Search

Satellite communication has reached a turning point in transmitting data quickly and receiving signals clearly in faraway places. This paper presents a metamaterial-based antenna for distant and military applications that overcomes restrictions and performs unmatched. This project explores metamaterials to create a unique antenna. Expect to be astounded by its power to bend electromagnetic waves, miniaturize, and change our relationship with the universe. The feeding mechanism of this antenna is a modified co-planar waveguide. At 5.6 GHz, the proposed antenna unit cell measures 0.076λ0×0.2λ0, making it small thanks to its MTM characteristic. CP radiation is made when two orthogonally polarized modes are stimulated at the same time and two composite right- and left-handed transmission line unit cells are placed orthogonally. Reduced size, increased bandwidth, and improved Learn how this discovery opens new doors for high-resolution photography, broadband internet, and space exploration. One nanostructure that makes up a metamaterial is the Split Ring Resonator (SRR). SRR dimensions must be smaller than the resonance wavelength, making them crucial for near-infrared and optical responses. This effort examined nanoscale SRR characteristics in the infrared and visible ranges. SRRs composed of aluminum (Al) and gold (Au) were produced on silicon and silica substrates using electron beam lithography (EBL). The proposed structure consists of a microstrip-line-supplied SRR, a parasitic patch that is perpendicular to the ground plane, and two via holes connected by two split rings that feed the patch indirectly. Choosing the right material parameter for all such antennas depends on the planned structure. Fabrication and testing of the antenna matched simulations. Dimensions: 23.7 mm × 16.2 mm × 1.6 mm; substrate dielectric constant: 4.4. Experimental data are detailed and compared to analytical calculations. Simulation results show that metamaterials have negative permittivity and permeability in a certain frequency range, which can be predicted by an analytical method. Simulations indicated eight BRS, WiMAX, radar, and mobile phone resonance frequencies. Radiation is dipole-like in the omnidirectional in the H-plane and E-plane. 10 dB return loss and 3 dB axial ratio bandwidths are 38.6.7% and 8.1%, respectively.

Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) applications enhance user experiences by providing realistic information about the current location through mobile devices. However, MAR applications are computationally intensive, leading to high energy consumption and latency issues. To address these challenges, this research presents a Hybrid Monte Carlo Tree Search (HMCTS) based task offloading scheme, combining a genetic algorithm with Monte Carlo tree search for efficient task management. The proposed method uses YoloV7 for object recognition and aims to reduce energy consumption, response time, and migration time. Experimental results demonstrate that the HMCTS approach significantly reduces energy consumption to 1290 kJ, response time to 24 ms, and migration time to 0.52 ms, outperforming existing techniques. These improvements highlight the potential of the HMCTS method for enhancing the performance of MAR applications. Proposed hybrid approach aims to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of task offloading in MAR applications. The HMCTS model dynamically offloads tasks to edge servers, optimizing scheduling time, response time, and energy consumption.

Flat heat pipes (FHPs) with rectangular groove wick structures fail to sufficiently uplift the working fluid’s liquid meniscus to cover the upper sides of the groove walls due to the vertically flat wall design. This results in the formation of non-evaporative zones, particularly in the evaporator region, leading to elevated wall temperatures at high heat loads. To address this issue, a novel FHP with elliptical grooves as wick is designed and tested across heat loads ranging from 30 to 360 W. Elliptical groove depths of 0.5 mm and 0.7 mm are evaluated and compared to FHPs with rectangular grooves. Results showed that at 360 W, the 0.7 mm depth elliptical grooves resulted in 6.5 % reduction in evaporator wall temperature and 27.8 % reduction in thermal resistance, along with 31.5 % enhancement in effective thermal conductivity compared to rectangular grooves. The curvature of the elliptical grooves, combined with enhanced surface tension effects of the working fluid, efficiently uplifted the liquid meniscus to cover the upper wall of the groove, minimizing non-evaporative zones. Additionally, FHPs with elliptical grooves demonstrated lower entropy generation, indicating higher thermal efficiency. Consequently, FHPs with elliptical groove designs are concluded to be an efficient and suitable solution for the thermal management of miniaturized electronic devices.

Antennas with higher gain and efficiency deliver superior performance across a wide frequency range. Achieving these characteristics at high frequencies while keeping a compact size necessitates sophisticated design approaches. This research presents a substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity-backed slotted patch antenna (SPA) tailored for the 28 GHz and 34 GHz frequency bands. Additionally, a linear tapered slot antenna is designed with a compact profile of 27.5 mm × 7.5 mm × 0.254 mm. The SIWs are implemented using vias on the outer profile of the antenna, and circular and rectangular slots are etched on the radiating surface. The goal of optimizing the antenna geometry is to enhance return loss within the desired frequency bandwidth, which means the Genetic Algorithm (GA) will determine the optimal antenna shape to achieve lower return loss than the original design within this bandwidth. The antenna exhibits dual resonance at 28 GHz and 38 GHz in the millimeter-wave range, providing an impedance bandwidth of 211 MHz (27.72 GHz–27.94 GHz) at 28 GHz and 127 MHz (37.88 GHz–37.98 GHz) centered at 38 GHz. The proposed antenna demonstrates gains of 8.04 dBi and 9.72 dBi at these operating bands. A prototype of the antenna is fabricated on RT/duroid 5880 and its characteristics are measured. The overall VSWR of the antenna ranges from 1 to 2, with a radiation efficiency of 94 %. The proposed antenna achieves dual-band performance with increased directivity and stable gain, exhibiting enhanced electric field distribution, radiation patterns, and reflection coefficient (S11), all of which contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the antenna's performance. This study compares the designed antenna's performance to that of the fabricated prototype. The proposed antenna is ideal for 5G applications due to its small size, broad spectral coverage, and excellent gain.

