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1. Evidence for a mixed mass composition at the ‘ankle’ in the cosmic-ray spectrum

Author

A. Aab, P. Abreu, M. Aglietta, E.J. Ahn, I. Al Samarai, I.F.M. Albuquerque, I. Allekotte, P. Allison, A. Almela, J. Alvarez Castillo, J. Alvarez-Muñiz, M. Ambrosio, G.A. Anastasi, L. Anchordoqui, B. Andrada, S. Andringa, C. Aramo, F. Arqueros, N. Arsene, H. Asorey, P. Assis, J. Aublin, G. Avila, A.M. Badescu, A. Balaceanu, C. Baus, J.J. Beatty, K.H. Becker, J.A. Bellido, C. Berat, M.E. Bertaina, P.L. Biermann, P. Billoir, J. Biteau, S.G. Blaess, A. Blanco, J. Blazek, C. Bleve, M. Boháčová, D. Boncioli, C. Bonifazi, N. Borodai, A.M. Botti, J. Brack, I. Brancus, T. Bretz, A. Bridgeman, F.L. Briechle, P. Buchholz, A. Bueno, S. Buitink, M. Buscemi, K.S. Caballero-Mora, B. Caccianiga, L. Caccianiga, A. Cancio, F. Canfora, L. Caramete, R. Caruso, A. Castellina, G. Cataldi, L. Cazon, R. Cester, A.G. Chavez, A. Chiavassa, J.A. Chinellato, J. Chudoba, R.W. Clay, R. Colalillo, A. Coleman, L. Collica, M.R. Coluccia, R. Conceição, F. Contreras, M.J. Cooper, S. Coutu, C.E. Covault, J. Cronin, R. Dallier, S. D'Amico, B. Daniel, S. Dasso, K. Daumiller, B.R. Dawson, R.M. de Almeida, S.J. de Jong, G. De Mauro, J.R.T. de Mello Neto, I. De Mitri, J. de Oliveira, V. de Souza, J. Debatin, L. del Peral, O. Deligny, C. Di Giulio, A. Di Matteo, M.L. Díaz Castro, F. Diogo, C. Dobrigkeit, J.C. D'Olivo, A. Dorofeev, R.C. dos Anjos, M.T. Dova, A. Dundovic, J. Ebr, R. Engel, M. Erdmann, M. Erfani, C.O. Escobar, J. Espadanal, A. Etchegoyen, H. Falcke, K. Fang, G. Farrar, A.C. Fauth, N. Fazzini, B. Fick, J.M. Figueira, A. Filevich, A. Filipčič, O. Fratu, M.M. Freire, T. Fujii, A. Fuster, B. García, D. Garcia-Pinto, F. Gaté, H. Gemmeke, A. Gherghel-Lascu, P.L. Ghia, U. Giaccari, M. Giammarchi, M. Giller, D. Głas, C. Glaser, H. Glass, G. Golup, M. Gómez Berisso, P.F. Gómez Vitale, N. González, B. Gookin, J. Gordon, A. Gorgi, P. Gorham, P. Gouffon, A.F. Grillo, T.D. Grubb, F. Guarino, G.P. Guedes, M.R. Hampel, P. Hansen, D. Harari, T.A. Harrison, J.L. Harton, Q. Hasankiadeh, A. Haungs, T. Hebbeker, D. Heck, P. Heimann, A.E. Herve, G.C. Hill, C. Hojvat, E. Holt, P. Homola, J.R. Hörandel, P. Horvath, M. Hrabovský, T. Huege, J. Hulsman, A. Insolia, P.G. Isar, I. Jandt, S. Jansen, J.A. Johnsen, M. Josebachuili, A. Kääpä, O. Kambeitz, K.H. Kampert, P. Kasper, I. Katkov, B. Keilhauer, E. Kemp, R.M. Kieckhafer, H.O. Klages, M. Kleifges, J. Kleinfeller, R. Krause, N. Krohm, D. Kuempel, G. Kukec Mezek, N. Kunka, A. Kuotb Awad, D. LaHurd, L. Latronico, M. Lauscher, P. Lautridou, P. Lebrun, R. Legumina, M.A. Leigui de Oliveira, A. Letessier-Selvon, I. Lhenry-Yvon, K. Link, L. Lopes, R. López, A. López Casado, Q. Luce, A. Lucero, M. Malacari, M. Mallamaci, D. Mandat, P. Mantsch, A.G. Mariazzi, I.C. Mariş, G. Marsella, D. Martello, H. Martinez, O. Martínez Bravo, J.J. Masías Meza, H.J. Mathes, S. Mathys, J. Matthews, J.A.J. Matthews, G. Matthiae, E. Mayotte, P.O. Mazur, C. Medina, G. Medina-Tanco, D. Melo, A. Menshikov, S. Messina, M.I. Micheletti, L. Middendorf, I.A. Minaya, L. Miramonti, B. Mitrica, D. Mockler, L. Molina-Bueno, S. Mollerach, F. Montanet, C. Morello, M. Mostafá, G. Müller, M.A. Muller, S. Müller, I. Naranjo, S. Navas, L. Nellen, J. Neuser, P.H. Nguyen, M. Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M. Niechciol, L. Niemietz, T. Niggemann, D. Nitz, D. Nosek, V. Novotny, H. Nožka, L.A. Núñez, L. Ochilo, F. Oikonomou, A. Olinto, D. Pakk Selmi-Dei, M. Palatka, J. Pallotta, P. Papenbreer, G. Parente, A. Parra, T. Paul, M. Pech, F. Pedreira, J. Pȩkala, R. Pelayo, J. Peña-Rodriguez, L.A.S. Pereira, L. Perrone, C. Peters, S. Petrera, J. Phuntsok, R. Piegaia, T. Pierog, P. Pieroni, M. Pimenta, V. Pirronello, M. Platino, M. Plum, C. Porowski, R.R. Prado, P. Privitera, M. Prouza, E.J. Quel, S. Querchfeld, S. Quinn, R. Ramos-Pollant, J. Rautenberg, O. Ravel, D. Ravignani, D. Reinert, B. Revenu, J. Ridky, M. Risse, P. Ristori, V. Rizi, W. Rodrigues de Carvalho, G. Rodriguez Fernandez, J. Rodriguez Rojo, M.D. Rodríguez-Frías, D. Rogozin, J. Rosado, M. Roth, E. Roulet, A.C. Rovero, S.J. Saffi, A. Saftoiu, H. Salazar, A. Saleh, F. Salesa Greus, G. Salina, J.D. Sanabria Gomez, F. Sánchez, P. Sanchez-Lucas, E.M. Santos, E. Santos, F. Sarazin, B. Sarkar, R. Sarmento, C. Sarmiento-Cano, R. Sato, C. Scarso, M. Schauer, V. Scherini, H. Schieler, D. Schmidt, O. Scholten, P. Schovánek, F.G. Schröder, A. Schulz, J. Schulz, J. Schumacher, S.J. Sciutto, A. Segreto, M. Settimo, A. Shadkam, R.C. Shellard, G. Sigl, G. Silli, O. Sima, A. Śmiałkowski, R. Šmída, G.R. Snow, P. Sommers, S. Sonntag, J. Sorokin, R. Squartini, D. Stanca, S. Stanič, J. Stasielak, F. Strafella, F. Suarez, M. Suarez Durán, T. Sudholz, T. Suomijärvi, A.D. Supanitsky, M.S. Sutherland, J. Swain, Z. Szadkowski, O.A. Taborda, A. Tapia, A. Tepe, V.M. Theodoro, C. Timmermans, C.J. Todero Peixoto, L. Tomankova, B. Tomé, A. Tonachini, G. Torralba Elipe, D. Torres Machado, M. Torri, P. Travnicek, M. Trini, R. Ulrich, M. Unger, M. Urban, A. Valbuena-Delgado, J.F. Valdés Galicia, I. Valiño, L. Valore, G. van Aar, P. van Bodegom, A.M. van den Berg, A. van Vliet, E. Varela, B. Vargas Cárdenas, G. Varner, J.R. Vázquez, R.A. Vázquez, D. Veberič, V. Verzi, J. Vicha, L. Villaseñor, S. Vorobiov, H. Wahlberg, O. Wainberg, D. Walz, A.A. Watson, M. Weber, A. Weindl, L. Wiencke, H. Wilczyński, T. Winchen, D. Wittkowski, B. Wundheiler, S. Wykes, L. Yang, D. Yelos, P. Younk, A. Yushkov, E. Zas, D. Zavrtanik, M. Zavrtanik, A. Zepeda, B. Zimmermann, M. Ziolkowski, Z. Zong, and F. Zuccarello

