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Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a transboundary health issue, critically impacting low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where 80% of antibiotics are used in the community, with 20–50% being inappropriate. Southeast-Asia, including Bangladesh, faces heightened AMR risk due to suboptimal healthcare standard and unregulated antibiotic sales. This study aimed to audit antibiotic dispensing patterns from community pharmacies, identifying factors influencing purchasing behaviors. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 385 antibiotic customers and structured observations of 1000 pharmacy dispensing events were conducted in four urban and rural areas in Bangladesh. Descriptive analysis defined antibiotic use, while Poisson regression examined how patients' demographics and health symptoms influenced prescription behaviors. Results: Among 1000 observed medicine dispensing events, 25.9% were antibiotics. Commonly purchased antibiotics included macrolides (22.8%), third-generation-cephalosporins (20.8%), and second-generation-cephalosporins (16.9%). Following WHO-AWaRe classifications, 73.5% of antibiotics were categorized as Watch, and 23.1% as Access. From the survey, 56.6% antibiotics were purchased without a prescription from drug-sellers and informal healthcare providers, primarily for “non-severe” health-symptoms such as upper-respiratory-tract infections (37.4%), fever (31.7%), uncomplicated skin infections (20%), gastrointestinal-infections (11.2%), and urinary-tract infections (7.9%). The likelihood of presenting a prescription while purchasing antibiotics was 27% lower for individuals aged 6–59 compared to those ≤5 or ≥ 60. Lower-respiratory-tract infections and enteric-fever had higher prescription rates, with adjusted prevalence ratios of 1.78 (95% CI: 1.04, 3.03) and 1.87 (95% CI: 1.07, 3.29), respectively. After adjusting for confounders, sex, urban-rural locations, income, education, and number of health-symptoms exhibited no significant influence on prescription likelihood. Conclusion: This study underscores unregulated antibiotic sales without prescriptions, urging tailored interventions considering prevailing health-seeking practices in diverse healthcare settings in LMICs. Enforcing prescription-only regulations is hindered by easy access through community pharmacies and conflicts of interest. Future strategies should consider how stewardship impacts the financial interests of pharmacy personnel in settings lacking clear authority to ensure optimal compliance.

Pressure dependent physical properties of binary SnS compound have been studied using the density functional theory based methodology. The computed elastic constants reveal that SnS is stable mechanically and is brittle under ambient conditions. With increasing pressure, the compound becomes ductile. The Poisson’s ratio and Cauchy pressure also indicate brittle-ductile transition when pressure increases. The hardness of SnS increases significantly with pressure. The compound possesses elastic anisotropy. The ground state electronic band structure is semiconducting with a small band gap. The band structure becomes metallic under pressure. The bands crossing the Fermi level become more and more dispersive with the increase in pressure while the electronic correlations decrease as pressure is raised. Both the Debye temperature and the phonon thermal conductivity of SnS increase sharply with pressure. The melting temperature of the compound is low. Mixed bonding characteristics are found with ionic and moderate covalent contributions. SnS is a good absorber of ultraviolet light. The reflectivity of the material increases with the increase in the pressure. The reflectivity is nonselective over a wide spectral range. The low energy refractive index is high. The low band gap energy under ambient conditions makes SnS suitable for photovoltaic applications. Non-selective and high reflectivity of SnS indicates that this compound can be used as a coating material to reduce solar heating. Unlike structural anisotropy, the optical anisotropy of SnS is low.