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Background: Sinusitis is defined as inflammation of the paranasal sinus mucous membrane lining caused by bacteria which usually invade the sinus by upper respiratory tract viral infections (UTI)., Objectives: In the present study, Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been applied to differentiate and characterize supernatant samples, in triplicate, of three different types of bacteria which are considered leading cause of sinusitis disease., Methods: For this purpose, supernatant samples of three different strains of bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis. The SERS has identified significant changes as a result of secretions of biomolecules by these bacteria in their supernatants which can be helpful to explore the potential of this technique for the identification and characterization of different strains of bacteria causing same disease., Results: These differentiating characteristic SERS spectral features including 552 cm -1 (C-S-S-C bonds), 951 cm -1 (CN stretching), 1008 cm -1 (Phenylalanine), 1032 cm -1 (In plane CH bending mode Phenylalanine), 1280 cm -1 , 1320 cm -1 , 1329 cm -1 (Amide III band), 1368 cm -1 , 1400 cm -1 , 1420 cm -1 (COO - sym. stretching and CH bending), 1583 cm -1 (Tyrosine) correspond to Proteins and 1051 cm -1 (C-C, C-O, -C-OH def.) correspond to carbohydrates contents of these three different types of bacterial secretions in their respective supernatants. Furthermore, multivariate data analysis techniques like principal component analysis (PCA) and a supervised method partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were found to be useful for the identification and characterization of different bacterial supernatants., Conclusions: Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is proven to be a helpful approach for the characterization and discrimination of three bacterial supernatants including S. aureus, K. pneumonia and E. faecalis., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interests The authors have no conflict of interests to declare., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Mitochondrial malfunction and cell senescence have been defined as the hallmarks of aging. Cell senescence leads to the loss of health allied with aging. While deciphering the complex association between mitochondria and cellular senescence, it is observed that senescence has a two-faced nature being beneficial and hazardous. This duality of cellular senescence is associated with circumstantial aspects. During the process of cellular senescence, dysfunctional mitochondria are accumulated, the efficiency of the oxidative phosphorylation process declines along with the enhanced synthesis of reactive oxygen species. It is suggested that reduction in the negative consequences of senescence throughout old age might be accomplished by targeting the mitochondria as all roads lead towards mitochondria. It is unclear how perturbation of mitophagy in senescence results in the accumulation of mitochondria, impairment of mitochondrial biogenesis and onset of diseases. Understanding this complex interplay will bring about a long yet healthy lifespan. But definitely casual and specific players contribute in the initiation and conservation of the cell senescence. Variations in metabolism, quality control and dynamics of mitochondria are observed during cell aging process. Several On-target and Off-target mechanisms can also cause side effects in cellular senescence. Translational research of these mechanisms may lead to effective clinical interventions. This chapter reviews the role of mitochondria, homeostatic mechanisms and mitophagy as drivers and effectors of cell senescence along with multiple signalling pathways that lead to the initiation, maintenance, induction and suppression of cellular aging process during health and disease., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Compressed tablet formation from granular drug require binder with Cohesiveness property. Plants mucilage as pharmaceutical excipients are available. In this study, biocompatible date palm mucilage was encapsulated with silver nano particles for sustained drug release to provoke an immune response. Nano formulated mucilage was characterized by UV/VIS, FTIR, XRD, SEM/EDX spectrophotometry. UV/VIS spectra revealed an intense surface plasmon resonance peak at 406 nm for spherical mono dispersed silver nano formulated mucilage resulted from efficient reduction of silver ions to AgNPs. Zeta sizer disclosed the emergence of single peak at 139.7 nm with 100% intensity. Crude mucilage exhibited number of peaks in the region of 4000-500 cm -1 by FT-IR spectroscopy whereas purified as well as nano formulated samples showed somewhat different pattern of peaks in addition to peaks of crude sample. XRD spectra of crude mucilage revealed somewhat regular pattern while purified and modified mucilage displayed irregular structure. In SEM analysis, crude mucilage was appeared as granular that turned into porous network with entangled tiny silver nano spheres. A controlled release of drug levofloxacin hemihydrate was evaluated using crude/ nano formulated mucilage as excipient. Nano formulated mucilage delayed the onset exposure of drug in gastric medium giving recommendations as value added bio binder for drug to the target organ., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Dalbergia sissoo gum was purified by ethanol precipitation. The purified gum was modified and hydrolyzed. Gum was modified by performing polyacrylamide grafting and carboxymethylation methods. The hydrolysis was carried out by using mannanase, barium hydroxide and trifluoroacetic acid. The modified and hydrolyzed gums were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The decrease in viscosity was studied by performing the flow test. The modified and hydrolyzed gums were thermally stable as compared to crude gum. There was increase in crystallinity after modification and hydrolysis, determined through XRD. FTIR analysis exhibits no major transformation of functional group, only there was change in the intensity of transmittance. It is concluded that the modified and hydrolyzed gum can be used for pharmaceutical and food industry., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This article is aimed to discuss the modification of guar gum through microwave irradiation by varying the time of irradiation. The characterization of the modified products was carried out using FTIR spectroscopic analysis. The FT-IR spectrum of the pure guar gum (GG) sample showed a broad peak at 3298 cm(-1) while the modified GG sample displayed a peak at 1541 cm(-1) which was absent in the crude sample. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the increase in crystallinity due to grafting of the sample with polyacrylamide (GG-g-PAM). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed that granular form of guar gum was changed into fibrillar structure after grafting. Thermo-gravimetric analysis of the modified samples was also carried out and discussed. The role of guar gum as a matrix for controlled release of drug triamcinolone was evaluated. The GG-acrylamide grafted samples presented a correlation between drug release and time of microwave exposure. The results revealed that such modified product has potential applications in colonic drug delivery system., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)