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

We report a first measurement for ultrahigh energy cosmic rays of the correlation between the depth of shower maximum and the signal in the water Cherenkov stations of air-showers registered simultaneously by the fluorescence and the surface detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory. Such a correlation measurement is a unique feature of a hybrid air-shower observatory with sensitivity to both the electromagnetic and muonic components. It allows an accurate determination of the spread of primary masses in the cosmic-ray flux. Up till now, constraints on the spread of primary masses have been dominated by systematic uncertainties. The present correlation measurement is not affected by systematics in the measurement of the depth of shower maximum or the signal in the water Cherenkov stations. The analysis relies on general characteristics of air showers and is thus robust also with respect to uncertainties in hadronic event generators. The observed correlation in the energy range around the ‘ankle’ at lg⁡(E/eV)=18.5–19.0 differs significantly from expectations for pure primary cosmic-ray compositions. A light composition made up of proton and helium only is equally inconsistent with observations. The data are explained well by a mixed composition including nuclei with mass A>4. Scenarios such as the proton dip model, with almost pure compositions, are thus disfavored as the sole explanation of the ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray flux at Earth. Keywords: Pierre Auger Observatory, Cosmic rays, Mass composition, Ankle

Published
2016
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2. List of Contributors

Author

Saurabh Aggarwal, Jason H.T. Bates, Stephen M. Black, Peter F. Bove, James S. Brown, Jared M. Brown, Gary R. Burleson, Stefanie C.M. Burleson, Florence G. Burleson, Alejandro Castañeda, James F. Collawn, Donald N. Cook, Daniel L. Costa, Elvira C. Covarrubias, James D. Crapo, Albert van der Vliet, Aimen K. Farraj, Jane E. Farrington, Robert B. Fick, Aron B. Fisher, Henry J. Forman, W. Michael Foster, Peter Gehr, Andrew J. Gow, Christine M. Gross, Ryan Hadley, Jack R. Harkema, Mehdi Saeed Hazari, Daniel Hirsch, Dallas M. Hyde, Victor J. Johnson, James H. Jones, Pranita Katwa, Murat Kaynar, Debra L. Laskin, Jeffrey D. Laskin, Hui-Hua Li, James D. Londino, Kim E. Longworth, Michael I. Luster, Rama Malaviya, Mark D. Mannie, Andrew T. Mariassy, Sadis Matalon, Stephanie A. Matthes, John T. McBride, Robert R. Mercer, John B. Morris, Hideki Nakano, Stephen G. Olmstead, Janice L. Peake, Kent E. Pinkerton, Bruce R. Pitt, Charles G. Plopper, Robert J. Porcelli, Scott H. Randell, Susan D. Reynolds, Jesse Roman, Philip L. Sannes, Rashmin C. Savani, Richard B. Schlesinger, Madhuri Singal, Suzette Smiley-Jewell, Bernd W. Spur, Claudette M. St. Croix, Judith A. St. George, Jeffrey S. Tepper, Kalidasan Thambiayya, Michael R. Van Scott, Laura S. Van Winkle, Peter D. Wagner, Karla A. Wasserloos, Barry Weinberger, Eric S. White, Kingsley Yin, Berran Yucesoy, and Graeme R. Zosky

