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Background: Doxorubicin (DOX) is a highly effective chemotherapy drug widely used to treat cancer, but its use is limited due to multisystemic toxicity. Lipid metabolism is also affected by doxorubicin. Orange juice can reduce dyslipidemia in other clinical situations and has already been shown to attenuate cardiotoxicity. Our aim is to evaluate the effects of Pera orange juice (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) on mitigating lipid metabolism imbalance, metabolic pathways, and DOX induced cytotoxic effects in the heart and liver. Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were allocated into 3 groups: Control (C); DOX (D); and DOX plus Pera orange juice (DOJ). DOJ received orange juice for 4 weeks, while C and D received water. At the end of each week, D and DOJ groups received 4 mg/kg/week DOX, intraperitoneal. At the end of 4 weeks animals were submitted to echocardiography and euthanasia. Results: Animals treated with DOX decreased water intake and lost weight over time. At echocardiography, DOX treated rats presented morphologic alterations in the heart. DOX increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides. It also reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, increased protein carbonylation in the heart and dihydroethidium (DHE) expression in the liver, decreased glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) and the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ1) in the heart, and reduced carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1) in the liver. Conclusion: DOX caused dyslipidemia, liver and cardiac toxicity by increasing oxidative stress, and altered energy metabolic parameters in both organs. Despite not improving changes in left ventricular morphology, orange juice did attenuate oxidative stress and mitigate the metabolic effects of DOX.

Objective: To examine the association between caregiver eating competence and child overweight/obesity and caregiver obesity., Design: Longitudinal cohort., Setting: A large US children's hospital., Participants: Caregiver-child dyads (n = 288 with complete data at 2 time points) were sampled in 2017-2019 from those who received care at Nationwide Children's Hospital., Main Outcome Measure(s): Child overweight/obesity at 24 months of age (body mass index [BMI]) z-score >2 per World Health Organization standards and caregiver weight status (underweight/healthy [BMI < 25 kg/m 2 ], overweight [BMI ≥ 25 and < 30 kg/m 2 ], or obese [BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ])., Analysis: Log-binomial models examined the relationship between caregiver eating competence (ecSatter Inventory) at 18 months and child overweight/obesity at 24 months of age. Proportional odds models investigated the relationship between caregivers' eating competence and weight status., Results: Eating competent caregivers had more than twice the odds (odds ratio, 2.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.30-3.42) of having a lower BMI category and had lower average BMI than noneating competent caregivers. Child overweight/obesity at 24 months did not differ by caregiver eating competence., Conclusions and Implications: Although child overweight/obesity did not vary by caregiver eating competence, caregiver eating competence was related to their weight status. Longer-term studies are needed to clarify the role of caregiver eating competence as children develop. Promoting caregivers' eating competence may translate into healthier behaviors and skills for caregivers and their children long term., (Copyright © 2022 Society for Nutrition Education and Behavior. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Antimicrobials represent a broad class of chemicals with the intended purpose of eliminating or controlling the growth of harmful microorganisms. Exposure can occur occupationally or through the use or consumption of consumer products. The use of antimicrobial agents has been associated with an increased incidence of allergic diseases, including asthma, atopic dermatitis, and less commonly, anaphylaxis. Very diverse immunological mechanisms and mediators have been identified in the sensitization response to antimicrobial chemicals and the importance of the local microenviroment in the response is increasingly being recognized. A complete understanding of the mechanisms of allergic diseases resulting from antimicrobial exposure will help to ensure safe environments and exposure limits., (Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Skeletal muscle possesses efficient ability to regenerate upon minor injuries, but its capacity to regenerate is severely compromised with traumatic injuries and muscle-associated diseases. Recent evidence suggests that skeletal muscle regeneration can be enhanced by transplantation of muscle satellite cells (MuSCs) or treatment with pro-myogenic factors, such as Wingless-type MMTV Integrated 7a (Wnt7a) protein. Although direct intramuscular injection is the simplest method to deliver MuSCs and Wnt7a for regenerative therapy, direct injections are not viable in many clinical cases where structural integrity is severely compromised. To address this challenge, we evaluated the feasibility of co-delivering pro-myogenic factors, such as Wnt7a, and MuSCs using a synthetic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based hydrogel to the affected skeletal muscles. The Wnt7a release rate can be controlled by modulating the polymer density of the hydrogel, and this release