA. Geriatric recommendations were formulated based on GA results. At follow-up the adherence to geriatric recommendations was documented including a description of actions undertaken., Results: From November 2012 till February 2015, G8 screening was carried out in 8451 patients, of which 5838 patients had an abnormal result. Geriatric recommendations data were available for 5631 patients. Geriatric recommendations were made for 4459 patients. Geriatric interventions data were available for 4167 patients. A total of 12 384 geriatric recommendations were made. At least one different geriatric recommendation was implemented in 2874 patients. A dietician, social worker and geriatrician intervened most frequently for problems detected on the nutritional, social and functional domain. A total of 7569 actions were undertaken for a total of 5725 geriatric interventions, most frequently nutritional support and supplements, extended home care and psychological support., Conclusions: This large-scale Belgian study focuses on the adherence to geriatric recommendations and subsequent actions undertaken and contributes to the optimal management of older patients with cancer. We identified the domains for which geriatric recommendations are most frequently made and adhered to, and which referrals to other health care workers and facilities are frequently applied in the multidisciplinary approach of older patients with cancer.
Published: 2018
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17. The learning effects of different presentations of worked examples on medical students' breaking-bad-news skills: A randomized and blinded field trial.

Author: Schmitz FM, Schnabel KP, Bauer D, Bachmann C, Woermann U, and Guttormsen S
Subjects: Clinical Competence, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Patient Simulation, Video Recording, Young Adult, Education, Medical, Undergraduate methods, Learning, Students, Medical psychology, Truth Disclosure
Abstract: Objectives: Effective instructional approaches are needed to enable undergraduates to optimally prepare for the limited training time they receive with simulated patients (SPs). This study examines the learning effects of different presentation formats of a worked example on student SP communication., Methods: Sixty-seven fourth-year medical students attending a mandatory communication course participated in this randomized field trial. Prior to the course, they worked through an e-learning module that introduced the SPIKES protocol for delivering bad news to patients. In this module, a single worked example was presented to one group of students in a text version, to a second group in a video version, and to a third group in a video version enriched with text hints denoting the SPIKES steps., Results: The video-with-hints group broke bad news to SPs significantly more appropriately than either of the other groups. Although no further condition-related effects were revealed, students who learned from the text version most frequently (although non-significantly) ignored unpleasant emotions (standardised emotional cues and concerns) expressed by the SPs., Conclusions: The learning effect was strongest when the video-based worked example was accompanied by hints., Practice Implications: Video-related learning approaches that embed attention-guiding hints can effectively prepare undergraduates for SP encounters., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2018
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18. Medical students' communication skills in clinical education: Results from a cohort study.

Author: Bachmann C, Roschlaub S, Harendza S, Keim R, and Scherer M
Subjects: Adult, Clinical Competence, Cohort Studies, Educational Measurement methods, Female, Humans, Male, Patient Simulation, Videotape Recording, Communication, Curriculum, Education, Medical, Undergraduate methods, Students, Medical
Abstract: Objective: To assess students' communication skills during clinical medical education and at graduation., Methods: We conducted an observational cohort study from 2007 to 2011 with 26 voluntary undergraduate medical students at Hamburg University based on video-taped consultations in year four and at graduation. 176 consultations were analyzed quantitatively with validated and non-validated context-independent communication observation instruments (interrater reliability ≥0.8). Based on observational protocols each consultation was also documented in free-text comments, salient topics were extracted afterwards., Results: 26 students, seven males, were enrolled in the survey. On average, graduates scored higher in differential-diagnostic questioning and time management but showed deficiencies in taking systematic and complete symptom-oriented histories, in communication techniques, in structuring consultations and in gathering the patients' perspectives. Patient-centeredness and empathy were rather low at graduation. Individual deficiencies could barely be eliminated., Conclusion: Medical students were able to enhance their clinical reasoning skills and their time management. Still, various communication deficiencies in final year students became evident regarding appropriate history taking, communication skills, empathy and patient-centeredness., Practice Implications: The necessity of developing a longitudinal communication curriculum with enhanced communication trainings and assessments became evident. A curriculum should ensure that students' communication competencies are firmly achieved at graduation., (Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
Published: 2017
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19. tEACH re-visioning efforts: Establishment of new project groups.

Author: Rosenbaum M and Bachmann C
Subjects: Concept Formation, Humans, Organizational Objectives, Communication, Teaching
Published: 2016
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20. The CERAD neuropsychological assessment battery total score detects and predicts Alzheimer disease dementia with high diagnostic accuracy.