Background: Phytochemicals and their derivatives are promising target drugs for various ailments and have served as therapeutic agents for several decades. Using in vivo and in vitro models and molecular docking, this study investigated the pharmacological potential of a flavonoid-rich fraction of the ethanolic extract of Sesbania grandiflora (SG). Objectives: This research aimed to determine whether flavonoid-rich whole-plant extracts of SGs have any cytoprotective or in vivo hepatoprotective effects. Additionally, the study was intended to elucidate the molecular connections between the discovered flavonoid flavonols and PPARα target proteins linked to liver problems, for which an in silico molecular docking investigation was performed. Materials and methods: To separate the flavonoid components, the entire Sesbania grandiflora plant was first extracted using ethanol as a solvent by soxhlet extraction. The resulting ethanolic extract was then fractionated. The cytoprotective and hepatoprotective properties were evaluated via in vitro and in vivo experiments. SGOT, SGPT, triglyceride, bilirubin, and total protein levels were used to evaluate hepatotoxicity in animal models. In vitro studies on Hepatocellular Carcinoma G2 (HepG2) cell lines have examined their cytotoxic effects and antioxidant activity. The most promising flavonoid-flavanol compounds were identified by conducting molecular docking studies against PPARα target protein (PDB ID: 3VI8) using MOE software. Results: In vivo, the serum levels of SGOT, SGPT, total triglyceride and total bilirubin were measured in experimental animals treated with the flavonoid-rich ethanolic extract of SG. Significant reductions in the levels of these hepatic injury markers were observed, indicating the hepatoprotective potential of the extract. Elevated levels of liver biomarkers in the untreated group indicated liver injury or dysfunction. The treated groups showed significant restoration of these biomarkers, suggesting the hepatoprotective potential of SG. The IC50 value for the total flavonoid content of SG was 190.28 μg/ml, indicating its safety in inhibiting HepG2 cell growth. Flavonoid treatment decreased cell viability but did not affect antioxidant parameters in hepatocytes. In addition, SG restored the damaged hepatocyte architecture. Molecular docking studies revealed the binding affinities of flavonoids for PPARα. These findings suggest that a promising lead candidate for the development of therapeutic medicines against anti-TB drug-induced hepatotoxicity has been identified. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate the hepatoprotective potential of the flavonoid-rich fraction of Sesbania grandiflora both in vivo and in vitro. This study provides valuable insights into its mechanism of action, highlighting its promising therapeutic application in the management of liver disorders. This study highlights the hepatoprotective and cytoprotective potential of the total flavonoid-rich fraction of SG.

The integration of sensors in the monitoring of essential bodily measurements, air quality, and energy consumption in buildings demonstrates the importance of the Internet of Things (IoT) in everyday life. These security breaches are caused by rudimentary and immature security protocols that are implemented on IoT devices. An intrusion detection system is used to detect security threats and system-level applications to detect malicious activities. This paper introduces Tachyon, a combination of various statistical and tree-based Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, such as Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Random Forest (RF), Bidirectional Auto-Regressive Transformers (BART), Logistic Regression (LR), Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS), Decision Tree (DT), and a top k stack ensemble to distinguish between normal and malicious attacks in a binary classification setting. The IoTID2020 dataset used in this study consists of 6,25,783 samples with 83 features. An initial examination of the data reveals its unbalanced nature. To create a balanced dataset, a range of sampling techniques were used, including Oversampling, Undersampling, Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE), Random Oversampling Examples (ROSE), Borderline Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (b-SMOTE), and Adaptive Synthetic (ADASYN). In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) were used to determine the most significant features. The experimental results demonstrate that the stacked ensemble achieved a performance of 99.8%, which is better than the baseline approaches. An ablation study of ensemble models was also conducted to assess the performance of the proposed model in various scenarios.

Introduction: Ovarian cancer is a disease that presents in advanced stage, due to the absence of any specific or overtly dramatic symptoms. The standard of care is primary debulking surgery, followed by chemotherapy. Ovarian cancer recurrence treatment is very challenging and there is always a debate between cytoreduction vs chemotherapy. Methods: The electronic medical records of all patients who underwent secondary cytoreductive surgery for recurrent ovarian cancer between January 2011 and December 2019 were retrieved the patients with platinum sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer who underwent secondary cytoreductive surgery in our department during this time period were included. Results: A total of 52 patients underwent secondary cytoreductive surgery for recurrent ovarian cancer during the study period. Median treatment free interval after primary treatment was 20 months (range 6–132). The secondary cytoreductive surgery was highly complex in 4(8 %) patients,19 (37 %) had intermediate surgical complexity score, 29 (55 %) had low surgical complexity score according to the Aletti complexity score. Secondary cytoreductive surgery was complete (no macroscopic residual disease) in 31(60 %); Optimal (R1) in 17 (33 %) and suboptimal in only 4 (7 %) of the patients. Out of the 52 patients,8 expired, 16 had a second recurrence, and 10 were lost to follow up over time. Conclusion: Successful surgery is possible in well selected patients, which in turn can lead to a meaningful progression free and overall survival benefit. Meticulous individualisation of cases should be done keeping in mind the patient’s performance status, prior treatment history & toxicity; distribution & extent of disease, and the patient’s overall life goals.

This paper investigates the effects of silica fume (SF) and metakaolin (MK) as cement substitutes on the mechanical properties, shrinkage, and toughness performances of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC). Initially, a reference concrete mix with a water-to-binder ratio of 0.4 is blended with different volume fractions of steel fibers with varying geometries (crimped steel and straight steel), both individually and in combination, to examine their mechanical properties. Also, the possible influence of pozzolans on the variation of drying shrinkage and flexural toughness of hybrid steel fiber reinforced concrete (Hy-SFRC) was evaluated. An increase in workability was observed as a result of hybridization of steel fibers. Pozzolanic steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) exhibited a more significant enhancement in compressive strength and flexural strength compared to non-pozzolanic SFRC. The hybrid combination of CS 1.5 % and SS 0.5 % was found to be the best in terms of mechanical properties. The addition of SF and MK reduced the shrinkage strain by up to 50 % compared to the reference mix. The flexural toughness values for both binary and ternary pozzolanic Hy-SFRC were notably higher than those for non-pozzolanic Hy-SFRC, indicating a stronger bond between the fibers and the matrix. Hy-SFRC containing a ternary pozzolanic mix of SF 10 % and MK 10 % gave the best results in flexural toughness. The results were consistent with morphology analysis, which revealed an increase in hydration products at the interface between the aggregate and concrete matrix, as well as between the steel fiber and concrete matrix, due to the ternary blending of SF and MK.