rate can be further accelerated through the proteolytic degradation of the hydrogel. Treating cryo-injured tibialis anterior (TA) muscles with Wnt7a-loaded hydrogels resulted in an improved regenerative response by day 14, measured by increased muscle fiber cross-sectional area, bulk TA mass, and the number of Pax7 + MuSCs at the injury site, compared to the TA muscles treated with Wnt7a-free hydrogels. Co-delivery of Wnt7a and primary MuSCs using the synthetic hydrogel to the cryo-injured TA muscles significantly increased cellular migration during the engraftment process. This work provides a synthetic biomaterial platform for advancing treatment strategies of skeletal muscle conditions where direct intramuscular injection may be challenging. Finally, the current outcomes establish an important foundation for future applications in treating severe muscle trauma and diseases, where the endogenous repair capacity is critically impaired. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Skeletal muscle injuries and diseases cause debilitating health consequences, including disability and diminished quality of life. Treatment using protein and stem cell-based therapeutics may help regenerate the affected muscles, but direct intramuscular injection may not be feasible in severe muscle injuries due to the gravely damaged tissue structure. In chronic muscle diseases, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, local treatment of the diaphragm, a muscle critical for respiration, may be necessary but direct injection is difficult due to its thin dimensions. To address this challenge, this work presents a synthetic and bioactive muscle "patch" that enables concurrent administration of proteins and muscle stem cells for accelerated muscle healing., (Copyright © 2019 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of nutrition counseling for patients with hypertension, provided in a grocery store setting., Design: Single-arm pretest-posttest design implementing a 12-week dietary intervention., Setting: Grocery store., Participants: Thirty adults with hypertension recruited from a primary care practice., Intervention: Registered dietitian nutritionists provided counseling based on the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet., Main Outcome Measures: Dietary intake patterns and Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010) scores measured via food-frequency questionnaire. Change in systolic blood pressure (SBP) was a secondary outcome., Analysis: Paired t tests were used to test for differences between HEI-2010 scores, intake of key food pattern components, and SBP at baseline compared with follow-up. Statistical significance was established at P ≤ .05., Results: Eight HEI-2010 component scores increased significantly from baseline to follow-up (a change toward a more desirable eating pattern): total fruit, whole fruit, greens and beans, whole grains, fatty acids, refined grains, and empty calories. Sodium (P < .001), saturated fat (P < .001), discretionary solid fat (P < .001), added sugars (P = .01), and total fat (P < .001) all decreased significantly. The change in SBP was not significant., Conclusions and Implications: Grocery store-based counseling for patients with hypertension may be an effective strategy to provide lifestyle counseling that is not typically available within primary care., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Adults, regardless of whether they are parents, regularly eat meals with family at home, but few studies have analyzed large, population-based samples to examine how mealtime practices or family meal frequency are associated with health., Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate associations between the frequency of family meals eaten at home, watching television or videos during family meals, and consumption of meals that were cooked and eaten at home and the odds of being obese in adults., Design: This was an analysis of the cross-sectional 2012 Ohio Medicaid Assessment Survey (OMAS), a telephone survey of Ohio's population., Participants/setting: The study sample was adult Ohio residents responding to the 2012 OMAS who ate at least one family meal in the past week (n=12,842)., Main Outcome Measures: Obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥30), calculated from self-reported height and weight, was the outcome., Statistical Analyses Performed: Logistic regression models were used to examine the association between obesity and family meal practices, adjusted for respondents' employment status, marital status, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, and age., Results: Family meal frequency was not associated with odds of obesity: those who ate family meals most (6-7) days were as likely as those who ate family meals few (1-2) days to be obese (adjusted odds ratio [OR adj ]=1.01, 95% CI=0.86, 1.18). Thirty-six percent of adults never watched television or videos while eating family meals, and 62% ate family meals that were all home-cooked. Adults who never watched television or videos during family meals had 37% lower odds of obesity compared with those who always did (95% CI=0.54, 0.73), regardless of family meal frequency. Adults whose family meals were all home-cooked had 26% lower odds of obesity than those who ate some or no home-cooked family meals (95% CI=0.62, 0.88). This association was more pronounced among adults who ate few family meals., Conclusions: Family meal practices may be associated with obesity in adults, even if they eat few family meals per week. Future