Author: Wolfsgruber S, Jessen F, Wiese B, Stein J, Bickel H, Mösch E, Weyerer S, Werle J, Pentzek M, Fuchs A, Köhler M, Bachmann C, Riedel-Heller SG, Scherer M, Maier W, and Wagner M
Subjects: Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Germany, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, ROC Curve, Regression Analysis, Alzheimer Disease diagnosis, Neuropsychological Tests standards, Predictive Value of Tests
Abstract: Objectives: To establish the diagnostic accuracy of the Total Score of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease neuropsychological assessment battery (CERAD-NP) both for cross-sectional discrimination of Alzheimer disease (AD) dementia and short-term prediction of incident AD dementia., Design: Longitudinal cohort study with two assessments at a 1.5-year interval., Setting: Primary care sample randomly recruited via medical record registries., Participants: As part of the German Study on Ageing, Cognition, and Dementia (AgeCoDe), a sample of elderly individuals (N = 1,606; mean age: 84 years) was assessed., Measurements: Subjects were assessed with the CERAD-NP and followed up for 18 months (97.6% follow-up rate). Logistic regression and receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were used to compare the diagnostic accuracy of the CERAD-NP Total Score (CTS) with that of single CERAD-NP scores and the Mini-Mental-State-Examination (MMSE) score., Results: ROC curve analysis resulted in excellent (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.97) cross-sectional discrimination between non-AD and AD dementia subjects. Prediction of incident AD dementia with the CTS was also very good (AUC: 0.89), and was significantly better than prediction based on the MMSE., Conclusions: The cross-sectional results confirm that the CTS is a highly accurate diagnostic tool for detecting AD dementia in elderly primary care patients. In addition, we provide evidence that the CTS is also accurate for the prediction of incident AD dementia. These findings further support the validity of the CTS as an index of overall cognitive functioning for detection and prediction of AD dementia., (Copyright © 2014 American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2014
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21. Effects of transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation in idiopathic restless legs patients.

Author: Heide AC, Winkler T, Helms HJ, Nitsche MA, Trenkwalder C, Paulus W, and Bachmann CG
Subjects: Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Restless Legs Syndrome diagnosis, Treatment Outcome, Young Adult, Restless Legs Syndrome physiopathology, Restless Legs Syndrome therapy, Spinal Cord physiopathology, Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation methods
Abstract: Background: Transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS) is a new non-invasive technique to modulate spinal cord activity. The pathophysiological concept of primary RLS proposes increased spinal excitability., Objective: This pilot study used tsDCS to reduce pathologically enhanced spinal excitability in RLS patients and to thereby ameliorate clinical symptoms., Methods: 20 patients with idiopathic RLS and 14 healthy subjects participated in this double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. All participants received one session of cathodal, anodal and sham stimulation of the thoracic spinal cord for 15 min (2.5 mA) each, in randomized order during their symptomatic phase in the evening. The soleus Hoffmann-reflex with Hmax/Mmax-ratio and seven different H2/H1-ratios (of two H-reflex responses to double stimuli) were measured. The RLS symptoms were assessed by a visual analogue scale (VAS). All parameters were measured before and twice after tsDCS., Results: RLS patients showed increased H2/H1-ratios during their symptomatic phase in the evening. Application of anodal stimulation led to a decreased H2/H1-ratio for 0.2 and 0.3 s interstimulus intervals in patients. Furthermore, application of anodal and cathodal stimulation led to a reduction in restless legs symptoms on the VAS, whereas application of sham stimulation had no effects on either the VAS or on the H2/H1-ratio in patients. VAS changes did not correlate with changes of H2/H1-ratios., Conclusions: This is the first tsDCS study in idiopathic RLS, which resulted in short-lasting clinical improvement. Furthermore, our results support the pathophysiological concept of spinal cord hyperexcitability in primary RLS and provide the basis for a new non-pharmacological treatment tool., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2014
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22. The costs of dementia from the societal perspective: is care provided in the community really cheaper than nursing home care?

Author: König HH, Leicht H, Brettschneider C, Bachmann C, Bickel H, Fuchs A, Jessen F, Köhler M, Luppa M, Mösch E, Pentzek M, Werle J, Weyerer S, Wiese B, Scherer M, Maier W, and Riedel-Heller SG
Subjects: Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Ambulatory Care economics, Ambulatory Care statistics & numerical data, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dementia epidemiology, Disability Evaluation, Female, Germany epidemiology, Home Care Services statistics & numerical data, Hospitalization economics, Hospitalization statistics & numerical data, Humans, Male, Regression Analysis, Severity of Illness Index, Caregivers economics, Dementia economics, Home Care Services economics, Nursing Homes economics
Abstract: Objective: To compare the costs of care for community-dwelling dementia patients with the costs of care for dementia patients living in nursing homes from the societal perspective., Design: Cross-sectional bottom-up cost of illness study nested within the multicenter German AgeCoDe-cohort., Setting: Community and nursing homes., Participants: One hundred twenty-eight community-dwelling dementia patients and 48 dementia patients living in nursing homes., Intervention: None., Measurements: Utilization and costs of medical care and long term care, including formal and informal social and nursing care based on proxy interviews. Informal care was valued using the replacement cost method., Results: Unadjusted mean annual total costs including informal care were €29,930 ($43,997) for community-dwelling patients and €33,482 ($49,218) for patients living in nursing homes. However, multiple regression analysis controlling for age, sex, deficits in basic and instrumental activities of daily living and comorbidity showed that living in the community significantly increased total costs by €11,344 ($16,676; P < .01) compared with living in a nursing home, mainly due to higher costs of informal care (+€20,585; +$30,260; P < .001)., Conclusion: From the societal perspective care for dementia patients living in the community tends to cost more than care in nursing homes when functional impairment is controlled for., (Copyright © 2014 American Medical Directors Association, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2014
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23. Can a brief two-hour interdisciplinary communication skills training be successful in undergraduate medical education?