Published
2015

3. The Immune Basis of Allergic Lung Disease

Author

Stefanie C.M. Burleson, Robert B. Fick, Michael R. Van Scott, Stephen Olmstead, and Mark D. Mannie

Subjects
Immune system, business.industry, Lung disease, Immunology, Medicine, Context (language use), Epigenetics, Airway obstruction, business, Receptor, medicine.disease, Pathophysiology, Asthma
Abstract

The clinical manifestations and pathophysiology of allergic airways diseases result from complex responses of the innate and acquired immune systems to environmental stimuli leading to structural and functional changes in the neural networks, smooth muscle, connective tissue, circulation, and epithelium in the airway wall. Allergic airways diseases are common, and the impacts on health range from minor discomfort to debilitating and life-threatening airway obstruction. Many of the cells, transmitters, cytokines, and receptors involved in the responses to inhaled allergens have been identified, but integration of these components is not fully understood, particularly outside of the laboratory and clinic where diverse intrinsic and extrinsic factors can affect the responses. The intent in this chapter is to review the information that has accrued up to this point in time and equip the reader to interpret future discoveries in the context of previous findings. The pathophysiology of allergic lung disease is described, complexities of the cellular and cytokine networks are explored, and intrinsic and extrinsic factors that impact these mechanisms are identified. Animal models, particularly murine models of asthma and genetically-modified mouse strains, have contributed significantly to understanding of allergic diseases and immune mechanisms, and strengths and weaknesses of these models that have contributed to knowledge in this area are discussed.

Published
2015

4. A study of the effect of molecular and aerosol conditions in the atmosphere on air fluorescence measurements at the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author