research should examine more aspects of shared meals and investigate which specific practices may impact obesity risk., (Copyright © 2017 Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Diet quality indexes combine the healthy and unhealthy aspects of diet within a single construct, but few studies have evaluated their association. Emerging evidence suggests that predictors differ for the more and less healthy components of children's diets., Objectives: Our objectives were to determine whether preschool-aged children's frequency of eating healthy foods was inversely related to their intake of unhealthy foods and to determine whether this differed by household income, maternal education, or child race-ethnicity., Design: We analyzed data from a representative sample of 8900 US children (mean age: 52.5 mo) who were born in 2001 and participated in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort. Primary caregivers reported the frequency with which children consumed fruit, vegetables, milk, juice, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), fast food, sweets, and salty snacks in the past week. Response options ranged from none to ≥4 times/d. We created healthy (fruit, vegetables, milk) and unhealthy (SSBs, fast food, sweets, salty snacks) diet scores. Healthy diet behaviors were defined as ≥2 daily servings of fruit, vegetables, and milk., Results: The prevalence of consuming fruit, vegetables, and milk ≥2 times/d (i.e., having 3 healthy diet behaviors) was 18.5%, and a similar proportion (17.6%) of children had none of these healthy behaviors. Contrary to our hypotheses, children with more healthy diet behaviors did not have lower unhealthy diet scores. The intake of healthy foods was not inversely associated with unhealthy foods overall or within any subgroup. Overall, the Spearman rank correlation between healthy and unhealthy diet scores was positive (r = 0.09). From the lowest to the highest strata of household income, these correlations were 0.12, 0.14, 0.14, 0.05, and 0.00, respectively., Conclusions: No evidence was found in US preschool-aged children of an inverse association between eating healthy and unhealthy foods. The implications of combining healthy and unhealthy aspects of diet quality within an overall index should be considered by researchers., (© 2016 American Society for Nutrition.)

Dynamic Contrast Enhanced (DCE) MRI is increasingly being used to assess changes in capillary permeability. Most quantitative techniques used to measure capillary permeability are based on the Fick equation that requires measurement of signal reflecting both plasma and tissue concentrations of the solute being tested. To date, most Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) methods for acquiring appropriate data quickly rely on gradient recalled echo (GRE) type acquisitions, which work well in clinical low field settings. However, acquiring this type of data on high field small animal preclinical MRIs is problematic due to geometrical distortions from susceptibility mismatch. This problem can be exacerbated when using small animal models to measure blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability, where precise sampling from the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) is commonly used to determine the plasma concentration of the contrast agent. Here we present results demonstrating that a standard saturation recovery rapid acquisition refocused echo (RARE) method is capable of acquiring T1 maps with good spatial and temporal resolution for Patlak analysis (Patlak, 1983) to assess changes in BBB Gd-DTPA permeability following middle cerebral artery occlusion with reperfusion in the rat. This method limits known problems with magnetic susceptibility mismatch and may thus allow greater accuracy in BBB permeability measurement in small animals., (Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) frequently report child food refusal based on characteristics of food. Our study sought to determine whether parent report of food refusal based on the characteristics of food was greater in children with ASD than in typically developing children, associated with a greater percentage of foods refused of those offered, and associated with fruit and vegetable intake. A modified food frequency questionnaire was used to determine overall food refusal as well as fruit and vegetable intake. Parent-reported food refusal related to characteristics of food (eg, texture/consistency, temperature, brand, color, shape, taste/smell, foods mixed together, or foods touching other foods) was compared between 53 children with ASD and 58 typically developing children aged 3 to 11 years in the Children's Activity and Meal Patterns Study (2007-2008). Children with ASD were significantly more likely to refuse foods based on texture/consistency (77.4% vs 36.2%), taste/smell (49.1% vs 5.2%), mixtures (45.3% vs 25.9%), brand (15.1% vs 1.7%), and shape (11.3% vs 1.7%). No differences between groups were found for food refusal based on temperature, foods touching other foods, or color. Irrespective of ASD status, the percentage of foods refused of those offered was associated with parent reports of food refusal based on all characteristics examined, except temperature. Food refusal based on color was inversely associated with vegetable consumption in both groups. Routine screening for food refusal among children with ASD is warranted to prevent dietary inadequacies that may be associated with selective eating habits. Future research is needed to develop effective