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Introduction: Infants are at a higher risk of severe illness with COVID-19 infection compared to older children. While COVID-19 vaccination is not recommended for young infants, they can acquire maternally-derived anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies passively through the placenta and breastmilk. We described the persistence of infection-induced maternal antibodies in infant circulation at 9-12 months of age., Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study nested within the INTERCOVID multinational cohort study. For each COVID positive pregnant woman, two unmatched consecutive COVID negative pregnant women were enrolled between April and September 2020. Women with a positive PCR test, radiographic signs consistent with COVID-19, or at least 2 predefined symptoms of COVID-19 were considered as COVID positive. For this nested cross-sectional study, all COVID positive and either one of the COVID negative participants recruited from the Aga Khan University, Pakistan were approached 9-12 months after delivery, and maternal and infant sera were collected for antibody detection., Results: Altogether, 83 mothers provided consent, of whom 32 (38.6 %) were COVID positive and 51 (61.4 %) were COVID negative during pregnancy. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were present in 13 (41 %) infants born to COVID positive and 19 (39 %) infants born to COVID negative mothers (p = 0.87). The presence of reactive antibodies in infants at follow-up was associated with maternal antibodies at follow-up (OR:9.50, 95 % CI:2.03-44.42; p = 0.004). COVID infection occurred in 3 (6 %) infants born to COVID negative mothers while no infant born to a COVID positive mother had a history of infection (p = 0.27)., Conclusion: The presence of reactive anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in infants at 9-12 months of age is associated with maternal seropositivity 9-12 months after delivery rather than maternal infection during pregnancy. Further studies are required to validate these findings and assess whether passive immunity in infants is protective against COVID-19 infection., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Taiwan Pediatric Association. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organisation on 11th March and has led to over 41,000 deaths in the UK. Public Health England guidance for aerosol generating procedures (AGP) requires the donning of personal protective equipment (PPE). We evaluated airway management skills using an in-situ emergency simulation. The scenarios were video recorded and scored by two independent assessors using a skill specific checklist. A total of 34 airway management procedures were evaluated. The checklist involved 13 steps with a maximum score of 26. The median (IQR [range]) checklist score was 25 (24-25 [20-26]). Four teams failed to intubate the trachea and proceeded to manage the airway using a supraglottic airway device. The mean (SD) intubation time was 47.9 (16.5) seconds and two anaesthetists (7%) required a second attempt. Our results show that airway management can be carried out successfully whilst donned in PPE. However, additional training in using newly introduced devices such as a McGrath® video laryngoscope is of paramount importance., Competing Interests: CM has received equipment to conduct airway workshops from Karl-Storz, AMBU, Fannin UK, Free-lance Surgical, Smiths Medical and Verathon. Declaration of Interest: None (UA, RD, RR, TD)., (© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: To summarize the current literature on return to sport times post-maxillofacial fracture injury in the professional athlete., Materials and Methods: A literature search on six databases for articles relating to maxillofacial fractures, professional athletes, and return to sport times. Study design, clinical data, and author recommendations were analysed., Results: 17 studies were retrieved. One prospective study returned 17 athletes to competitive rugby union and soccer at 3 weeks post injury without complication. Two large retrospective studies (n = 278) returned patients to sport at approximately 7 weeks without complication. 64% (n = 7) of patients from case based studies returned to sport at 3-14 days, 4 of which utilized protective facemasks. Athletes generally returned to competition earlier for lower grade (3-10 days) compared to higher grade contact sport (21 days at least). 2 articles recommended a 3 months recovery period for combat sports. 8 articles supported the utility of protective facemasks., Conclusion: Early return to sport (<6 weeks) in the professional athlete post maxillofacial fracture injury is achievable. The optimal clinical approach may be to grade the sport according to its impact forces, discuss an early return with reference to the available literature, the potential utility of facemasks, risks of refracture and its operative implications., (Copyright © 2019 European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The study sought to assess the prognostic impact of treatment with beta-blocker (BB) compared to combined BB plus amiodarone (BB-AMIO) on long-term survival in patients surviving ventricular tachyarrhythmias on admission., Background: Data regarding the prognostic outcome of patients presenting with ventricular tachyarrhythmias treated with BB and BB-AMIO is limited., Methods: A large retrospective registry was used including consecutive patients surviving index episodes of ventricular tachyarrhythmias from 2002 to 2016. Patients treated with BB were compared to patients with BB-AMIO. The primary prognostic endpoint was