Stretching cylinders play a crucial role in the plastic and metal extrusion processes. This current investigation is to examine the Darcy Forchheimer flow of Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/water-based tri-hybrid nanofluid through a stretching cylinder. A composite of ternary hybrid nanofluid containing MoS2, TiO2 and Ag with CMC-water-based fluid has been added to the Crossflow model. The equations regulating motion and the equation for entropy generation are both formulated using cylindrical coordinates. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) equations have been transformed into an ordinary differential equations (ODEs) system using a similar scaling operation. Afterward, the BVP4c function employs the finite difference method and then implements the Lobatto IIIa formula. To fully understand how the flow behaves close to the cylinder's surface, the effects of these various factors on the number of entropy generation, Bejan number, the speed of the flow, the temperature and concentration distributions have been carefully studied. The result reveals that enhancing the values of Weissenberg number We and the porosity parameter declines the velocity profile. An increment in the curvature parameter β declines the velocity gradient and temperature distribution. In addition, enhancement in the radiation parameter escalates the entropy minimization and Bejan number. Furthermore, the impact of drag friction, heat, and mass are displayed in tabular form and elaborated suitably. The outcomes are authenticated with previously published literature for accuracy and authenticity.

Background: Hands are vital and inevitable organs. It's essential to evaluate hand function post-stroke as it is a major source of impairment. Grip strength gives a guide to hand function as a measure of impairment. The modified Sphygmomanometer Test (MST) offers an intriguing alternative method for assessing hand grip strength as compared to using hand-held dynamometers. Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the correlation between hand grip strength and hand function in stroke patients. Methods: A cross-sectional research was carried out on a group of 45 stroke patients, ranging in age from 40 to 70 years. The assessment included the measurement of hand grip strength through the Modified Sphygmomanometer Test (MST), as well as the evaluation of hand function using the Box and Block Test (BBT) and the Jebsen Taylor Hand Function Test (JTHFT). Correlation analysis was performed using the Pearson correlation coefficient test. Results: The outcomes showed a strong to excellent between MST and BBT (r = 0.909, p = 0.000); and between MST and JTHFT Non Dominant Hand (JTHFTNDH, r = −0.669 and p = 0.000). However, there was a weak correlation between MST and JTHFT Dominant Hand, and this correlation was not statistically significant (r = −0.243 and p = 0.108). Conclusion: The findings indicated a relationship between hand grip strength and hand function among stroke patients. MST holds potential as a convenient, objective and cost-effective alternative in clinical settings for evaluating hand grip strength and predicting hand function.

Background: Individualisation is essential when assessing physical evidence that is discovered at a crime scene to connect the evidence to a suspect or victim. Many studies on the identification of an individual from various evidence types have been conducted across the globe. Once identified, a person's sex completes 50% of the individualisation process, which assists the investigator in leading the investigation in a specific direction by narrowing down the pool of suspects. The current study intends to ascertain an individual's sex, be it male or female, based on footprint evidence, which is a highly neglected research area. The present study is part of an anthropometrical research in which seven different footprint measurements, specifically lengths and widths, were recorded and statistically assessed to determine a person's sex from inked bilateral footprints of 132 individuals (61 males and 71 females) aged 18–50 years, who were born in South India. Results: The t-test scores show that the right footprint parameters are similar to the left footprint, except T1 (Length between the pternion and the first toe anterior point) and B1 (Total Ball Breadth) in females. T4_R (Length between the pternion and the fourth toe anterior end of the right foot) exhibited the strongest correlation with sex. In contrast, HB_Index_R (Heel ball index of right foot) exhibited the weakest correlation. The male and female footprints achieved 77% and 93% accuracy rates, respectively. Conclusions: A person's sex can be established, to a satisfactory degree, with the help of individual footprint measurements. Further studies can develop population-specific footprint standards to help investigators hasten the identification process.

Background: Control of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) relies on local knowledge and local intervention implementation. Effective antibiotic stewardship requires locally-suitable prescribing guidelines. We aimed to use a novel digital tool (the ZARIApp) and a participatory approach to help develop locally-relevant empiric antibiotic prescribing guidelines for two hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia. Methods: We produced an AMR report using samples collected locally and routinely from adults within the prior two years (April 2020 – April 2022). We developed the ZARIApp, which provides prescribing recommendations based on local resistance data and antibiotic prescribing practices. We used qualitative evaluation of focus group discussions among healthcare professionals to assess the feasibility and acceptability of using the ZARIApp and identify the barriers to and enablers of this stewardship approach. Results: Resistance prevalence was high for many key pathogens: for example, 73% of 41 Escherichia coli isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone. We identified that high resistance rates were likely due to low levels of requesting and processing of microbiology samples from patients leading to insufficient and unrepresentative microbiology data. This emerged as the major barrier to generating locally-relevant guidelines. Through active stakeholder engagement, we modified the ZARIApp to better support users to generate empirical antibiotic guidelines within this context of unrepresentative microbiology data. Qualitative evaluation of focus group discussions suggested that the resulting ZARIApp was useful and easy to use. New antibiotic guidelines for key syndromes are now in place in the two study hospitals, but these have substantial residual uncertainty. Conclusions: Tools such as the free online ZARIApp can empower local settings to better understand and optimise how sampling and prescribing can help to improve patient care and reduce future AMR. However, the usability of the ZARIApp is severely limited by unrepresentative microbiology data; improved routine microbiology surveillance is vitally needed.

Limonia acidissima Groff, commonly referred to as the Wood apple, is a tropical fruit belonging to Rutaceae family. Indigenous to Sri Lanka, India, and Myanmar, it is extensively cultivated throughout Southeast Asia. This fruit holds a profound historical significance in traditional medicine due to its exceptional nutritional and therapeutic attributes. Wood apple pulp is significantly abundant in β-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A, and contains a substantial amount of vitamin B, including riboflavin and thiamine, as well as trace amounts of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Moreover health-benefitting properties associated with L. acidissima, such as, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-spermatogenic, analgesic, antiulcer, and antihyperlipidemic properties, are attributed to a diverse range of phytochemicals. These encompass polyphenolic compounds, saponins, phytosterols, tannins, triterpenoids, coumarins, amino acids, tyramine derivatives, and vitamins. From the findings of the various studies, it was observed that wood apple fruit shows significant anticancer activity by inhibiting the proliferation of cancer. Furthermore, wood apple finds wide-ranging commercial applications in the formulation of ready-to-serve beverages, syrups, jellies, chutneys, and various other food products. In summary, this review highlights the nutritional and phytochemical constituents of wood apple, depicts its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic capabilities, and explores its potential in value-added product development. Nevertheless, it is crucial to acknowledge that the molecular mechanisms supporting these properties remain an underexplored domain. To ensure the safe integration of wood apple fruit into the realms of the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical sectors, rigorous clinical trials, including toxicity assessments, are required. These endeavors hold the potential to promote innovation and contribute significantly to both research and industrial sectors.