Author: Bachmann C, Barzel A, Roschlaub S, Ehrhardt M, and Scherer M
Subjects: Adult, Curriculum, Educational Measurement, Female, Humans, Male, Patient Simulation, Pilot Projects, Education, Medical, Undergraduate methods, Interdisciplinary Communication, Students, Medical psychology
Abstract: Objective: To pilot-test feasibility, acceptance and learning-outcomes of a brief interdisciplinary communication skills training program in undergraduate medical education., Methods: A two-hour interdisciplinary communication skills program with simulated patients was developed and pilot-tested with clinical students at Hamburg University. Five psychosocial specialties facilitated the training. Composite effects were measured qualitatively and quantitatively., Results: Eighty students volunteered to participate in the pilot-program (intervention-group). Their evaluations of the program were very positive (1.1 on a six-point scale). Benefits were seen in feedback, increase of self-confidence, cross-disciplinary clinical and communication experience. Students who did not volunteer (n=206) served as the control-group. The intervention-group performed significantly better (p=0.023) in a primary care communication examination and female students performed better than males. Clinical teachers evaluated the pilot-training very positively with regard to learning-outcomes and feasibility. The positive results from the pilot-training led to implementation into the regular curriculum., Conclusions: A two-hour interdisciplinary communication skills training program is beneficial for medical students with regard to communication competencies, self-confidence and learning-outcomes., Practice Implication: The training is feasible within given time-frames and limited staff resources. The high teaching load for small-group-training are split between five specialties. The concept might be an interesting option for other faculties., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2013
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24. A European consensus on learning objectives for a core communication curriculum in health care professions.

Author: Bachmann C, Abramovitch H, Barbu CG, Cavaco AM, Elorza RD, Haak R, Loureiro E, Ratajska A, Silverman J, Winterburn S, and Rosenbaum M
Subjects: Clinical Competence, Consensus, Delphi Technique, Education, Medical, Undergraduate organization & administration, Europe, Humans, Models, Educational, Physician-Patient Relations, Communication, Curriculum, Education, Medical, Undergraduate methods, Health Personnel education
Abstract: Objective: To develop learning objectives for a core communication curriculum for all health care professions and to survey the acceptability and suitability of the curriculum for undergraduate European health care education., Methods: Learning objectives for a Health Professions Core Communication Curriculum (HPCCC) in undergraduate education were developed based on international literature and expert knowledge by an international group of communication experts representing different health care professions. A Delphi process technique was used to gather feedback and to provide a consensus from various health care disciplines within Europe., Results: 121 communication experts from 15 professional fields and 16 European countries participated in the consensus process. The overall acceptance of the core communication curriculum was high. 61 core communication objectives were rated on a five-point scale and found to be relevant for undergraduate education in health care professions. A thematic analysis revealed the benefits of the HPCCC., Conclusions and Practice Implications: Based on a broad European expert consensus, the Health Professions Core Communication Curriculum can be used as a guide for teaching communication inter- and multi-professionally in undergraduate education in health care. It can serve for curriculum development and support the goals of the Bologna process., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2013
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25. Comparison of potency assays using different read-out systems and their suitability for quality control.

Author: Zumpe C, Bachmann CL, Metzger AU, and Wiedemann N
Subjects: Animals, Antibodies, Monoclonal pharmacology, Cell Line, Tumor, Cell Proliferation drug effects, Colorimetry, ErbB Receptors immunology, Feasibility Studies, Humans, Interleukin-2 pharmacology, Interleukin-7 pharmacology, Mice, Quality Control, Recombinant Fusion Proteins pharmacology, Sensitivity and Specificity, Adenosine Triphosphate metabolism, Fluorescence, Oxazines metabolism, Tetrazolium Salts metabolism, Xanthenes metabolism
Abstract: In this study, three of the most commonly used non-radioactive read-out systems for bioassays, the tetrazolium salt MTS/PMS, the fluorescent dye Alamar Blue and the ATP bioluminescence assay were compared regarding their suitability for quality control purposes. In this regard, three different potency assays using murine CTLL-2, as well as human DiFi and Kit 225 cells were performed. No major differences regarding accuracy and precision were detected between the different read-out systems. Both workload and hands-on time were similar for all three assays used. All read-out systems were suitable for use in quality control. However, luminescence and fluorescence techniques were much more sensitive than the colorimetric system. The first two could determine approximately ten times lower drug concentrations, and the assay could be performed by using considerably lower cell numbers. Moreover, in two of the three potency assays, the luminescence and fluorescence read-out systems provided higher signal to noise ratios leading to a higher precision of the assays. Regarding the comparison of the luminescence and fluorescence system, the ATP assay has the advantage to be much faster than the Alamar Blue assay. Consequently, in this study, the luminescence technique turned out to be the most advantageous of the three read-out systems., (2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2010
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26. Double-blind, randomised, controlled study of the efficacy and tolerability of palonosetron plus dexamethasone for 1 day with or without dexamethasone on days 2 and 3 in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by moderately emetogenic chemotherapy.