and practical feeding approaches for children with ASD., (Copyright © 2014 Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: We tested the hypothesis that whiplash trauma leads to changes of the signal intensity of cervical discs in T2-weighted images., Methods and Materials: 50 whiplash patients (18-65 years) were examined within 48h after motor vehicle accident, and again after 3 and 6 months and compared to 50 age- and sex-matched controls. Signal intensity in ROI's of the discs at the levels C2/3 to C7/T1 and the adjacent vertebral bodies were measured on sagittal T2 weighted MR images and normalized using the average of ROI's in fat tissue. The contrast between discs and both adjacent vertebrae was calculated and disc degeneration was graded by the Pfirrmann-grading system., Results: Whiplash trauma did not have a significant effect on the normalized signals from discs and vertebrae, on the contrast between discs and adjacent vertebrae, or on the Pfirrmann grading. However, the contrast between discs and adjacent vertebrae and the Pfirrmann grading showed a strong correlation. In healthy volunteers, the contrast between discs and adjacent vertebrae and Pfirrmann grading increased with age and was dependent on the disc level., Conclusion: We could not find any trauma related changes of cervical disc signal intensities. Normalized signals of discs and Pfirrmann grading changed with age and varied between disc levels with the used MR sequence., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Outdoor play is an important contributor to children's physical activity and the prevalence, correlates, and environmental predictors of it among young children are not well characterized. This study aims to estimate the amount of time preschool-aged children attending Head Start spend playing outdoors at home and school, and whether aspects of the home and school environment are associated with greater outdoor play. We analyzed data (n=2529) collected in spring 2007 in the Head Start Family and Child Experiences Survey (FACES). Overall, 37.5% of children played outside at home >2h per weekday. Children who had a yard near home to play in or who had visited a park or playground or gone on a picnic with a family member in the last month were more likely to have >2h per weekday outdoor play at home, but having a playground within walking distance of the home was not related to home outdoor playtime. On average children played outdoors at Head Start for 36 min per day. The amount of time children played outdoors at home was not related to school outdoor time., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Mealtimes in families with young children are increasingly of interest to nutrition and public health researchers, yet assessment tools are limited. Meals in Our Household is a new parent-report questionnaire that measures six domains: 1) structure of family meals, 2) problematic child mealtime behaviors, 3) use of food as reward, 4) parental concern about child diet, 5) spousal stress related to child's mealtime behavior, and 6) influence of child's food preferences on what other family members eat. Reliability and initial face, construct, and discriminant validity of the questionnaire were evaluated between January 2007 and December 2009 in two cross-sectional studies comprising a total of 305 parents of 3- to 11-year-old children (including 53 children with autism spectrum disorders). Internal consistencies (Cronbach's α) for the six domains averaged .77 across both studies. Test-retest reliability, assessed among a subsample of 44 parents who repeated the questionnaire after between 10 and 30 days, was excellent (Spearman correlations for the domain scores between two administrations ranged from 0.80 to 0.95). Initial construct validity of the instrument was supported by observation of hypothesized inter-relationships between domain scores that were of the same direction and similar magnitude in both studies. Consistent with discriminant validity, children with autism spectrum disorders had statistically significantly (P<0.05) higher domain scores for problematic child mealtime behaviors, use of food as reward, parental concern about child diet, and spousal stress, as compared to typically developing children. Meals in Our Household may be a useful tool for researchers studying family mealtime environments and children's mealtime behaviors.

To determine whether dietary patterns (juice and sweetened non-dairy beverages, fruits, vegetables, fruits & vegetables, snack foods, and kid's meals) and associations between dietary patterns and body mass index (BMI) differed between 53 children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and 58 typically developing children, ages 3 to 11, multivariate regression models including interaction terms were used. Children with ASD were found to consume significantly more daily servings of sweetened beverages (2.6 versus 1.7, p=0.03) and snack foods (4.0 versus 3.0, p=0.01) and significantly fewer daily servings of fruits and vegetables (3.1 versus 4.4, p=0.006) than typically developing children. There was no evidence of statistical interaction between any of the dietary patterns and BMI z-score with autism status. Among all children, fruits and vegetables (p=0.004) and fruits alone (p=0.005) were positively associated with BMI z-score in our multivariate models. Children with ASD consume more energy-dense foods than typically developing children; however, in our sample, only fruits and vegetables were positively associated with BMI z-score.