Utilization of rechargeable battery based bicycles has been significantly increased in India. In this study, battery powered electric vehicles have been implemented in MATLAB 2013a Simulink and real-time hardware systems. In order to design and integrate a working model of electric cycle, one needs to know about the different components involved in a system, such as lithium-ion batteries, Brushless DC motor (BLDC), and controller systems. The detailed study about the component selection has been described in this study. The drive testing has been implemented in both Simulink and real time respectively. Within a single charging system, the proposed model of electric cycle has been derived up to 25 kilo-meter up to speed of 30 kilo-meter per second respectively. The characteristics of electric vehicles such as torque (N-m) versus time (s), speed (km/h) versus time (s) and distance (km) versus time (s) have been discussed in this study. Based on characteristics study, reliability of the electric vehicle model has been enhanced in electric bicycle system by physical model confirmation.

The sixth generation (6G) of cellular transmission is extremely adaptable. 6G will equip everyone with pervasive wireless connectivity and meet the needs of a fully connected world. It is anticipated that revolutionary ideas will increase in support for a fast-expanding variety of smart devices and applications. The sophisticated characteristics of 5G portable cellular network infrastructures produce novel threats and requirements. Comparing 6G cellular network technologies to 5G cellular networks, this paper discusses various security and privacy issues in 6G cellular networks based numerous security services. Proposes AA approach to evaluate the effectiveness of the methodology. Propose a new 6G wireless security architecture based on the analysis of secret key authentication and flexible position based identification, which serves as the foundation for an examination of identity management and flexible authentication. Demonstrates the benefits of the proposed architecture, analyzes BER against SINR and Measure Throughput Against various SINR values. Finally, Limitations and future recommendation for 6G cellular network security is presented.

Nanotheranostics, especially those employing biomimetic approaches, are of substantial interest for molecular imaging and cancer therapy. The incorporation of diagnostics and therapeutics, known as cancer theranostics, represents a promising strategy in modern oncology. Biomimetics, inspired by nature, offers a multidisciplinary avenue with potential in advancing cancer theranostics. This review comprehensively analyses recent progress in biomimetics-based cancer theranostics, emphasizing its role in overcoming current treatment challenges, with a focus on breast, prostate, and skin cancers. Biomimetic approaches have been explored to address multidrug resistance (MDR), emphasizing their role in immunotherapy and photothermal therapy. The specific areas covered include biomimetic drug delivery systems bypassing MDR mechanisms, biomimetic platforms for immune checkpoint blockade, immune cell modulation, and photothermal tumor ablation. Pretargeting techniques enhancing radiotherapeutic agent uptake are discussed, along with a comprehensive review of clinical trials of global nanotheranostics. This review delves into biomimetic materials, nanotechnology, and bioinspired strategies for cancer imaging, diagnosis, and targeted drug delivery. These include imaging probes, contrast agents, and biosensors for enhanced specificity and sensitivity. Biomimetic strategies for targeted drug delivery involve the design of nanoparticles, liposomes, and hydrogels for site-specific delivery and improved therapeutic efficacy. Overall, this current review provides valuable information for investigators, clinicians, and biomedical engineers, offering insights into the latest biomimetics applications in cancer theranostics. Leveraging biomimetics aims to revolutionize cancer diagnosis, treatment, and patient outcomes.

One of the major causes of blindness across individuals of various age groups and genders is Diabetic Retinopathy (DR). It is mainly caused by Diabetes. The symptoms of DR include seeing an increased number of floaters, blurry vision, vision that changes from blurry to clear sometimes, seeing dark areas in the field of vision, poor night vision and so on. A patient who has been diagnosed with diabetes for a long time is prone to DR. This paper proposes a robust, deep learning based mobile application to address the said issue. The rationale behind the development of the mobile application is to detect DR in far-flung areas, which do not have regular access to healthcare facilities. An input image captured by an ophthalmoscope when fed to the mobile application can give result within a few seconds. The model utilizes convolution neural networks build upon the VGG model. The proposed system quantifies the “confidence level” with a high accuracy of 96 %. Another feature of the proposed system is that it can work offline without any network connectivity, thus making it more useful in remote areas. The application further has a user friendly and intuitive interface.

Electric vehicle (E-vehicle) will be an alternate transportation vehicle in this world due to unavailability of fossil fuel. The CO2 emissions from fossil fuel based vehicle have been considerably reduced. In this study, E-vehicle has been modelled for both open loop and closed loop using MATLAB/Simulink. The rechargeable lithium-ion battery has been adopted for proposed system, and it has become prominent energy storage device especially for E-vehicle application. Speed sensor has been incorporated in closed loop system. Speedometer also added in both open and closed loop system. Performance of the E-vehicle has been analysed and compared by ratio of output to input motor power. Error deviation has been estimated. The simulation results of closed loop system have been revealed that better stability in dynamic state of input. The proposed closed loop system has been attained the better efficiency than open loop and, moreover fluctuation and harmonic level were within the tolerance level. Through closed loop system, E-vehicle has been attaining the smooth working state at minimum duration than open loop. The E-vehicle parameters such as vehicle speed, travelling distance, torque, efficiency and output power have been estimated for both open and closed loop system. With help of sensor, performance of the closed loop system has been improved.