Author: Aapro M, Fabi A, Nolè F, Medici M, Steger G, Bachmann C, Roncoroni S, and Roila F
Subjects: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Breast Neoplasms pathology, Child, Double-Blind Method, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, Humans, Maximum Tolerated Dose, Middle Aged, Nausea chemically induced, Palonosetron, Placebos, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Serotonin Antagonists therapeutic use, Survival Rate, Vomiting chemically induced, Young Adult, Antiemetics therapeutic use, Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols adverse effects, Breast Neoplasms drug therapy, Dexamethasone therapeutic use, Isoquinolines therapeutic use, Nausea prevention & control, Quinuclidines therapeutic use, Vomiting prevention & control
Abstract: Background: To reduce side-effects of corticosteroid-containing antiemetic regimens, tailoring antiemetic schedules to specific requirements of different patients could be of benefit. We evaluated the possibility to reduce the total dose of corticosteroids when palonosetron, a long-acting second-generation 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 (5-HT(3)) receptor antagonist, is used., Materials and Methods: Double-blind, multicentre, noninferiority study of chemotherapy-naive breast cancer patients receiving 0.25 mg palonosetron and 8 mg dexamethasone on day 1, randomly assigned to receive placebo (n = 151) or 4 mg b.i.d. dexamethasone (n = 149) on days 2 and 3. Primary end point was complete response (CR) rate (no emesis, no rescue medication) in the overall (days 1-5) period. Secondary end points were CR rates in the acute (day 1) and delayed (days 2-5) periods, rates of no emesis and no nausea and impact on daily functioning (Functional Living Index-Emesis)., Results: Noninferiority between the two treatments was demonstrated by similar CR rates (P = 0.487) in the overall period. Most parameters showed that palonosetron and dexamethasone on day 1 only offer chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting protection similar to multiple-day dexamethasone administration., Conclusion: In patients treated with a single injection of palonosetron on day 1, reducing dexamethasone is an option that is not associated with significant reduction in antiemetic control during the 5-day period or an impact on patient functioning.
Published: 2010
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27. Apart from nihilism and stigma: what influences general practitioners' accuracy in identifying incident dementia?

Author: Pentzek M, Wollny A, Wiese B, Jessen F, Haller F, Maier W, Riedel-Heller SG, Angermeyer MC, Bickel H, Mösch E, Weyerer S, Werle J, Bachmann C, Zimmermann T, van den Bussche H, Abholz HH, and Fuchs A
Subjects: Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cognition Disorders epidemiology, Dementia epidemiology, Dementia psychology, Early Diagnosis, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Germany, Humans, Incidence, Male, Physician-Patient Relations, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Predictive Value of Tests, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Clinical Competence, Cognition Disorders diagnosis, Dementia diagnosis, Physicians, Family psychology
Abstract: Objectives: To assess the accuracy of the General Practitioner's (GP) judgment in the recognition of incident dementia cases and to explore factors associated with recognition., Design: Prospective observational cohort study, two follow-up assessments (FU 1 and FU 2) within 3 years after baseline., Setting: One hundred thirty-eight general practice surgeries in the six study centers of a prospective German study., Participants: Participants were between 75 and 89 years of age at baseline and were recruited from the GPs' patient lists. In FU 1, 2,402 patients and in FU 2, 2,177 patients were analyzed., Measurements: GPs' judgments on their patients' cognitive status as index test; at-home patient interviews and tests, consensus diagnosis as reference; validity of the GP judgment; associations between patient factors and GPs' dementia recognition., Results: One hundred eleven incident dementia cases with complete data were identified in FU 1 and FU 2. Overall sensitivity of the GP judgment was 51.4%, specificity 95.9%, positive predictive value 23.6%, and negative predictive value 98.8%. GPs missed dementia more frequently in patients living alone. GPs overrated the presence of dementia more frequently in patients with problems in mobility or hearing, in patients with memory complaints, and in patients with a GP-documented depression., Conclusion: GPs miss nearly half of incident dementia cases. They should be alert not to miss dementia in patients living alone. Without seeking additional information, a positive GP judgment seems not sufficient for case finding. GPs should be aware of their tendency to overestimate dementia in depressed and frail patients.
Published: 2009
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28. Telling "the truth" in dementia--do attitude and approach of general practitioners and specialists differ?

