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Summary: Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the risk factors that caused non-sentinel lymph nodes (nonSLNs) metastasis by considering the clinicopathological characteristics of patients who have 1–2 sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastasis in the clinical early stage (T1-2, N0) breast cancer. Methods: The demographic and clinicopathological characteristics of the patients were recorded retrospectively. Among these, age, size of the primary breast tumor, tumor localization and multifocality/multicentricity status, preoperative serum Neutrophil/Lymphocyte rate (NLR), c-erbB2/HER2-neu status, Estrogen Receptor (ER) and Progesterone Receptor (PR) status, primary tumor proliferation index (Ki-67), histopathological grade, molecular subtypes, histopathological subtypes, nipple/areola infiltration, Lymphatic Invasion (LI), Vascular Invasion (VI), Perineural Invasion (PNI), number of metastatic SLN m(SLN), mSLN diameter, SLN Extranodal Extension (ENE) status, and number of metastatic nonSLNs were recorded. Results: According to the univariate analysis, the HER2 positivity, Ki-67≥%20, mSLN diameter, LI, VI, PNI, ENE and molecular subtypes were found to be significant. However, the age, tumor localization, multifocality/multicentricity, T stage, ER and PR status, tumor size, histopathological grade and subtypes, nipple/areola infiltration and NLR were not found to be significant. In the multivariate analysis, significant independent predictors in nonSLN metastasis development were found to be HER2 positivity, PNI, mSLN diameter ≥10,5 mm and ENE. Conclusion: The HER2 positivity, ENE, PNI and mSLN diameter ≥10,5 mm were found to be very strong predictors in nonSLN metastasis development. The findings of this study have the potential to be a guideline for surgeons and oncologists when determining their patients' treatment plan. These components are candidates for inclusion among the clinicopathological factors that may be used in the new nomograms due to their higher sensitivity and specificity. Keywords: Axillary lymph node metastasis, Breast cancer, nonsentinel lymph node, Predictor, Sentinel lymph node

Summary: Objective: The most common complication after thyroid surgery is hypocalcaemia and it sometimes leads to problems that are difficult to correct in patients. The present study was aimed to determine the risk factors causing the development of hypocalcaemia after thyroid surgery. Methods: 818 adult patients were included in the study. The data were recorded by examining the hospital automation system and patient files retrospectively. Patients' demographic characteristics, radiological imaging findings, serum biochemical parameters, extent of the performed surgery, histopathological diagnoses were recorded. Results: The rate of hypocalcaemia was 28.4% (1.7% permanent). In multivariate analysis: the female gender (p = 0.002), heavier thyroid gland (p = 0.084), substernal location (p = 0.004) and cervical lymph nodes dissection (CLND) (p

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection leads to upregulation of Suppressors of Cytokine signaling (SOCS) expression in host macrophages (Mϕ). SOCS proteins inhibit cytokine signaling by negatively regulating JAK/STAT. We investigated this host-pathogen dialectic at the level of transcription. We used phorbol-differentiated THP-1 Mϕ infected with Mtb to investigate preferential upregulation of some SOCS isoforms that are known to inhibit signaling by IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-6. We examined time kinetics of likely transcription factors and signaling molecules upstream of SOCS transcription, and survival of intracellular Mtb following SOCS upregulation. Our results suggest a plausible mechanism that involves PGE2 secretion during infection to induce the PKA/CREB axis, culminating in nuclear translocation of C/EBPβ to induce expression of SOCS1. Mtb-infected Mϕ secreted IL-10, suggesting a mechanism of induction of STAT3, which may subsequently induce SOCS3. We provide evidence of temporal variation in SOCS isoform exspression and decay. Small-interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of SOCS1 and SOCS3 restored the pro-inflammatory milieu and reduced Mtb viability. In mice infected with Mtb, SOCS isoforms persisted across Days 28-85 post infection. Our results suggest that differential temporal regulation of SOCS isoforms by Mtb drives the host immune response towards a phenotype that facilitates the pathogen's survival., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None of the authors have any conflict of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2023 Institut Pasteur. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: Reindeer lichen, Lichen rangiferinus syn. or Cladonia rangiferina (L.) F. H. Wigg. (Cladoniaceae) has been traditionally reported as a remedy to treat fever, colds, arthritis as well as convulsions, liver infections, coughs, constipation, and tuberculosis. The current study is aimed at rectification of alcohol induced liver damage by the use of L. rangiferinus extract., Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare some biochemical markers for liver injury and hematological indices in normal untreated rats and treated rats., Material and Methods: The study was performed using male Wistar rats. Animals were categorized into five groups, negative control group (normal diet only), treated groups (2 groups were lichen treated along with 10% ethanol & 1 group was only ethanol treated) and positive control group (Silymarin+10% ethanol) of six animals in each group. Biochemical markers for liver injury and hematological indices of all animals were measured using standard diagnostic tools. The animals were then sacrificed and livers were sent to the pathology lab for histopathological analysis., Results: Lichen extract showed a significant restoration of altered biochemical parameters towards normal in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. The total phenolic and flavonoid content of the LRE was found to be 21.78 μg PE/mg of extract and 5.13 μg RE/mg of extract respectively. The IC 50 values for atranorin and fumarprotocetraric acid were found to be 128.48 and 218.46 mg/mL respectively. Reducing power of the extract was found to be quite significant. After administration of lichen extract, endothelial cells were less injured around central vein and number of fat vacuoles was also lesser in hepatocytes., Conclusion: Conclusively, treatment with lichen extract assuages alcohol-related damage and guards hepatic tissue from alcohol-induced toxicity., (Copyright © 2017 Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore and World Ayurveda Foundation. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Aims: Ritonavir (RIT) is a human immune deficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor (PI) active against HIV-1 and HIV-2. Among various adverse effects of PIs, hepatotoxicity is a very common adverse reaction of RIT which is concentration dependent. Red clover isoflavones are found to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptosis activity. Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated that these isoflavones can be used to alleviate the side-effects of drugs. Hence, the present study was inquested to ascertain the effect of Formononetin (FMN) and Biochanin A (BCA) on RIT induced hepatotoxicity., Main Methods: Five groups of animals were subjected to treatment as control, toxic control (RIT), third group (RIT + FMN), fourth group (RIT + BCA), the fifth group (RIT + FMN + BCA) and sixth group (FMN + BCA) for 14 days. The animals were evaluated for estimation of liver toxicity markers, inflammatory biomarkers, in-vivo biochemical antioxidant parameters. The liver tissues were further evaluated histopathologically and western blotting examination for localization of apoptotic gene expression that plays a pivotal role in hepatotoxicity., Key Findings: FMN and BCA ameliorated the increased levels of biochemical markers of liver, attenuated the RIT induced Bax, caspase-3, NFκB and eNOS activation and persuaded the Bcl 2 and pAkt level. Alteration in the levels of inflammatory markers was also observed in both hepatic tissue and serum., Significance: FMN and BCA exerts hepatoprotective effect through modulating the oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and reversing the tissue degeneration suggesting its therapeutic role in hepatotoxicity and other hepatocellular diseases., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)