The local lymph node assay (LLNA) is widely used to identify chemicals that are contact sensitizers. The assay involves dosing mice with the chemical on both ears and pooling the superficial parotid lymph nodes for assessment of lymphocyte proliferation as a marker of sensitization. The present study explored potential reduction in animal usage by dosing one ear with the allergen and the other with vehicle-only. The respective draining lymph nodes were processed separately for tritiated thymidine ((3)H-TdR) incorporation. Cell proliferation in proper axillary and renal nodes, as well as in the spleen was also assessed. Cross-contamination of the chemicals from the dosed ears to other parts of the body via preening was prevented by dosing restrained animals and washing off the residual chemical with saline after 4h. Dosing the left ear with 0.02% oxazolone (OX) on unrestrained animals resulted in marked cell proliferation in its draining lymph node (stimulation index, SI=12.8) and in the lymph node draining the contra-lateral vehicle-dosed ear (SI=6), as well as the proper axillary lymph nodes (SI=3.3). Increased (3)H-TdR incorporation was not observed in the renal lymph nodes (SI=1.1). Similar stimulation of cells was observed in the lymph node draining the ear contra-lateral to the 30% hexylcinnamaldehyde (HCA)-dosed ear. Increased proliferative activity was observed in contra-lateral draining lymph nodes of restrained mice demonstrating that these results cannot be attributed to cross-contamination of adjacent skin. A significant increase in proliferation of splenocytes was also observed. It is concluded that dermal application of a contact allergen, as exemplified by OX and HCA, may induce cell proliferation in the neighboring lymph nodes and spleen indicative of hapten and/or haptenated proteins diffusing through the skin to peripheral nodes and the blood to produce systemic sensitization. It is also possible that lymphatic capillaries may communicate between the left and right side of the mouse head. Thus the contra-lateral draining superficial parotid node cannot be used as a control for application of contact allergen to a single ear in a modified LLNA.

Objective: Obesity and behavior disorders are important conditions that affect the health of children and adolescents; some evidence suggests that they are associated. However, these relationships have not been studied longitudinally from childhood to adulthood. We investigated childhood to adulthood weight change associated with attention-deficit and disruptive behavior disorders., Methods: We analyzed data from a prospective cohort study in which 655 individuals observed before age 16.6 years, and assessed in 1983 (when aged 9.1 to 16.6 years), 1985-1986 (when 11.1 to 20.8 years), 1991-1994 (when 16.6 to 26.9 years), and 2001-2003 (when 27.7 to 38.3 years). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder (collectively, "disruptive disorders") were assessed by trained interviewers who used the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. We evaluated the association of disruptive disorders (assessed when youth were <16.6 years) with longitudinal body mass index (BMI) z scores from childhood to adulthood using linear mixed-effects models., Results: Female subjects with disruptive disorders were estimated, at all ages, to have mean BMI z scores 0.23 (95% confidence interval, 0.03-0.44) units higher than female subjects without disruptive disorders. Male subjects with disruptive disorders were estimated, at all ages, to have mean BMI z scores 0.20 (95% confidence interval, 0.00-0.39) units higher than male subjects without disruptive disorders. For male and female subjects, annual BMI z-score change was statistically unrelated to disruptive disorder history., Conclusions: Disruptive disorders were associated with elevated weight status that was maintained from childhood into adulthood. These findings suggest that associations between behavior disorders and increased weight begin early in childhood and may have lifelong health effects.

We have used site-directed spin and fluorescence labeling to test molecular models of the actin-myosin interface. Force is generated when the actin-myosin complex undergoes a transition from a disordered weak-binding state to an ordered strong-binding state. Actomyosin interface models, in which residues are classified as contributing to either weak or strong binding, have been derived by fitting individual crystallographic structures of actin and myosin into actomyosin cryo-EM maps. Our goal is to test these models using site-directed spectroscopic probes on actin and myosin. Starting with Cys-lite constructs of both yeast actin (ActC) and the Dictyostelium myosin II motor domain (S1dC), site-directed labeling (SDL) mutants were generated by mutating residues to Cys in the proposed weak and strong-binding interfaces. This report focuses on the effects of forming the strong-binding complex on four SDL mutants, two located in the proposed weak-binding interface (ActC5 and S1dC619) and two located in the proposed strong-binding interface (ActC345 and S1dC401). Neither the mutations nor labeling prevented strong actomyosin binding or actin-activation of myosin ATPase. Formation of the strong-binding complex resulted in decreased spin and fluorescence probe mobility at all sites, but both myosin-bound probes showed remarkably high mobility even after complex formation. Complex formation decreased solvent accessibility for both actin-bound probes, but increased it for the myosin-bound probes. These results are not consistent with a simple model in which there are discrete weak and strong interfaces, with only the strong interface forming under strong-binding conditions, nor are they consistent with a model in which surface residues become rigid and inaccessible upon complex formation. We conclude that all four of these residues are involved in the strong actin-myosin interface, but this interface is remarkably dynamic, especially on the surface of myosin.