Learning about emotionally tricky topics sometimes creates educational tension among teachers and learners in the learning environment. In history education, one primary goal of teaching the subject is to promote empathic understanding among learners in the classroom. This study assessed 135 student-teachers ability to understand the actions of past historical actors. Specifically, it explored the student-teachers’ process of contextualising past actions and making moral judgments. The study adopted the qualitative research approach, where student-teachers wrote essays based on a letter Dr J.B. Danquah wrote to Dr Kwame Nkrumah with a follow-up think-aloud to explore the student-teachers thoughts on the letter. The study found that cognitive knowledge of the past promoted the student-teachers ability to contextualise the actors' actions. The student-teachers also viewed historical empathy as a dual construct by using moral and emotional expressions to empathise with the actions and decisions of the historical actors. The seeming suggestion brought forward by these findings is that student-teachers may be able to support their would-be students to empathise with the actions of historical actors in their pedagogical practices. It also points to a need for support in the training of student-teachers where the emphasis is placed on procedural and substantive knowledge as a necessary step for achieving historical understanding.

Background: Diphtheria continues to be a public health problem in India as it is re-emerging in several regions of the country. In recent times, apart from preschool-aged children, diphtheria outbreaks are seen to affect older children and adults. The present study was conducted to determine the immunity against diphtheria among the 5–20 years age group in a population from diphtheria-affected regions of Kolar. Methods: This facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in six diphtheria-affected regions of Kolar district, Karnataka, India among the population aged between five and 20 years from June 2018 to December 2019. A total of 337 participants who sought health care from the primary health centres were included in the study and the IgG antibody titres against diphtheria were estimated by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Chi-square test was done to see the association of variables with antibody titres to diphtheria. Results: In the present study, among the 337 study participants; 53.7 % of the participants had full protection, 35.6 % had basic protection and 10.7 % did not have any protection and were susceptible to diphtheria. None of the study participants had reliable long-term protection against diphtheria (>1.0 IU/ML). Conclusion: About half of the study participants from the diphtheria-affected regions belonged to the susceptible category and the basic protection category. Only 53.7 % of the participants showed full protection against diphtheria. This strongly advocates for the changes made in the National Vaccine Policy in India for the adoption of booster doses of vaccination against diphtheria in the population.

In the atmosphere, greenhouse gas concentration has rapidly increased due to anthropogenic activities which cause global warming. However, the existing technique has a lot of fuel and energy consumption and is involved in CO2 emission. To overcome this issue Geopolymer Concrete (GPC) produced by using Alternate Aggregate and Chemical Activators has been used. Thus, Tandur Tone Slurry Powder is used in place of cement and quarry dust as the fine aggregate in this Geopolymer Concrete, which increases the material's strength and efficiency while lowering energy demand and fuel usage. Experimental investigation highlighting mechanical properties and durability performance of geopolymer concrete mixes. In this work, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) methods were used to examine the microstructure of geopolymer concrete. By an orthogonal design, nine GPC pastes with varying mole ratios of SiO2/Al2O3, Na2O/Al2O3, and H2O/Na2O were chosen to study the effects on mechanical strength and microstructure. In comparison to conventional concrete, the findings show that when the concentration of Tandur stone slurry powder increases up to 20% Tandur stone slurry powder & 6% quarry dust concrete (Mix 2), the concrete's tensile strength and compressive strength improve at the age of 28 days. GPC with different aggregate and chemical activators has a 25% lower production cost than Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Microscopic examination revealed structural traits like gels with a network made of SiO4 and AlO4 tetrahedra. Hence the experimental study of Geopolymer Concrete produced by using Alternate Aggregate and Chemical Activators using natural aggregates is widely tested and reported by analyzing fresh and mechanical properties along with microstructure estimation.

Utilization of Solar Photo Voltaic Cell (SPVC) has significantly increased in residential, commercial, and industrial due to freely available. From the power-voltage (P–V) curve, fluctuation has been revealed over an hour because of varying irradiance, and temperature of sun rays. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) has been essential to track power and maximize the output from SPVC constantly. In this study, a novel Improved Incremental Conductance (IIC) MPPT technique is proposed, and integrated with a boost converter to take out the maximum power from SPVC. The output power has been provided to a brushless DC motor (BLDC). Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) commutation system has been employed to control the BLDC motor through the 3-level bridge converter. The proposed study has been implemented in MATLAB/Simulink. The complete analysis has been examined at different irradiation conditions. Power consumption, loss, and efficiency have been estimated. Simulation results have been compared with conventional incremental conductance (IC). The proposed IIC MPPT has an improved 5% of tracking efficiency than conventional MPPT techniques. The results show that the effectiveness of the proposed IIC technique has attained a steady state in varying irradiation levels. In spite of the low irradiation level of 250 W/m2, the system remains effective.

In this paper, a novel method is introduced for the acquisition and transmission of critical parameters from valves used in industrial refrigeration. The parameter sensing provides local intelligence to the valve, which can be later used as a feedback signal for the controller. The hardware design includes ICS (Industrial Control Servo) valve with modifications to connect a Linear Variable Transformer (LVT) position sensor, pressure and temperature sensors. Also, a circuit board carrying the phase shift oscillator, Root Mean Square (RMS) to Direct Current (DC) converter, power supply and a dedicated Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) module for transmitting the collected data is designed. The transmitted data can be received in a mobile phone android application and used for a secondary data calculation, alarm notification and alerting service technician. The sensor integration along with BLE connectivity creates a novel platform for data acquisition in Industrial Refrigeration (IR). The proposed method tested in real time to regulate the Helium gas flow rate and measured valve parameters is monitored by the dedicated mobile application.

Inorganic Complexes are widely used in pharmaceutical industry. Especially chelating complexes are used as the scavengers of heavy metal ions. This present study is aimed to synthesis ethylenediamine and its derivative Zn (II) complexes, and identifies the biological efficiency of the complexes. The 1H NMR spectra of ligands and Zn complexes are confirming the complexation. Downfield shifts of complexes further support the complexation. All the complexes are well crystalline and the average particle size is 80. The calculated percentage of an element in all the complexes is well agreed with the percentage of elements obtained from the CHNS analyzer. Applications of the complexes are studied by its Invitro Anti-diabetic activity. [Zn(pren)2]2+complex exhibits greater percentage inhibition (63.57%). The homo catenation of the ligand is response to increase the drug efficiency.