Author: Kaduszkiewicz H, Bachmann C, and van den Bussche H
Subjects: Attitude to Health, Communication Barriers, Dementia psychology, Fear, Female, Germany, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Male, Physician's Role psychology, Physician-Patient Relations, Physicians organization & administration, Physicians psychology, Qualitative Research, Shame, Stereotyping, Surveys and Questionnaires, Taboo, Attitude of Health Personnel, Dementia diagnosis, Family Practice organization & administration, Neurology organization & administration, Psychiatry organization & administration, Truth Disclosure
Abstract: Objective: The prevailing opinion in the literature that disclosing the diagnosis of dementia to patients is important is not always put into practice. The purpose of this study was to investigate differences between GPs and specialists (neurologists and psychiatrists) in the German ambulatory care system concerning the disclosure of the diagnosis of dementia., Methods: Thirty in depth interviews with randomly selected GPs were conducted. On this basis a standardised questionnaire was developed and sent to 389 GPs and 239 neurologists and psychiatrists., Results: The postal survey revealed only minor differences between GPs and specialists, both groups being equally in favour of a timely disclosure. For example, 70% of the GPs and 77% of the specialists strongly agreed that "patients with dementia should be informed early because of the possibility to plan their lives". This positive attitude is pronounced among younger physicians, but is somewhat contradicted by difficulties in the communication with patients expressed in the interviews. In the interviews, what may be described as a "double taboo" emerges, in that GPs describe taboo topic areas related to dementia for them and for their patients., Conclusion: The postal survey shows the two professional groups to be very much in favour of a timely disclosure--an attitude that is pronounced among younger physicians. These findings can be interpreted as a recent change of attitudes regarding the disclosure of the diagnosis of dementia in the medical profession., Practice Implications: Training opportunities are needed in order to overcome communication obstacles in the doctor-patient-communication about dementia.
Published: 2008
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29. Cognitive-behavioral stress management training for boys with functional urinary incontinence.

Author: Stauber T, Petermann F, Bachmann H, Bachmann C, and Hampel P
Abstract: Objective: To evaluate an inpatient education program involving cognitive-behavioral stress management training of boys (aged 8-12 years) with functional urinary incontinence., Methods: The short- and long-term intervention effects of the new program on incontinence frequency, quality of life, and coping with daily and illness-related stressors were investigated in 15 boys, compared to 10 boys on a more knowledge-oriented education program without stress management. The efficacy was evaluated by non-parametric methods., Results: In both groups daytime wetting decreased while adaptive coping with daily stressors increased. Only the boys in the experimental group improved their wetting frequency during the night, maladaptive coping with illness-related stressors, and self-esteem., Conclusions: Stress management training should be incorporated in patient education programs to enhance coping of children with illness-related stressors and low self-esteem.
Published: 2007
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30. Dihydroxydocosahexaenoic acids of the neuroprotectin D family: synthesis, structure, and inhibition of human 5-lipoxygenase.

Author: Butovich IA, Lukyanova SM, and Bachmann C
Subjects: Chemistry, Pharmaceutical methods, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Docosahexaenoic Acids chemical synthesis, Docosahexaenoic Acids chemistry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry methods, Humans, Inhibitory Concentration 50, Lipoxygenase chemistry, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Oxygen metabolism, Glycine max enzymology, Docosahexaenoic Acids metabolism, Enzyme Inhibitors pharmacology, Lipoxygenase Inhibitors
Abstract: During aerobic oxidation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), soybean lipoxygenase (sLOX) has been shown to form 7,17(S)-dihydro(pero)xydocosahexaenoic acid [7,17(S)-diH(P)DHA] along with its previously described positional isomer, 10,17(S)-dihydro(pero)xydocosahexa-4Z,7Z,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-enoic acid. 7,17(S)-diH(P)DHA was also obtained via sLOX-catalyzed oxidation of either 17(S)-hydroperoxydocosahexaenoic acid [17(S)-HPDHA] or 17(S)-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid [17(S)-HDHA]. The structures of the products were elucidated by normal-phase, reverse-phase, and chiral-phase HPLC analyses and by ultraviolet, NMR, and tandem mass spectroscopy and GC-MS. 7,17(S)-diH(P)DHA was shown to have 4Z,8E,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z geometry of the double bonds. In addition, a compound apparently identical to the sLOX-derived 7,17(S)-diH(P)DHA was produced by another enzyme, potato tuber LOX, in the reactions of oxygenation of either 17(S)-HPDHA or 17(S)-HDHA. All of the dihydroxydocosahexaenoic acids (diHDHAs) formed by either of the enzymes were clearly produced through double lipoxygenation of the corresponding substrate. 7,17(S)-diHDHA inhibited human recombinant 5-lipoxygenase in the reaction of arachidonic acid (AA) oxidation. In standard conditions with 100 microM AA as substrate, the IC(50) value for 7,17(S)-diHDHA was found to be 7 microM, whereas IC(50) for 10,17(S)-DiHDHA was 15 microM. Similar inhibition by the diHDHAs was observed with sLOX, a quintessential 15LOX, although the strongest inhibition was produced by 10,17(S)-diHDHA (IC(50) = 4 microM). Inhibition of sLOX by 7,17(S)-diHDHA was slightly less potent, with an IC(50) value of 9 microM. These findings suggest that 7,17(S)-diHDHA along with its 10,17(S) counterpart might have anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities, which could be exerted, at least in part, through direct inhibition of 5LOX and 15LOX.
Published: 2006
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31. Treatment of neonatal hyperammonaemia.