J. ABRAHAM, P. ABREU, M. AGLIETTA, E. J. AHN, D. ALLARD, I. ALLEKOTTE, J. ALLEN, J. ALVAREZ MUNIZ, M. AMBROSIO, L. ANCHORDOQUI, S. ANDRINGA, T. ANTICIC, A. ANZALONE, C. ARAMO, E. ARGANDA, K. ARISAKA, F. ARQUEROS, H. ASOREY, P. ASSIS, J. AUBLIN, M. AVE, G. AVILA, T. BACKER, D. BADAGNANI, M. BALZER, K. B. BARBER, A. F. BARBOSA, S. L. C. BARROSO, B. BAUGHMAN, P. BAULEO, J. BEATTY, B. R. BECKER, K. H. BECKER, A. BELLETOILE, J. A. BELLIDO, S. BENZVI, C. BERAT, T. BERGMANN, X. BERTOU, P. L. BIERMANN, P. BILLOIR, O. BLANCH BIGAS, F. BLANCO, M. BLANCO, H. BLUMER, M. BOHACOVA, D. BONCIOLI, C. BONIFAZI, R. BONINO, N. BORODAI, J. BRACK, P. BROGUEIRA, W. C. BROWN, R. BRUIJN, P. BUCHHOLZ, A. BUENO, R. E. BURTON, N. BUSCA, K. S. CABALLERO MORA, L. CARAMETE, R. CARUSO, A. CASTELLINA, O. CATALANO, G. CATALDI, L. CAZON, R. CESTER, J. CHAUVIN, A. CHIAVASSA, J. A. CHINELLATO, A. CHOU, J. CHUDOBA, R. W. CLAY, E. COLOMBO, R. CONCEICAO, F. CONTRERAS, H. COOK, M. COOPER, J. COPPENS, A. CORDIER, U. COTTI, S. COUTU, C. E. COVAULT, A. CREUSOT, A. CRISS, J. CRONIN, A. CURUTIU, S. DAGORET CAMPAGNE, R. DALLIER, K. DAUMILLER, B. R. DAWSON, R. M. DE, ALMEIDA, M. DEDOMENICO, C. DEDONATO, S. J. DEJONG, G. DELAVEGA, W. J. M. DEMELLOJUNIOR, J. DEMELLONETO, V. DESOUZAM, K. D. DEVRIES, G. DECERPRIT, L. DELPERAL, O. DELIGNY, A. DELLASELVA, C. DELLEFRATTE, H. DEMBINSKI, C. DIGIULIO, J. C. DIAZ, M. CASTRO, P. N. DIEP, C. DOBRIGKEIT, J. C. DOLIVO, P. N. DONG, A. DOROFEEV, J. C. DOSANJOS, M. DOVA, D. DURSO, I. DUTAN, M. A. DUVERNOIS, J. EBR, R. ENGEL, M. ERDMANN, C. O, A. ETCHEGOYEN, P. FACALSANLUIS, H. FALCKE, G. FARRAR, A. C. FAUTH, N. FAZZINI, A. FERRERO, B. FICK, A. FILEVICH, A. FILIPCIC, I. FLECK, S. FLIESCHER, C. E. FRACCHIOLLA, E. D. FRAENKEL, U. FROHLICH, W. FULGIONE, R. F. GAMARRA, S. GAMBETTA, B. GARCIA, D. GAMEZ, D. GARCIA PINTO, X. GARRIDO, G. GELMINI, H. GEMMEKEAG, P. L. GHIA, U. GIACCARI, M. GILLER, H. GLASS, L. GOGGIN, M. S. GOLD, G. GOLUP, F. GOMEZALBARRACIN, M. BERISSO, P. GONC ALVES, D. GONZALEZ, J. G. GONZALEZ, D. GORA, A. GORGI, P. GOUFFON, S. R. GOZZINI, E. GRASHORN, S. GREBE, M. GRIGAT, A. F. GRILLO, Y. GUARDINCERRI, F. GUARINO, G. P. GUEDES, J. D. HAGUE, V. HALENKA, P. HANSEN, D. HARARI, S. HARMSMA, J. L. HARTON, A. HAUNGS, T. HEBBEKER, D. HECK, A. E. HERVE, C. HOJVAT, V. C. HOLMES, P. HOMOLA, J. R. HORANDEL, A. HORNEFFER, M. HRABOVSKY, T. HUEGE, M. HUSSAIN, M. IARLORI, A. INSOLIA, F. IONITA, A. ITALIANO, S. JIRASKOVA, K. KADIJA, M. KADUCAK, K. H. KAMPERT, T. KAROVA, P. KASPER, B. KEGL, B. KEILHAUER, A. KEIVANI, J. KELLEY, E. KEMPO, R. M. KIECKHAFER, H. O. KLAGES, M. KLEIFGES, J. KLEINFELLER, R. KNAPIK, J. KNAPP, D. H. KOANG, A. KRIEGER, O. KROMER, D. KRUPPKE HANSEN, F. KUEHN, D. KUEMPEL, K. KULBARTZ, N. KUNKA, A. KUSENKO, G. LAROSA, C. LACHAUD, B. LAGO, P. LAUTRIDOU, M. S. A. B. LEAO, D. LEBRUN, P. LEBRUN, J. LEE, M. A. LEIGUIDEOLIVEIRA, A. LEMIERE, A. LETESSIER SELVON, I. LHENRY YVON, R. LOPEZ, A. LOPEZAGUERA, K. LOUEDEC, J. LOZANOBAHILO, A. LUCERO, M. LUDWIG, H. LYBERIS, M. C. MACCARONE, C. MACOLINO, S. MALDERA, D. MANDAT, P. MANTSCH, A. G. MARIAZZI, V. MARIN, I. C. MARIS, H. FALCON, O. BRAVO, H. J. MATHES, J. MATTHEWS, G. MATTHIAE, D. MAURIZIO, P. O. MAZUR, M. MCEWENBP, G. MEDINA TANCO, M. MELISSAS, D. MELO, E. MENICHETTI, A. MENSHIKOV, C. MEURER, S. MICANOVIC, M. I. MICHELETTI, W. MILLER, L. MIRAMONTI, S. MOLLERACH, M. MONASOR, D. MONNIERRAGAIGNE, F. MONTANET, B. MORALES, C. MORELLO, E. BA, J. C. MORENO, C. MORRIS, M. MOSTAFA, S. MUELLER, M. MULLER, R. MUSSA, G. NAVARRA, J. L. NAVARRO, S. NAVAS, P. NECESAL, L. NELLEN, P. NHUNG, N. NIERSTENHOEFER, D. NITZ, D. NOSEK, L. NOZKA, M. NYKLICEK, J. OEHLSCHLAGER, A. OLINTO, P. OLIVA, V. BR, M. ORTIZ, N. PACHECO, D. PAKKSELMI DEI, M. PALATKA, J. PALLOTTA, N. PALMIERI, G. PARENTE, E. PARIZOT, S. PARLATI, A. PARRA, J. PARRISIUS, R. PARSONS, S. PASTOR, T. PAUL, V. PAVLIDOU, K. PAYET, M. PECH, J. PEKALA, R. PELAYO, I. PEPE, R. PESCE, E. PETERMANN, S. PETRERA, P. PETRINCA, A. PETROLINI, Y. PETROV, J. PETROVIC, C. PFENDNER, R. PIEGAIA, T. PIEROG, M. PIMENTA, V. PIRRONELLO, M. PLATINO, V. H. PONCE, M. PONTZ, P. PRIVITERA, M. PROUZA, E. J. QUEL, J. RAUTENBERG, O. RAVEL, D. RAVIGNANI, A. REDONDO, B. REVENU, F. A. S. REZENDE, J. RIDKY, S. RIGGI, M. RISSE, P. RISTORI, C. RIVIERE, V. RIZI, C. ROBLEDO, G. RODRIGUEZ, J. RODRIGUEZMARTINO, J. RODRIGUEZROJO, I. RODRIGUEZ CABO, M. D. RODRIGUEZ FRIAS, G. ROS, J. ROSADO, T. ROSSLER, M. ROTH, B. ROUILLE DORFEUIL, E. ROULET, A. C. ROVERO, F. SALAMIDA, H. SALAZAR, G. SALINA, F. SANCHEZ, M. SANTANDER, C. E. SANTO, E. SANTO, E. M. SANTOS, F. SARAZIN, S. SARKAR, R. SATO, N. SCHARF, V. SCHERINI, H. SCHIELER, P. SCHIFFER, A. SCHMIDT, F. SCHMIDT, T. SCHMIDT, O. SCHOLTEN, H. SCHOORLEMMER, J. SCHOVANCOVA, P. SCHOVANEK, F. SCHROEDER, S. SCHULTE, F. SCHUSSLER, D. SCHUSTER, S. J. SCIUTTO, M. SCUDERI, A. SEGRETO, D. SEMIKOZ, R. SHELLARD, I. SIDELNIK, B. B. SIFFERT, G. SIGL, A. SMIAKOWSKI, R. SMIDA, G. R. SNOW, P. SOMMERS, J. SOROKIN, H. SPINKA, R. SQUARTINI, J. STASIELAK, M. STEPHAN, E. STRAZZERI, A. STUTZ, F. SUAREZ, T. SUOMIJARVI, A. D. SUPANITSKY, T. SUSA, M. S. SUTHERLAND, J. SWAIN, Z. SZADKOWSKI, A. TAMASHIRO, A. TAMBURRO, A. TAPIA, T. TARUTINA, O. TAS