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Hypothesis: The purpose was to investigate joint stability and range of motion after a Bankart repair without superior labral anterior-posterior (SLAP) repair (termed “Bankart repair”) and after combined Bankart and SLAP repairs (termed “combined repair”). Methods: Eight fresh-frozen shoulders were used. Combined Bankart and SLAP lesions were created (10- to 6-o'clock positions). The labrum and capsule were repaired at the 2-o'clock, 3:30 clock-face, and 5-o'clock positions in the Bankart repair group and at the 11-o'clock, 1-o'clock, 2-o'clock, 3:30 clock-face, and 5-o'clock positions in the combined repair group. The internal- and external-rotation ranges of motion were determined with the arm positioned at 0° and 60° of glenohumeral abduction. The rotation angle was defined when a constant torque of 200 N-mm was applied. Joint stability was measured with a custom stability-testing device. The peak translational force in the anterior-posterior direction was measured with the arm at the end range of external rotation. Results: External rotation angles were greater at 0° and 60° of abduction in the Bankart repair group than in the combined repair group (0° of abduction, P < .01; 60° of abduction, P < .05). The internal rotation angle was greater at 60° of abduction in the Bankart repair group than in the combined repair group (P < .01). The stability between the 2 groups was not significantly different (P = .60). Conclusion: In patients with combined Bankart and SLAP lesions and the need for a wide range of motion, a Bankart repair alone may provide a greater range of motion without compromising the joint stability at the end range compared with a combined repair.

Scoliosis is a common medical condition, which occurs most often during the growth spurt just before puberty. Untreated Scoliosis may cause long-term sequelae. Therefore, accurate automated quantitative estimation of spinal curvature is an important task for the clinical evaluation and treatment planning of Scoliosis. A couple of attempts have been made for automated Cobb angle estimation on single-view x-rays. It is very challenging to achieve a highly accurate automated estimation of Cobb angles because it is difficult to utilize x-rays efficiently. With the idea of developing methods for accurate automated spinal curvature estimation, AASCE2019 challenge provides spinal anterior-posterior x-ray images with manual labels for training and testing the participating methods. We review eight top-ranked methods from 12 teams. Experimental results show that overall the best performing method achieved a symmetric mean absolute percentage (SMAPE) of 21.71%. Limitations and possible future directions are also described in the paper. We hope the dataset in AASCE2019 and this paper could provide insights into quantitative measurement of the spine.

This chapter explains how to reliably perform an endoscopic endonasal ligation of the anterior ethmoidal artery (AEA) and posterior ethmoidal artery (PEA). These are major vessels supplying the ethmoid sinus, septum, and anterior skull base. Control of these vessels is a key step in performing extended sinus and skull base procedures.

This chapter outlines arthroscopic reconstruction of the superior labrum and biceps anchor indicated for patients with refractory symptoms attributed to a superior labral lesion who have failed conservative treatment. Evaluation includes a thorough shoulder examination with consideration of the biceps-labral complex. MRI may also be useful in evaluating the soft tissue structures surrounding the glenohumeral joint. This chapter defines the three sections of the biceps-labral complex and differentiates normal and pathological anatomy. Surgical procedure is carefully outlined including portal placement for proper visualization, identification of lesions, and appropriate arthroscopic reconstructive techniques. Postoperative course should include a gradual return to activity guided by the severity of arthroscopic findings and postoperative clinical examination.

One of the major challenges in the neurosciences has been to define the genetic programs that specify distinct classes of neurons and to understand how neuronal identity influences the precision of neuronal connectivity. Spinal motor neurons have provided a useful model system for exploring the basic principles underlying cellular diversity and synaptic specificity in the central nervous system. During development, motor neurons acquire subtype identities that allow them to make selective connections with only one out of hundreds of potential muscle targets. The specification of motor neuron identities requires the actions of a diverse array of transcriptional regulators, and a large family of Hox proteins appears to be particularly important in establishing the motor neuron pool subtypes required for innervation of muscle targets in the limb.

The cascade of transcription factor interactions that defines the anterior-posterior body plan of the Drosophila embryo is one of the most comprehensively investigated transcriptional hierarchies. Its role is to rapidly subdivide the embryo into increasingly smaller metameric units that ultimately comprise the segments of the adult animal. This review follows these transcriptional interactions. We begin with a short review of the factors that control the onset of transcription and then proceed to a comprehensive description of the segmentation gene hierarchy, the genes and proteins that make it up and how they interact to generate a pattern of repeating units, each with its own identity. Although this is meant to be a general review, topics that have not been recently or extensively covered are discussed in some detail. We conclude with a discussion of future prospects.