Author: Sass JO, Sperl W, and Bachmann C
Subjects: Glucagon metabolism, Humans, Hyperammonemia etiology, Infant, Newborn, Hemofiltration, Hyperammonemia therapy, Hypothermia, Induced
Published: 2001
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32. Assay of D-lactate in urine of infants and children with reference values taking into account data below detection limit.

Author: Haschke-Becher E, Baumgartner M, and Bachmann C
Subjects: Aging urine, Austria, Child, Preschool, Chile, Creatinine urine, Germany, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Reference Values, Sensitivity and Specificity, Switzerland, Lactic Acid urine
Abstract: Accumulation of D-lactic acid produced by intestinal bacteria such as streptococci and lactobacilli has been extensively studied in ruminants [1-4]. In humans an increased production of D-lactate by intestinal bacteria under pathological conditions such as the short bowel syndrome can cause metabolic acidosis [5-8]. Since the lactate assays routinely used only measure L-lactate we developed a sensitive method of D-lactate quantification and established reference values in spot urines of infants and children (0 to 4 years of age). The enzymatic method with fluorimetric quantification of NADH is linear up to 2 mmol/l. It has a detection limit of 3.4 micromol/l. Among structurally related organic acids an interference was found only for L-lactate and DL-2-hydroxybutyrate at concentrations which are way beyond their physiological excretion. One hundred and sixty five spot urines of healthy Swiss (S), Austrian (A), German (G) and Chilean (CHI) infants aged from 0 to 4 years were analyzed. The distribution of the data is close to a lognormal one. Values below the detection limit were simulated and age groups were formed. In all populations D-lactate excretion was found highest during the first year of life; it declines with age during infancy and remains stable from 2.5 to 4 years of age. We show that D-lactate is excreted physiologically by healthy infants and children below 4 years of age and present reference values for D-lactate excretion which show some differences between the populations tested.
Published: 2000
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33. Effects of a partially hydrolyzed guar gum on intestinal absorption of carbohydrate, protein and fat: a double-blind controlled study in volunteers.

Author: Alam NH, Meier R, Rausch T, Meyer-Wyss B, Hildebrand P, Schneider H, Bachmann C, Minder E, Fowler B, and Gyr K
Subjects: Adult, Arginine metabolism, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Hydrolysis, Male, Pancreas drug effects, Pancreas physiology, Plant Gums, Dietary Carbohydrates pharmacokinetics, Dietary Fats metabolism, Dietary Proteins pharmacokinetics, Galactans pharmacology, Intestinal Absorption drug effects, Mannans pharmacology
Abstract: Unlabelled: Some dietary fibres have been shown to affect the rate of absorption of dietary carbohydrate, protein and fat as well as exocrine pancreatic function. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of partially hydrolysed guar gum (BENEFIBER), on normal absorption of glucose, amino acid (arginine) and fat. In addition hepatic, pancreatic, renal and haematological side effects were evaluated., Methods: A double blind, randomized and cross-over design was used. Each subject served as its own control. Ten healthy male volunteers participated in the study. Each subject was randomly assigned to two different dietary regimes for a period of 7 days each. The study was repeated with the other diet for another 7-day period after an interval of at least 1 week. In one study period the subjects took liquid formula diet without fibre and during the other study period they took the same diet with fibre., Results: The results of the study demonstrated that BENEFIBER did apparently not interfere with the normal absorption of glucose, amino acid and fat. In keeping with these observations, insulin release and exocrine pancreatic function were not affected. Haematological, renal and hepatic toxicity were not observed in association with BENEFIBER consumption., Conclusion: We conclude that BENEFIBER is a safe source of soluble fibre.
Published: 1998
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34. Clinical chemistry variables in normal elderly and healthy ambulatory populations: comparison with reference values.