CAU, R. TCACIUC, D. TCHERNIAKHOVSKI, D. TEGOLO, N. T. THAO, D. THOMAS, J. TIFFENBERG, C. TIMMERMANS, W. TKACZYK, C. J. TODEROPEIXOTO, B. TOME, A. TONACHINI, P. TRAVNICEK, D. B. TRIDAPALLI, G. TRISTRAM, E. TROVATO, M. TUEROS, R. ULRICH, M. UNGER, M. URBAN, J. GALICIA, I. VALINO, L. VALORE, A. M. VANDENBERG, J. R. VAZQUEZ, R. A. VAZQUEZ, D. VEBERIC, T. VENTERS, V. VERZI, M. VIDELA, L. VILLASENOR, S. VOROBIOV, L. VOYVODIC, H. WAHLBERG, P. WAHRLICH, O. WAINBERG, D. WARNER, A. A. WATSON, S. WESTERHOFF, B. J. WHELAN, G. WIECZOREK, L. WIENCKE, B. WILCZYNSKA, H. WILCZYNSKI, C. WILLIAMS, T. WINCHEN, M. G. WINNICK, B. WUNDHEILER, T. YAMAMOTO, P. YOUNK, G. YUAN, A. YUSHKOV, E. ZAS, D. ZAVRTANIK, M. ZAVRTANIK, I. ZAW, A. ZEPEDA, M. ZIOLKOWSKI, BLEVE, Carla, COLUCCIA, MARIA RITA, DE MITRI, Ivan, MARSELLA, GIOVANNI, MARTELLO, Daniele, PERRONE, Lorenzo, SETTIMO, MARIANGELA, APC - Astrophysique des Hautes Energies (APC - AHE), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire SUBATECH Nantes (SUBATECH), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), APC - THEORIE, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut für theoretische Physik, Universität Hamburg (UHH)-Universität Hamburg (UHH), PIERRE AUGER, KVI - Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, Research unit Astroparticle Physics, Guarino, Fausto, D'Urso, Domenico, Valore, Laura, M., Ambrosio, Aramo, Carla, DELLA SELVA, Angelo, C., Moura, Yushkov, Alexey, The Pierre Auger, Collaboration, Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO)-Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut für theoretische Physik, Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO)-Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut für theoretische Physik, Abraham, J., Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Aguirre, C., Ahn, E., Allard, D., Allekotte, I., Allen, J., Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Ambrosio, M., Anchordoqui, L., Andringa, S., Anzalone, A., Aramo, C., Arganda, E., Arisaka, K., Arqueros, F., Asch, T., Asorey, H., Assis, P., Aublin, J., Ave, M., Avila, G., Bäcker, T., Badagnani, D., Barber, K., Barbosa, A., Barroso, S., Baughman, B., Bauleo, P., Beatty, J., Beau, T., Becker, B., Becker, K., Bellétoile, A., Bellido, J., Benzvi, S., Berat, C., Bertou, X., Biermann, P., Billoir, P., Blanch-Bigas, O., Blanco, F., Bleve, C., Blümer, H., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Bonino, R., Borodai, N., Brack, J., Brogueira, P., Brown, W., Bruijn, R., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Burton, R., Busca, N., Caballero-Mora, K., Caramete, L., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalano, O., Cazon, L., Cester, R., Chauvin, J., Chiavassa, A., Chinellato, J., Chou, A., Chudoba, J., Chye, J., Clay, R., Colombo, E., Conceição, R., Contreras, F., Cook, H., Coppens, J., Cordier, A., Cotti, U., Coutu, S., Covault, C., Creusot, A., Criss, A., Cronin, J., Curutiu, A., Dagoret-Campagne, S., Dallier, R., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B., de Almeida, R., De Domenico, M., De Donato, C., de Jong, S., De La Vega, G., de Mello Junior, W., de Mello Neto, J., De Mitri, I., de Souza, V., de Vries, K., Decerprit, G., del Peral, L., Deligny, O., Della Selva, A., Delle Fratte, C., Dembinski, H., Di Giulio, C., Diaz, J., Diep, P., Dobrigkeit, C., D'Olivo, J., Dong, P., Dorofeev, A., dos Anjos, J., Dova, M., D'Urso, D., Dutan, I., Duvernois, M., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C., Etchegoyen, A., Facal San Luis, P., Falcke, H., Farrar, G., Fauth, A., Fazzini, N., Ferrer, F., Ferrero, A., Fick, B., Filevich, A., Filipčič, A., Fleck, I., Fliescher, S., Fracchiolla, C., Fraenkel, E., Fulgione, W., Gamarra, R., Gambetta, S., García, B., García Gámez, D., Garcia-Pinto, D., Garrido, X., Gelmini, G., Gemmeke, H., Ghia, P., Giaccari, U., Giller, M., Glass, H., Goggin, L., Gold, M., Golup, G., Gomez Albarracin, F., Gómez Berisso, M., Gonçalves, P., Gonzalez, D., Gonzalez, J., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gouffon, P., Gozzini, S., Grashorn, E., Grebe, S., Grigat, M., Grillo, A., Guardincerri, Y., Guarino, F., Guedes, G., Gutiérrez, J., Hague, J., Halenka, V., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harmsma, S., Harton, J., Haungs, A., Healy, M., Hebbeker, T., Hebrero, G., Heck, D., Hojvat, C., Holmes, V., Homola, P., Hörandel, J., Horneffer, A., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Hussain, M., Iarlori, M., Insolia, A., Ionita, F., Italiano, A., Jiraskova, S., Kaducak, M., Kampert, K., Karova, T., Kasper, P., Kégl, B., Keilhauer, B., Kelley, J., Kemp, E., Kieckhafer, R., Klages, H., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Knapik, R., Knapp, J., Koang, D., Krieger, A., Krömer, O., Kruppke-Hansen, D., Kuehn, F., Kuempel, D., Kulbartz, K., Kunka, N., Kusenko, A., La