Chrysanthemum is a flowering plant belonging to a genus of the dicotyledonous herbaceous annual flowering plant of the Asteraceae (Compositae) family. It is a perpetual flowering plant, mostly cultivated for medicinal purposes; generally, used in popular drinks due to its aroma and flavor. It is primarily cultivated in China, Japan, Europe, and United States. These flowers were extensively used in various healthcare systems and for treating various diseases. Chrysanthemum flowers are rich in phenolic compounds and exhibit strong properties including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-allergic, anti-obesity, immune regulation, hepatoprotective, and nephroprotective activities. The main aim of the present review was to investigate the nutritional profile, phytochemistry, and biological activities of flowers of different Chrysanthemum species. Also, a critical discussion of the diverse metabolites or bioactive constituents of the Chrysanthemum flowers is highlighted in the present review. Moreover, the flower extracts of Chrysanthemum have been assessed to possess a rich phytochemical profile, including compounds such as cyanidin-3-O-(6″-O-malonyl) glucoside, delphinidin 3-O-(6'' -O-malonyl) glucoside-3′, rutin, quercetin, isorhamnetin, rutinoside, and others. These profiles exhibit potential health benefits, leading to their utilization in the production of supplementary food products and pharmaceutical drugs within the industry. However, more comprehensive research studies/investigations are still needed to further discover the potential benefits for human and animal utilization.

WSNs are now widely used for information gathering and transmission using WSN. Due to its low cost and simple communication, this type of network is widely used in many applications. Although hierarchical routing protocols may handle a variety of applications, choosing a Cluster Head (CH) and balancing network overload are difficult problems. This recommended strategy provides LEACH Protocol based on Novel Trust Management with Cryptographic RSA algorithm (NTM-LEACH-RSA) to extend the lifetime of network and to consume less energy. Here the proposed methodology includes two aspects for improving Security in WSN. Using the suggested NTM-LEACH technique, cluster formation and cluster head election are carried out in the first phase. Here, the threshold function value, the distance and density between nearby nodes, and the trust value are used to elect the cluster head. Based on the energy domain and the distance domain, the threshold function value is estimated in this case. The RSA cryptography technique is employed in the second phase to protect data transmission and guarantee data integrity. By using simulation tools, the proposed NTM-LEACH-RSA methodology's performance analysis is estimated. In comparison to other algorithms currently in use, it also offers higher performance results.

Accumulation of nano ZnO (nZnO) in soils could be toxic to bacterial communities through disruption of Zn homeostasis. Under such conditions, bacterial communities strive to maintain cellular Zn levels by accentuation of appropriate cellular machinery. In this study, soil was exposed to a gradient (50–1000 mg Zn kg-1) of nZnO for evaluating their effects on genes involved in Zn homeostasis (ZHG). The responses were compared with similar levels of its bulk counterpart (bZnO). It was observed that ZnO (as nZnO or bZnO) induced a plethora of influx and efflux transporters as well as metallothioneins (MTs) and metallochaperones mediated by an array of Zn sensitive regulatory proteins. Major influx system identified was the ZnuABC transporter, while important efflux transporters identified were CzcCBA, ZntA, YiiP and the major regulator was Zur. The response of communities was dose- dependent at lower concentrations (

Summary: Clostridioides difficile produces toxins that damage the colonic epithelium, causing colitis. Variation in disease severity is poorly understood and has been attributed to host factors and virulence differences between C. difficile strains. We test 23 epidemic ST1 C. difficile clinical isolates for their virulence in mice. All isolates encode a complete Tcd pathogenicity locus and achieve similar colonization densities. However, disease severity varies from lethal to avirulent infections. Genomic analysis of avirulent isolates reveals a 69-bp deletion in the cdtR gene, which encodes a response regulator for binary toxin expression. Deleting the 69-bp sequence in virulent R20291 strain renders it avirulent in mice with reduced toxin gene transcription. Our study demonstrates that a natural deletion within cdtR attenuates virulence in the epidemic ST1 C. difficile isolates without reducing colonization and persistence. Distinguishing strains on the basis of cdtR may enhance the specificity of diagnostic tests for C. difficile colitis.

S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC) is a sulfur-containing substance found in aged garlic extract (AGE), which has been observed to have numerous biological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Compared to intact garlic, SAC has fewer odors and decreased toxicity, making it a more appealing option for individuals looking to gain the health benefits of garlic without experiencing unpleasant side effects such as indigestion and bad breath. SAC has been found to have potent antioxidant effects, protecting the body against oxidative stress and damage caused by free radicals. This may be particularly beneficial for those with chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer, where oxidative stress plays a key role in disease progression. Additionally, SAC has anti-inflammatory effects, which may help prevent or manage conditions associated with chronic inflammation, such as arthritis, asthma, and Alzheimer's disease. SAC is a chemically and physiologically fascinating substance with multiple pharmacological qualities, and as research continues into its potential health benefits, it may become an increasingly popular dietary supplement. The main aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive overview on physicochemical nature, mechanism, pharmacokinetics, and physiological functions of SAC.

In deep learning, it is possible that training efficiency will suffer as a result of redundant data. A lower amount of training data, on the other hand, may result in a model that is unable to capture the necessary features hidden within the dataset. In this paper, we use machine-deep-statistical model to analyse the stability of thermal storage systems i.e., battery in terms of managing the energy storage. These three models offer a prominent success across various applications and in this study, it uses life prediction, state estimation, defect diagnosis, fault detection, behaviour and property analysis via proper modelling and optimization. The validation is conducted in terms of various metrics to estimate the proposed model against various methods. The results of simulation shows that the proposed method achieves higher degree of accuracy with reduced prediction errors than other methods.

Renewable energy has gained enormous popularity in recent years. Both independent and grid-connected renewable energy generating capacity has increased. The potential to create green energy that is both ecologically benign and financially operative is the primary argument. To reduce the cost of maintaining a hybrid microgrid, this study provides a novel control algorithm as well as a suitable energy management system. The energy storage technologies are used in the hybrid microgrid system which consist of photovoltaic cell, fuel cell and supercapacitor. The optimal power flow in the hybrid microgrid component is developed using energy management system which consents control system to batteries, load and economic analysis with the input of electric grid. In this paper supercapacitor is which is directly connected to DC and provide fast response to load changing. DC voltage, current and hybrid microgrid is managed using the local control system. The power change in photovoltaic system is solved using energy storage system. The purpose of control method in hybrid microgrid is used to enhance the hybrid microgrid flexibility and generation of renewable resources and stored it in grid. The effectiveness and the flexibility of the proposed controller in energy management of hybrid microgrid system is simulated. The proposed energy management system provides high performance related to the existing energy management system.