Objective: Glacial sports continue to be a popular form of wilderness activity, but no published studies have commented on this type of sport or focused on the injury patterns of glacial accidents. The objectives of this study were to investigate the types and frequency of injuries associated with a glacial-crevasse or ice-field fall., Methods: The trauma registry data and radiology record system of a pediatric and adult level 1 trauma center were evaluated from January 1997 through August 2003. All admissions with injuries caused by a glacial-crevasse or ice-field fall were reviewed., Results: During the 5 1/2-year period we identified 12 patients, of whom 9 (75%) were male. The average age was 30.2 years with an age range of 9 to 57 years. Six patients fell into glacial crevasses, and the other 6 slid down an ice field of a glacier. Leading diagnoses were head injury (44.6%), thorax injury (20.1%), and lower extremity injury (18.4%). Serious injuries were observed in 66.6% of the patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale of 3 to 8., Conclusions: A wide spectrum of injuries is associated with glacial accidents. They range from common extremity injuries with fracture or joint instability and peripheral frostbite to potentially life-threatening nonorthopedic trauma, which requires intensive clinical and radiological work-up. Injury prevention strategies should focus on wearing helmets to reduce head injuries and adequate clothing to forestall or prevent hypothermia, for these are the most severe and life-threatening injuries.

Background: Dietary records are often used to estimate individual energy needs and population energy requirements. However, significant underreporting of total energy intake (EI) has been found when EI is compared with total energy expenditure (EE) measured by doubly labeled water., Objective: This study aimed to determine whether the accuracy of reported EI decreases from middle childhood to adolescence., Design: In this longitudinal study of 26 healthy girls, EI and EE were measured at ages 10, 12, and 15 y. Accuracy of reported EI (EI/EE x 100%) was calculated at each age. At study entry, girls had a mean (+/- SD) body mass index (in kg/m(2)) of 16.8 +/- 1.9 and percentage body fat of 24.0 +/- 4.6%. Measurements of EI were a 7-d dietary record and those of EE were by doubly labeled water., Results: As they got older, girls tended to report EI less accurately: the average accuracy was 88 +/- 13% at age 10 y, 77 +/- 21% at age 12 y, and 68 +/- 17% at age 15 y. The declines in reporting accuracy from age 10 y to age 12 y and from age 10 y to age 15 y were statistically significant (P = 0.03 and P = 0.001, respectively). Reporting accuracy also declined from age 12 to age 15 y but not significantly. When percentage body fat was added to the model, results were essentially unchanged., Conclusion: Because of the decline in EI reporting accuracy with age, the use of EI data obtained from dietary records in adolescent girls will result in substantial underestimation of energy needs.

The response of albumin synthesis rates to infusion of either an intravenous nutrient mixture containing adequate nitrogen and energy or an isotonic saline infusion was compared in adult men. In a crossover study, nine healthy male subjects received a short-term (13.5-h) infusion of either the nutrient mixture or the saline solution, and albumin synthesis rates were measured by a stable isotope technique employing [2H5ring]phenylalanine. Fractional rates of albumin synthesis did not differ significantly between treatments (saline, 7.3 +/- 1.0%/d; intravenous nutrients, 7.8 +/- 1.0%/d). The secretion time of albumin was significantly lower with intravenous nutrients infusion than with saline infusion. Plasma albumin concentration as well as prealbumin and transferrin concentrations decreased over time when subjects were infused with either saline or the nutrient solution as a result of dilution rather than a change in synthesis. These results suggest that albumin synthesis rate does not respond to short-term intravenous nutrients.