Rosa, G., Lachaud, C., Lago, B., Lautridou, P., Leão, M., Lebrun, D., Lebrun, P., Lee, J., Leigui de Oliveira, M., Lemiere, A., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., López, R., Lopez Agüera, A., Louedec, K., Lozano Bahilo, J., Lucero, A., Ludwig, M., Lyberis, H., Maccarone, M., Macolino, C., Maldera, S., Mandat, D., Mantsch, P., Mariazzi, A., Maris, I., Marquez Falcon, H., Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martínez Bravo, O., Mathes, H., Matthews, J., Matthiae, G., Maurizio, D., Mazur, P., Mcewen, M., Mcneil, R., Medina-Tanco, G., Melissas, M., Melo, D., Menichetti, E., Menshikov, A., Meurer, C., Micheletti, M., Miller, W., Miramonti, L., Mollerach, S., Monasor, M., Monnier Ragaigne, D., Montanet, F., Morales, B., Morello, C., Moreno, J., Morris, C., Mostafá, M., Moura, C., Mueller, S., Muller, M., Mussa, R., Navarra, G., Navarro, J., Navas, S., Necesal, P., Nellen, L., Newman-Holmes, C., Nhung, P., Nierstenhoefer, N., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Nožka, L., Nyklicek, M., Oehlschläger, J., Olinto, A., Oliva, P., Olmos-Gilbaja, V., Ortiz, M., Pacheco, N., Pakk Selmi-Dei, D., Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Palmieri, N., Parente, G., Parizot, E., Parlati, S., Parsons, R., Pastor, S., Paul, T., Pavlidou, V., Payet, K., Pech, M., Pȩkala, J., Pepe, I., Perrone, L., Pesce, R., Petermann, E., Petrera, S., Petrinca, P., Petrolini, A., Petrov, Y., Petrovic, J., Pfendner, C., Piegaia, R., Pierog, T., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Ponce, V., Pontz, M., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Quel, E., Rautenberg, J., Ravel, O., Ravignani, D., Redondo, A., Revenu, B., Rezende, F., Ridky, J., Riggi, S., Risse, M., Rivière, C., Rizi, V., Robledo, C., Rodriguez, G., Rodriguez Martino, J., Rodriguez Rojo, J., Rodriguez-Cabo, I., Rodríguez-Frías, M., Ros, G., Rosado, J., Rossler, T., Roth, M., Rouillé-d'Orfeuil, B., Roulet, E., Rovero, A., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Sánchez, F., Santander, M., Santo, C., Santos, E., Sarazin, F., Sarkar, S., Sato, R., Scharf, N., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schiffer, P., Schmidt, A., Schmidt, F., Schmidt, T., Scholten, O., Schoorlemmer, H., Schovancova, J., Schovánek, P., Schroeder, F., Schulte, S., Schüssler, F., Schuster, D., Sciutto, S., Scuderi, M., Segreto, A., Semikoz, D., Settimo, M., Shellard, R., Sidelnik, I., Siffert, B., Sigl, G., Śmiałkowski, A., Šmída, R., Snow, G., Sommers, P., Sorokin, J., Spinka, H., Squartini, R., Strazzeri, E., Stutz, A., Suarez, F., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A., Sutherland, M., Swain, J., Szadkowski, Z., Tamashiro, A., Tamburro, A., Tarutina, T., Taşcǎu, O., Tcaciuc, R., Tcherniakhovski, D., Tegolo, D., Thao, N., Thomas, D., Ticona, R., Tiffenberg, J., Timmermans, C., Tkaczyk, W., Todero Peixoto, C., Tomé, B., Tonachini, A., Torres, I., Travnicek, P., Tridapalli, D., Tristram, G., Trovato, E., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Valdés Galicia, J., Valiño, I., Valore, L., van den Berg, A., Vázquez, J., Vázquez, R., Veberič, D., Velarde, A., Venters, T., Verzi, V., Videla, M., Villaseñor, L., Vorobiov, S., Voyvodic, L., Wahlberg, H., Wahrlich, P., Wainberg, O., Warner, D., Watson, A., Westerhoff, S., Whelan, B., Wieczorek, G., Wiencke, L., Wilczyńska, B., Wilczyński, H., Winchen, T., Winnick, M., Wu, H., Wundheiler, B., Yamamoto, T., Younk, P., Yuan, G., Yushkov, A., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zaw, I., Zepeda, A., Ziolkowski, M., J., Abraham, P., Abreu, M., Aglietta, E. J., Ahn, D., Allard, I., Allekotte, J., Allen, J., ALVAREZ MUNIZ, L., Anchordoqui, S., Andringa, T., Anticic, A., Anzalone, C., Aramo, E., Arganda, K., Arisaka, F., Arquero, H., Asorey, P., Assi, J., Aublin, M., Ave, G., Avila, T., Backer, D., Badagnani, M., Balzer, K. B., Barber, A. F., Barbosa, S. L. C., Barroso, B., Baughman, P., Bauleo, J., Beatty, B. R., Becker, K. H., Becker, A., Belletoile, J. A., Bellido, S., Benzvi, C., Berat, T., Bergmann, X., Bertou, P. L., Biermann, P., Billoir, O., BLANCH BIGAS, F., Blanco, M., Blanco, Bleve, Carla, H., Blumer, M., Bohacova, D., Boncioli, C., Bonifazi, R., Bonino, N., Borodai, J., Brack, P., Brogueira, W. C., Brown, R., Bruijn, P., Buchholz, A., Bueno, R. E., Burton, N., Busca, K. S., CABALLERO MORA, L., Caramete, R., Caruso, A., Castellina, O., Catalano, G., Cataldi, L., Cazon, R., Cester, J., Chauvin, A., Chiavassa, J. A., Chinellato, A., Chou, J., Chudoba, R. W., Clay, E., Colombo, Coluccia, MARIA RITA, R., Conceicao, F., Contrera, H., Cook, M., Cooper, J., Coppen, A., Cordier, U., Cotti, S., Coutu, C. E., Covault, A., Creusot, A., Cri, J., Cronin, A., Curutiu, S., DAGORET CAMPAGNE, R., Dallier, K., Daumiller, B. R., Dawson, R. M., De, Almeida, M., Dedomenico, C., Dedonato, S. J., Dejong, G., Delavega, W. J. M., Demellojunior, J., Demelloneto, DE