The use of phase change materials (PCM), a type of heat transfer thermal storage substance, shows the opportunity to enhance the thermal inertia of these structures lacking significantly altering present construction methods. Because of the decreased indoor temperature swings and the load reduction, the usage of PCMs in buildings has the potential to deliver higher indoor temperatures for inhabitants as well as weaker export power consumption. Thermal energy storage (TES) systems based on phase change material (PCM) is identified as among the most enhanced energy techniques to improve eco-efficiency and conservation. The proposed dynamic insulating material and system (DIMS) allows for thermal resistance to be adjusted based on interior and outside variables. While it can be shown that using PCM and DIMS in facades enhances energy efficiency, there have been no previous studies that looked at the combined effect of the two technologies. Explore a unique wall design that includes a sheet of PCM made up of two levels of DIMS in this research. In most of the seasons and building orientations studied in this research, the PCM-DIMS-integrated wall saves much more energy than the DIMS-only combined barrier or the PCM-only combined walls. The PCM-DIMS-integrated walls can give a 15% to 72% decrease in yearly radiant heat then a 7% to 38% reduction in annual heat loss, based on the environment. The findings of this study highlight the necessity for scaled dynamic insulating layers for structures, as well as thermal storage devices.

The paper discusses the factors associated with the sudden outbreak of the nocturnal heterotrophic bioluminescent dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans along the Chennai coast. The bloom occurred along a stretch of 16 km following a spell of heavy rain in August 2019. The density of N. scintillans varied from 1000 to 19000 cells/L, with a distinguished distribution pattern. High N. scintillans abundance was recorded at Panaiyurkuppam and Kovalam, with 19000 cells/L and 18000 cells/L, recorded respectively. Adequate nutrients brought by substantial rainfall and a high abundance of the diatom Thalassiosira sp. triggered the N. scintillans bloom. The low wind speed (5 m/sec), lowering of atmospheric temperature (from 24.00 to 31.00°C, 27.5 ± 1.17°C), high rainfall (6 mm within one day), and low sea surface temperature (SST) (from 25.20 to 31.00°C, 29.37± 1.17°C) are probable environmental cues. Local hydrodynamics and the diverging currents governed the presence and dispersion of the bloom in the region.

In new research growth long after glow material is a potential candidate due to its physical properties, chemical stability and wide application in modern solid-state lightning (LED), display devices, dosimetry and sensors. A cerium doped strontium aluminate phosphor (SrAl2O4:Ce3+) was synthesized by conventional solid-state reaction method. The crystal structure and morphology of phosphors, while doping rare earth metal and lithium metal ion was investigated by using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Fourier transformed infrared spectrum results of the synthesized phosphor composition conforms the characteristic vibration bands of synthesized phosphor. Surface composition analysis of the prepared samples was examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Photoluminescence emission band observed at ∼420 nm, ∼490 nm and ∼610 nm region under the excitation wavelength of 256 nm. Wight light emission was confirmed using the Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) chromatic coordinate graph. The correlated colour temperature (CCT) value of 0.5% Ce3+ doped SAO of phosphors was calculated is in the range of 1543 K, which is indicated the synthesized phosphors performance as warm white light source. The obtained phosphor has a high dielectric constant and low loss tangent which is useful to optoelectronic devices.

Background & Introduction: Serous cancers are a biologically aggressive variety of endometrial cancer (EC) with a high rate of recurrence and mortality among all the subtypes. Herein we describe our experience with serous endometrial cancer. Objective: This study was conducted to identify the clinicopathological characteristics, treatment modalities and survival outcomes in women diagnosed with serous endometrial malignancies. Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive analysis of data on patients diagnosed with serous endometrial tumours between January 2010 to September 2019 in our institute collected from electronic medical records. Descriptive statistics such as proportions, means and standard deviations and Cox regression hazards model on risk factors were performed. Survival was plotted by Kaplan-Meier curves. Results: During the study period, 32 (5.7%) patients out of 564 diagnosed cases of endometrial cancer had serous histology. The mean age at diagnosis was 62.5 years (SD 7.6) while mean BMI was 26.4 kg/m2 (SD 4.6). Staging laparotomy was done in 27(84%) of the patients. Advanced stages (III and IV) were detected in 16 patients (50%) at primary surgery.Adjuvant chemo therapy and radiation was received by 21(65.6%) patients therapy. Out of 32 patients, 13 (40%) developed recurrence while another 13 expired. Stage at diagnosis and type of adjuvant therapy were important factors in determining the outcome. Median recurrence free and overall survival was 22(95% CI 1.4–42) and 36 months (95% CI 10.1–61.8) respectively. Conclusion: Serous endometrial cancers are an intrusive subtype of EC. Comprehensive surgical staging with optimal cytoreduction should be aimed at. Adequate upfront molecular categorization of these tumors is mandated. Adjuvant therapy with chemotherapy and radiation is given in postoperative setting. Targeted therapies and immunotherapy could be considered in recurrences.

The objective of this study is to apply business intelligence in identifying potential customers by providing relevant and timely data to business entities in the Retail Industry. The data furnished is based on systematic study and scientific applications in analyzing sales history and purchasing behavior of the consumers. The curated and organized data as an outcome of this scientific study not only enhances business sales and profit, but also equips with intelligent insights in predicting consumer purchasing behavior and related patterns. In order to execute and apply the scientific approach using K-Means algorithm, the real time transactional and retail dataset are analyzed. Spread over a specific duration of business transactions, the dataset values and parameters provide an organized understanding of the customer buying patterns and behavior across various regions. This study is based on the RFM (Recency, Frequency and Monetary) model and deploys dataset segmentation principles using K-Means Algorithm. A variety of dataset clusters are validated based on the calculation of Silhouette Coefficient. The results thus obtained with regard to sales transactions are compared with various parameters like Sales Recency, Sales Frequency and Sales Volume.

Autoinjectors are self-injectable devices; they are important class of medical devices which can deliver drugs through subcutaneous or intramuscular route. They enclose prefilled syringes or cartridges which are driven by a spring system. The major benefits of this device are easy self-administration, improved patient compliance, reduced anxiety, and dosage accuracy. Immediate treatment during emergency conditions such as anaphylaxis, migraine, and status epilepticus or for chronic conditions like psoriasis, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis, Reformulation of first-generation biologics, technical advancements, innovative designs, patient compliance, overwhelming interest for self-administration all these made entry of more and more autoinjectors into use. In this review, intensive efforts have been made for exploring the different types of currently available autoinjectors for the management of emergency and chronic diseases.