Author: Boulat O, Krieg MA, Janin B, Burckhardt P, Francioli P, and Bachmann C
Subjects: Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Reference Values, Clinical Chemistry Tests standards
Abstract: Laboratory values of the most commonly assayed clinical chemistry variables were determined in selected elderly and healthy ambulatory populations. The upper and lower limits (2.5 and 97.5 fractiles) were compared with the adult reference values in use in university hospitals of Switzerland. The results suggest that conventional adult reference values can be used for most variables in the elderly and that these values are also useful in an ambulatory population.
Published: 1998
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35. Microheterogeneity of serum glycoproteins and their liver precursors in patients with carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome type I: apparent deficiencies in clusterin and serum amyloid P.

Author: Henry H, Tissot JD, Messerli B, Markert M, Muntau A, Skladal D, Sperl W, Jaeken J, Weidinger S, Heyne K, and Bachmann C
Subjects: Amyloid blood, Clusterin, Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional, Female, Humans, Male, Amyloid deficiency, Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation metabolism, Glycoproteins deficiency, Liver metabolism, Molecular Chaperones, Protein Precursors metabolism
Abstract: Serum and liver protein patterns were studied, respectively, in 5 patients (serum) and 1 patient (liver) with carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome (CDGS) type I by high-resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The pattern of serum glycoproteins in all 5 patients presented abnormal trains of isoforms with decreased mass (delta molecular weight 3000) and all showed a cathodal shift. Two-dimensional electrophoresis and SDS-PAGE mass analysis of transferrin, alpha1 -antitrypsin, haptoglobin beta-chain, and alpha1-acid glycoprotein after neuraminidase and N-glycosidase F treatments demonstrated that the additional trains of the isoforms found in CDGS type I contain homologous species of isoforms. Some of them still showed charge differences, and all still contained glycans except for transferrin, with some unusual nonglycosylated isoforms. In addition, deficiencies in clusterin and serum amyloid P, not described so far, have been found in all 5 patients. The two-dimensional pattern of immunodetected precursors of serum proteins in liver cells from 1 patient with CDGS showed abnormal low-mass precursors and the absence of the precursors normally found in controls. These results suggest that these abnormal precursors accumulate during the early oligosaccharide processing of the nascent protein-bound oligosaccharides and that glycoprotein precursors undergo an altered intracellular transport while the post-translational processing along the normal pathway is still apparently functioning in patients with CDGS.
Published: 1997
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36. Identification of a common mutation in patients with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.

Author: Matsubara Y, Narisawa K, Miyabayashi S, Tada K, Coates PM, Bachmann C, Elsas LJ 2nd, Pollitt RJ, Rhead WJ, and Roe CR
Subjects: Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase, Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenases deficiency, Base Sequence, Genes, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutation, Oligonucleotide Probes, Oligonucleotides, Pedigree, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Messenger genetics, Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenases genetics
Abstract: Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency is one of the most common recessively inherited metabolic diseases in man. We have studied fibroblast cultures obtained from three patients with MCAD deficiency by sequencing the entire coding region of MCAD mRNA. A single A to G nucleotide replacement which resulted in lysine329-to-glutamic acid329 substitution of the MCAD protein was identified in all cultures. Furthermore, this point mutation was present in 91% (31 of 34) of mutant MCAD alleles, indicating that the majority of cases with MCAD deficiency are caused by this type of mutation.
Published: 1990
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37. Increased tryptophan uptake into the brain in hyperammonemia.

Author: Bachmann C and Colombo JP
Subjects: Amino Acids metabolism, Animals, Brain Stem metabolism, Disease Models, Animal, Indoles metabolism, Male, Probenecid pharmacology, Rats, Rats, Inbred Strains, Urease, Ammonia blood, Brain metabolism, Tryptophan metabolism
Abstract: Hyperammonemia was provoked in rats by urease injection over three days. Tryptophan transport into the forebrain measured by the bolus injection technique was increased in hyperammonemic rats in comparison with pairfed controls. The concentration of the large neutral aminoacids, of tryptophan and of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid were increased in the forebrain and brainstem. Probenecid administration led to a significantly higher accumulation of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid in the forebrain of hyperammonemic rats. Since liver function was not impaired the data indicate that hyperammonemia in absence of hepatic insufficiency alters the carrier function for large neutral aminoacids at the blood brain barrier.
Published: 1983
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38. Reversal or prevention of diuretic-induced alterations in serum lipoproteins with betablockers.

Author: Meier A, Weidmann P, Mordasini R, Riesen W, and Bachmann C
Subjects: Adolescent, Adult, Cholesterol, HDL, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, Humans, Hypertension blood, Lipoproteins, HDL blood, Male, Middle Aged, Adrenergic beta-Antagonists therapeutic use, Chlorthalidone therapeutic use, Cholesterol blood, Hypertension drug therapy, Lipoproteins, LDL blood, Propranolol therapeutic use
Abstract: In 18 patients with essential hypertension serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was significantly (P less than 0.001) increased following short-term chlorthalidone therapy, but not during combination therapy with chlorthalidone and a betablocker. This tendency was similar in two subgroups which were studied with an inverse sequence of drug administration. In Group I (11 men), a 22% increase (P less than 0.01) in LDL-C during chlorthalidone monotherapy was restored to normal 6 weeks after addition to a betablocker to the diuretic; in Group II (5 men, 2 postmenopausal women) LDL-C levels were increased by 41% (P less than 0.05) 6 weeks after withdrawal of the betablocker from the combination therapy. No significant changes occurred during either the treatment phase in high density lipoprotein cholesterol or apoprotein B levels. It is concluded that combination therapy with a betablocker may prevent or reverse an increase in serum LDL-C associated with short-term chlorthalidone monotherapy.
Published: 1982
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39. Quantitative gaschromatographic determination of short chain aldehydes and ketones in the urine of infants.