MITRI, Ivan, V., Desouzam, K. D., Devrie, G., Decerprit, L., Delperal, O., Deligny, A., Dellaselva, C., Dellefratte, H., Dembinski, C., Digiulio, J. C., Diaz, M., Castro, P. N., Diep, C., Dobrigkeit, J. C., Dolivo, P. N., Dong, A., Dorofeev, J. C., Dosanjo, M., Dova, D., Durso, I., Dutan, M. A., Duvernoi, J., Ebr, R., Engel, M., Erdmann, C., O, A., Etchegoyen, P., Facalsanlui, H., Falcke, G., Farrar, A. C., Fauth, N., Fazzini, A., Ferrero, B., Fick, A., Filevich, A., Filipcic, I., Fleck, S., Fliescher, C. E., Fracchiolla, E. D., Fraenkel, U., Frohlich, W., Fulgione, R. F., Gamarra, S., Gambetta, B., Garcia, D., Gamez, D., GARCIA PINTO, X., Garrido, G., Gelmini, H., Gemmekeag, P. L., Ghia, U., Giaccari, M., Giller, H., Gla, L., Goggin, M. S., Gold, G., Golup, F., Gomezalbarracin, M., Berisso, P., GONC ALVES, D., Gonzalez, J. G., Gonzalez, D., Gora, A., Gorgi, P., Gouffon, S. R., Gozzini, E., Grashorn, S., Grebe, M., Grigat, A. F., Grillo, Y., Guardincerri, F., Guarino, G. P., Guede, J. D., Hague, V., Halenka, P., Hansen, D., Harari, S., Harmsma, J. L., Harton, A., Haung, T., Hebbeker, D., Heck, A. E., Herve, C., Hojvat, V. C., Holme, P., Homola, J. R., Horandel, A., Horneffer, M., Hrabovsky, T., Huege, M., Hussain, M., Iarlori, A., Insolia, F., Ionita, A., Italiano, S., Jiraskova, K., Kadija, M., Kaducak, K. H., Kampert, T., Karova, P., Kasper, B., Kegl, B., Keilhauer, A., Keivani, J., Kelley, E., Kempo, R. M., Kieckhafer, H. O., Klage, M., Kleifge, J., Kleinfeller, R., Knapik, J., Knapp, D. H., Koang, A., Krieger, O., Kromer, D., KRUPPKE HANSEN, F., Kuehn, D., Kuempel, K., Kulbartz, N., Kunka, A., Kusenko, G., Larosa, C., Lachaud, B., Lago, P., Lautridou, M. S. A. B., Leao, D., Lebrun, P., Lebrun, J., Lee, M. A., Leiguideoliveira, A., Lemiere, A., LETESSIER SELVON, I., LHENRY YVON, R., Lopez, A., Lopezaguera, K., Louedec, J., Lozanobahilo, A., Lucero, M., Ludwig, H., Lyberi, M. C., Maccarone, C., Macolino, S., Maldera, D., Mandat, P., Mantsch, A. G., Mariazzi, V., Marin, I. C., Mari, H., Falcon, Marsella, Giovanni, Martello, Daniele, O., Bravo, H. J., Mathe, J., Matthew, G., Matthiae, D., Maurizio, P. O., Mazur, M., Mcewenbp, G., MEDINA TANCO, M., Melissa, D., Melo, E., Menichetti, A., Menshikov, C., Meurer, S., Micanovic, M. I., Micheletti, W., Miller, L., Miramonti, S., Mollerach, M., Monasor, D., Monnierragaigne, F., Montanet, B., Morale, C., Morello, E., Ba, J. C., Moreno, C., Morri, M., Mostafa, S., Mueller, M., Muller, R., Mussa, G., Navarra, J. L., Navarro, S., Nava, P., Necesal, L., Nellen, P., Nhung, N., Nierstenhoefer, D., Nitz, D., Nosek, L., Nozka, M., Nyklicek, J., Oehlschlager, A., Olinto, P., Oliva, V., Br, M., Ortiz, N., Pacheco, D., PAKKSELMI DEI, M., Palatka, J., Pallotta, N., Palmieri, G., Parente, E., Parizot, S., Parlati, A., Parra, J., Parrisiu, R., Parson, S., Pastor, T., Paul, V., Pavlidou, K., Payet, M., Pech, J., Pekala, R., Pelayo, I., Pepe, Perrone, Lorenzo, R., Pesce, E., Petermann, S., Petrera, P., Petrinca, A., Petrolini, Y., Petrov, J., Petrovic, C., Pfendner, R., Piegaia, T., Pierog, M., Pimenta, V., Pirronello, M., Platino, V. H., Ponce, M., Pontz, P., Privitera, M., Prouza, E. J., Quel, J., Rautenberg, O., Ravel, D., Ravignani, A., Redondo, B., Revenu, F. A. S., Rezende, J., Ridky, S., Riggi, M., Risse, P., Ristori, C., Riviere, V., Rizi, C., Robledo, G., Rodriguez, J., Rodriguezmartino, J., Rodriguezrojo, I., RODRIGUEZ CABO, M. D., RODRIGUEZ FRIAS, G., Ro, J., Rosado, T., Rossler, M., Roth, B., ROUILLE DORFEUIL, E., Roulet, A. C., Rovero, F., Salamida, H., Salazar, G., Salina, F., Sanchez, M., Santander, C. E., Santo, E., Santo, E. M., Santo, F., Sarazin, S., Sarkar, R., Sato, N., Scharf, V., Scherini, H., Schieler, P., Schiffer, A., Schmidt, F., Schmidt, T., Schmidt, O., Scholten, H., Schoorlemmer, J., Schovancova, P., Schovanek, F., Schroeder, S., Schulte, F., Schussler, D., Schuster, S. J., Sciutto, M., Scuderi, A., Segreto, D., Semikoz, Settimo, Mariangela, R., Shellard, I., Sidelnik, B. B., Siffert, G., Sigl, A., Smiakowski, R., Smida, G. R., Snow, P., Sommer, J., Sorokin, H., Spinka, R., Squartini, J., Stasielak, M., Stephan, E., Strazzeri, A., Stutz, F., Suarez, T., Suomijarvi, A. D., Supanitsky, T., Susa, M. S., Sutherland, J., Swain, Z., Szadkowski, A., Tamashiro, A., Tamburro, A., Tapia, T., Tarutina, O., TAS CAU, R., Tcaciuc, D., Tcherniakhovski, D., Tegolo, N. T., Thao, D., Thoma, J., Tiffenberg, C., Timmerman, W., Tkaczyk, C. J., Toderopeixoto, B., Tome, A., Tonachini, P., Travnicek, D. B., Tridapalli, G., Tristram, E., Trovato, M., Tuero, R., Ulrich, M., Unger, M., Urban, J., Galicia, I., Valino, L., Valore, A. M., Vandenberg, J. R., Vazquez, R. A., Vazquez, D., Veberic, T., Venter, V., Verzi, M., Videla, L., Villasenor, S., Vorobiov, L., Voyvodic, H., Wahlberg, P., Wahrlich, O., Wainberg, D., Warner, A. A., Watson, S., Westerhoff, B. J., Whelan, G., Wieczorek, L., Wiencke, B., Wilczynska, H., Wilczynski, C., William, T., Winchen, M. G., Winnick, B., Wundheiler, T., Yamamoto, P., Younk, G., Yuan, A., Yushkov, E., Za, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zavrtanik, I., Zaw, A., Zepeda, and M., Ziolkowski