A novel proton transfer compound, 8-hydroxyquinolinium oxalate monohydrate was synthesised by solid state grinding of 8-hydroxyquinoline and oxalic acid. The resulting compound is characterised by single crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD), FT-IR, UV–Visible, TG/DTG, DTA and DSC analyses. The compound crystallizes in monoclinic crystal system with space group P21/n. The carboxylate oxygen O2 which acts as a tetrafurcated acceptor of four hydrogen bonds is the main feature of the crystal structure. The molecules are linked together by O–H⋯O, N–H⋯O and C–H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Carbonyl-carbonyl interactions play a crucial role in stabilising the crystal packing. Hirshfeld surface analysis and the associated finger print plots facilitates the comparison of intermolecular interactions. The nature of charge density distribution and topological parameters of the proton transfer region N1–H1A⋯O2 hydrogen bond reveals that the bond has considerable covalent character. Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) has been extended to analyse the nature and strength of intermolecular interactions. Topology analysis using ELF and LOL reveals electron localisation and depletion regions. ADMET analysis reveals that the compound satisfies Lipinski’s rule of five and drug likeness. Antibacterial activity was screened against 3 g positive - Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and 2 g negative strains- Klebsiella pneumonia and Salmonella typhi by employing disc diffusion method.

Steroid cell tumors – not otherwise specified (NOS) – are rare sex cord stromal tumors that lack characteristic histology, are benign, and usually present with androgenic manifestations. Metastatic malignant steroid cell tumors pose treatment challenges due to their chemoresistance nature. This is a case report of a metastatic steroid cell tumor – NOS with extensive peritoneal disease.

This work reports on a microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis of CuS@In2S3 core-shell hybridized nanoparticles (Hy-NPs) at different weight ratios (wt%) of CuS to tune the heterojunction optoelectronic properties and evaluate the application for photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes. The photodegradation performance in terms of the efficiency and reaction kinetics shows that the 10 wt% CuS Hy-NPs presents the highest photoactivity in the degradation of two dye species, methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) when compared to 5 wt% CuS, 15% CuS Hy-NPs samples as well as the pristine CuS or In2S3 NPs. The structural and morphological studies combining the optical bandgap analysis suggest that the CuS amount used in the synthesis step plays an important role to forming the efficient heterojunction interfaces for charge carrier separation to inhibit the recombination of excited electron and hole pairs and the resultant apparent optical bandgap of the Hy-NPs. The 10 wt% CuS@In2S3 core-shell Hy-NPs demonstrate a lower optical band for a wide range visible light absorption and higher photocatalytic activity than that of the CuS NPs, In2S3 NPs, and the 5 wt% CuS, or 15 wt% CuS Hy-NPs. The findings in this work may offer an alternative simple and effective approach to designing and synthesizing metal chalcogenide heterojunctions for improving photocatalytic activity.

Steganography is the showing of disguising a message inside another message or a certifiable article like message, picture, or video is covered inside another record, message, picture, or video. The restricted intel is concealed so to speak that it not unmistakable to the normal eyes. Huge learning progression, which has arisen as a key asset in different applications including picture steganography, has gotten extended thought lately. Where generally single strategy is utilized in encryption which can be decoded effectively so to beat this method in this project three different procedures are utilized, for example, Recurrent Neural Network-based (RNN), which can consequently produce excellent message covers based on a mystery bitstream that should be covered up. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) are profound learning calculations that are exceptionally strong for the examination of pictures, which is utilized to encode the produced text covers into a little picture. We prepared our model with an enormous number of misleadingly produced tests and acquired a great gauge of the measurable language model and HIGAN, which develops the encoding network made from holding up blocks to mask the combination secret picture into another grouping picture of the more unpretentious size to yield a lower bending and higher visual quality steganographic picture. The continuous endeavor means to use steganography for an image with another image using spatial region methodology.

The aim of this paper is to create a decentralized transparent voting and analysis system that can be implemented with blockchain to provide an efficient and highly secure justifiable method of election systems in countries where traditional physical voting with gameable securities is used, increasing the chances of rigged elections. This system is designed to focus on a secure voting system, lower costs, faster wait times, no disparities due to various erroneous proxies, high scalability, and geographic independence. Overall, an effective election mechanism to strengthen the democratic process. The proposed dApp allows voters to vote from the comfort of their own homes, saving time and reducing the number of false votes registered.

Biodiversity is under enormous pressure from multiple threats including climate change, land use change, habitat alterations and hunting pressure. One way to ease this pressure on biodiversity and to mitigate the effects of above-mentioned threats, is to establish protected areas. Importance of protected increases many folds in regions that are considered as biodiversity poor regions i.e. deserts. Protected areas have long been a major pillar of biodiversity conservation strategies; the Houbara Protected Area (HPA) is one of the 13 terrestrial protected areas in Abu Dhabi Emirate officially declared in 2017. However, no information regarding the status of biodiversity in the HPA has been communicated to the research fraternity. During the present study, surveys were conducted to fill this gap. The survey area was divided in to 50 grids of 5 × 5 km2 and monitoring surveys were undertaken from January to December 2016. A total of 14 bi-monthly to monthly surveys were conducted within HPA and 196 species of different taxonomical groups were recorded. A year-long survey yielded highly diversified fauna and flora from 19 different habitat types (H) 1.32, (E) 2.28, Shannon Diversity Index). We looked at the influence of habitat breadth and temperature on the species richness and abundance, results shows that in desert setup heterogeneity of habitat is not an important factor in maintaining the biodiversity as total number of individuals as well as species were similar in the grids that have different number of habitat types (df = 34.3, t = -0.472, P = 0.640). However, we did find a positive impact of mean monthly temperature on species richness (df = 154, t = 2.53, P = 0.012). Our study highlights the importance of temperature in driving species abundance and richness in protected area. Abundance and species richness are similar in protected areas indicating that protection is allowing species to explore the heterogenous habitats. Overall, we can conclude that protection is beneficial for species.