Author: Bachmann C, Baumgartner R, Wick H, and Colombo JP
Subjects: Chromatography, Gas methods, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Premature, Probability, Aldehydes urine, Ketones urine
Published: 1976
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40. In vivo 31P NMR spectroscopy of energy rich phosphates in the brain of the hyperammonemic rat.

Author: Friolet R, Colombo JP, Lazeyras F, Aue WP, Kretschmer R, Zimmermann A, and Bachmann C
Subjects: Ammonia toxicity, Animals, Brain drug effects, Male, Models, Biological, Phosphorus, Rats, Rats, Inbred Strains, Urease, Ammonia blood, Brain metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Phosphates metabolism
Abstract: Hyperammonemia is a major contributing factor to the neurological abnormalities observed in hepatic encephalopathy and in congenital defects of ammonia detoxication. In rats variable changes in labile energy rich phosphates in the brain have been observed in hyperammonemia using biochemical methods. Using 31P-NMR spectroscopy however no significant changes of the relative concentrations of the energy rich phosphates alpha, beta and gamma-ATP, phosphocreatine, inorganic phosphate and the pH were found in the fronto parietal cortex of the urease treated hyperammonemic rat. Alterations in the metabolites of these compounds do not appear to be a major pathomechanism of ammonia toxicity in this brain area.
Published: 1989
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41. Determination of medium chain fatty acids in serum.

Author: Dionisi Vici C, Bachmann C, Gradwoht M, and Colombo JP
Subjects: Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase, Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenases deficiency, Child, Chromatography, Gas, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Male, Metabolism, Inborn Errors diagnosis, Middle Aged, Fatty Acids blood
Abstract: The determination of medium chain fatty acids in serum is a useful approach of the diagnosis of medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, an increasingly recognized cause of Reye-like syndrome in infants. A reliable and practical method requiring 0.5 ml of serum is presented by which results are obtained within 2.5 h. The preparation of the samples is done by solid phase extraction on reverse phase cartridges, the separation and quantitation by gas chromatography. Reference values for children (n = 24) and adults (n = 40) are given for octanoic, decanoic and dodecanoic acids.
Published: 1988
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42. Mitochondrial urea cycle enzymes in rats treated with sodium benzoate.

Author: Colombo JP, Bachmann C, Pfister U, and Gradwohl M
Subjects: Amino-Acid N-Acetyltransferase, Ammonia blood, Animals, Benzoates blood, Benzoic Acid, Hippurates blood, Kinetics, Male, Mitochondria, Liver drug effects, Rats, Rats, Inbred Strains, Urease pharmacology, Acetyltransferases metabolism, Benzoates pharmacology, Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase (Ammonia) metabolism, Ligases metabolism, Mitochondria, Liver enzymology, Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase metabolism, Urea metabolism
Abstract: Since sodium benzoate, which is widely used to treat hyperammonemia its effect on mitochondrial urea cycle enzymes was investigated. its effect on mitochondrial urea cycle enzymes was investigated. Sodium benzoate was administered to urease treated hyperammonemic rats and controls. In both groups no interference with the activity of carbamylphosphate synthetase, ornithine carbamyltransferase and N-acetylglutamate synthetase in the liver could be observed at concentrations of benzoate in plasma found in hyperammonemic patients. Careful monitoring of plasma levels reduces benzoate toxicity as shown in a patient with argininosuccinic aciduria.
Published: 1988
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43. Short chain fatty acids in plasma and brain: quantitative determination by gas chromatography.

Author: Bachmann C, Colombo JP, and Berüter J
Subjects: Adult, Butyrates blood, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Fatty Acids urine, Female, Humans, Male, Methods, Methylmalonic Acid blood, Middle Aged, Propionates blood, Valerates blood, Brain Chemistry, Chromatography, Gas methods, Fatty Acids blood
Abstract: A reliable and practicable method for the determination of short chain fatty acids in plasma and brain tissue is presented. The sample preparation by partition chromatography on silicic acid allows subsequently a quantitation of short chain fatty acids without interference by methylmalonic acid, or other more polar compounds. With the gas-chromatographic system 2-methylbutyrate is separated from isovalerate. Reference values are given for plasma. The system is also useful in combination with mass spectrometry.
Published: 1979
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