Subjects
Angstrom exponent, Astronomy, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Auger, CROSS-SECTIONS, COSMIC-RAY SHOWERS, Observatory, DEPENDENCE, High-Energy Cosmic Ray, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Lidar, [SDU.ASTR.HE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], ANGSTROM EXPONENT, Pierre Auger Observatory, Bi-static lidar, ELECTRONS, ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, MULTIPLE-SCATTERING, Light emission, Física nuclear, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, LIGHT-EMISSION, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR.HE]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Extensive air shower, FOS: Physical sciences, Cosmic ray, SURFACE DETECTOR, Air fluorescence method, 0103 physical sciences, Extensive air showers, RECONSTRUCTION, Aerosol, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Cosmic rays, Aerosols, Calorimeter (particle physics), Atmospheric effect, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Atmosphere, Física, Astronomy and Astrophysics, NITROGEN, Air shower, Fluorescence Telescopes, 13. Climate action, Experimental High Energy Physics, AEROSSOL
Abstract

The air fluorescence detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory is designed to perforin calorimetric measurements of extensive air showers created by Cosmic rays of above 10(18) eV. To correct these measurements for the effects introduced by atmospheric fluctuations, the Observatory contains a group Of monitoring instruments to record atmospheric conditions across the detector site, ail area exceeding 3000 km(2). The atmospheric data are used extensively in the reconstruction of air showers, and are particularly important for the correct determination of shower energies and the depths of shower maxima. This paper contains a summary of the molecular and aerosol conditions measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory since the start of regular operations in 2004, and includes a discussion of the impact of these measurements oil air shower reconstructions. Between 10(18) and 10(20) eV, the systematic Uncertainties due to all atmospheric effects increase from 4% to 8% in measurements of shower energy, and 4 g cm(-2) to 8 g cm(-2) in measurements of the shower maximum., The successful installation and commissioning of the Pierre Auger Observatory would not have been possible without the strong commitment and effort from the technical and administrative staff in Malargüe. We are very grateful to the following agencies and organizations for financial support: Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Fundación Antorchas, Gobierno De La Provincia de Mendoza, Municipalidad de Malargüe, NDM Holdings and Valle Las Leñas, in gratitude for their continuing cooperation over land access, Argentina; the Australian Research Council; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP), Fundaçao de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Fundaçao de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP), Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia (MCT), Brazil; AVCR AV0Z10100502 and AV0Z10100522, GAAV KJB300100801 and KJB100100904, MSMT-CR LA08016, LC527, 1M06002, and MSM0021620859, Czech Republic; Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Conseil Régional Ile-de-France, Département Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS), Département Sciences de l’Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS), France; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Finanzministerium Baden- Württemberg, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF), Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst, Baden-W¨urttemberg, Germany; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministero dell’Istruzione,dell’Università e della Ricerca (MIUR), Italy; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Mexico; Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM), Netherlands; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Grant Nos. 1 P03 D 014 30, N202 090 31/0623, and PAP/218/2006, Poland; Fundaçao para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal; Ministry for Higher Education, Science, and Technology, Slovenian Research Agency, Slovenia; Comunidad de Madrid, Consejería de Educación de la Comunidad de Castilla La Mancha, FEDER funds, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Xunta de Galicia, Spain; Science and Technology Facilities Council, United Kingdom; Department of Energy, Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359, National Science Foundation, Grant No. 0450696, The Grainger Foundation USA; ALFA-EC / HELEN, European Union 6th Framework Program, Grant No. MEIF-CT-2005-025057, European Union 7th Framework Program, Grant No. PIEF-GA-2008-220240, and UNESCO.

Published
2010

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