long-term all-cause death at 3 years. Kaplan-Meier, multivariable Cox regression and propensity score matching analyses were applied., Results: A total of 1354 patients was included, 85% treated with BB, 15% with BB-AMIO. Within the unmatched real-life cohort, uni- and multivariable Cox regression models revealed BB associated with improved long-term survival compared to BB-AMIO (univariable: HR = 0.550; p = 0.001, multivariable: HR = 0.712; statistical trend, p = 0.052). After propensity-score matching (n = 186 matched pairs), BB therapy was still associated with improved survival compared to BB-AMIO (mortality rate 18% versus 26%; log rank p = 0.042; HR = 0.634; 95% CI = 0.407-0.988; p = 0.044). Prognostic superiority of BB was mainly observed in patients with LVEF ≥ 35% (HR = 0.463; 95% CI = 0.215-0.997; p = 0.049) and in those without atrial fibrillation (non-AF) (HR = 0.415; 95% CI = 0.202-0.852; p = 0.017)., Conclusion: BB therapy is associated with improved secondary long-term prognosis compared to BB-AMIO in patients surviving index episodes of ventricular tachyarrhythmias., (Crown Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Glandular odontogenic cyst (GOC) is an extremely rare lesion occurring in the jawbones. The present paper is a review of 181 cases of GOCs reported in English literature, since it was first reported by Padayache and Van Wyk in 1987. Mandible was involved in 130 cases and maxilla in 51 cases. Anterior mandible was the most common area of involvement. Radiographic appearance was that of a unilocular radiolucency in 98 of 176 reported cases. Rest presented as multilocular radiolucency. Cortical expansion was observed in 136 of the 180 reported cases while cortex breach or perforation was seen in 81 cases. The treatment of choice was that of minor procedures that included enucleation with or without curettage, peripheral ostectomy, cryotherapy, etc. in 157 of the total 177 reported cases. Marginal jaw resection, segmental mandibulectomy etc. was reported in 20 cases. Although minor surgical procedures were the treatment of choice in most studies, two major studies of Kaplan et al. and Fowler et al. involving 111 and 46 cases, recorded a recurrence rate of 35.9 and 19.6%, respectively. The age range was between 11 and 82 years. The respective mean age of patients in the above mentioned studies was 45.7 for Kaplan's and 51 years for Fowler's whereas in our study, the mean age was 45.9 years. Very rarely does GOC presents itself in a paediatric patient. The paper also reports a case of an 11-year-old child whose histopathogy came out to be a case of a GOC.

Background: Practice variation may indicate a lack of clear evidence to guide treatment. This study aims to quantify practice variation for common orthopaedic fractures, and to explore possible predictors of the variation., Materials and Methods: A nationwide electronic survey of Australian orthopaedic surgeons was performed. Five common fractures (ankle, scaphoid, distal radius, neck of humerus, and clavicle) were presented. Data on management preferences and surgeon background were gathered. Potential predictors of operative (vs. non-operative) treatment were explored., Results: 358 of 760 (47%) surgeons responded. For the ankle, undisplaced scaphoid, distal radius, neck of humerus and clavicle fractures, operative treatment was chosen in 40%, 44%, 77%, 26% and 38%, respectively. Operative treatment was significantly more likely to be chosen by more junior surgeons, and by surgeons specialising in the affected area (i.e., shoulder surgeons for clavicle and neck of humerus fractures, and hand surgeons for scaphoid and distal radius fractures)., Conclusions: Variations exist in the management of common fractures. Variation may represent legitimate improvisation for varying clinical scenarios, but it may reflect clinician bias, which in turn, may contribute to varying standards of care for the management of common conditions., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: This study investigated the strength of epitendinous repairs covering the palmar half of the tendon circumference only., Methods: Two hundred porcine tendons were harvested from pig feet and separated into 2 equal groups. Group 1 tendons were sutured with a 2-strand core repair and group 2 tendons were sutured with a 4-strand core repair. Each group was then divided into 5 equal subgroups (n=20). Four of the subgroups were sutured with 1 of the following epitendinous repairs: 50% simple running (50SR), complete simple running (100SR), 50% Silfverskiold (50SK), or complete Silfverskiold (100SK). One sub-group (0C) had no epitendinous repair. The core suture material was 3-0 braided polyester (Tricon; Tyco Healthcare, Dominican Republic), and the circumferential suture material was 6-0 polypropylene (Prolene, Sumerville, NJ). The tendons were mechanically strained to failure, and force data were recorded., Results: The 50SR and 50SK repairs significantly increased the force at 1-mm and 2-mm gap formation of both core repairs. The 50SR and 50SK repairs increased the ultimate force at failure of both core repairs by approximately 20%. Both 50% circumferential (50C) repairs increased repair strength at the points of initial gap formation more than at the point of ultimate force. The 50C repairs were approximately 50% as strong as the 100% circumferential (100C) repairs at 1-mm and 2-mm gap formation and approximately 70% as strong at the ultimate force of failure., Conclusions: The 50C repairs increased the tensile strength of 2-strand and 4-strand tendon repairs in vitro. The prevention of early gapping was more significant than the increase of strength at failure.