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Livestock farming is an essential activity in many rural areas, where it contributes to the maintenance of soil fertility and farmland biodiversity, as well as to a set of social public goods including food security, rural vitality and culture. However, livestock sustainability assessments tend to focus primarily on environmental and economic dimensions; therefore, these valuations might be limited because they do not consider the complete set of associated goods and services (GS). Hence, a need exists to recognise the multiple contributions provided by livestock to human well-being and society. The objective of this study was to analyse the provision of multiple GS derived from livestock across regions in France and empirically demonstrate sets of GS that repeatedly appeared together. We designated these multiple GS provided by livestock as contributions to productive, environmental, rural vitality and cultural benefits that human populations derive directly or indirectly from livestock agroecosystems. First, we combined expert knowledge with results of a literature review to define a bundle of GS provided by livestock. We then described indicators that quantified each good or service and screened national databases to determine the availability of supporting data. Finally, we assessed the GS and their relationships (synergies or trade-offs) on a nation-wide gradient in France at the department level (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics 3). Four main categories of GS were considered: provisioning (e.g. food quantity and quality), environmental quality (e.g. biodiversity, landscape heterogeneity, water quality), rural vitality (e.g. employment, rural dynamism) and culture (e.g. gastronomy and landscape heritage). Four major types of GS bundles were identified, which suggested strong contrasts among French rural areas in terms of the nature of the GS that occurred together and their levels of provision. GS bundles in France had a non-random spatial distribution. This study represents an initial step towards developing a methodology to consider GS bundles provided by livestock. Nonetheless, further research is needed to understand socio-economic, environmental, political and geographic determinants of the composition of GS bundles.

Case Report: We describe the clinical presentation of a choroidal amelanotic melanoma in a 46-year-old woman with oculocutaneous albinism. Clinical aspects, investigations, and management are presented, and findings from computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are described. Microscopic findings and histopathological features, demonstrating a spindle B-cell melanoma of the choroid, are also reviewed., Comments: Magnetic resonance imaging may be helpful in diagnosing amelanotic melanoma in patients with oculocutaneous albinism.

Objective: Cells that were cotransfected with herpes simplex virus-16 and the herpes simplex virus type 2 Xho -2 DNA induce tumors in nude mice. In a cross-sectional study, we investigated the role of herpes simplex virus type 2 as a cofactor to human papillomavirus in cervical cancer., Study Design: Cervical cells that were obtained with an endocervical Cytobrush brush (Medscand) from 439 women (50 women with cancer lesions, 65 women with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, 80 women with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, 244 healthy subjects) and DNA that was extracted from 150 cervical cancer biopsy specimens were analyzed with polymerase chain reaction for herpes simplex virus type 2 Xho -2 and Bgl IIC transforming DNA sequences., Results: All 439 cervical samples and 150 cervical cancer biopsy specimens tested negative for herpes simplex virus type 2 Xho -2 and Bgl IIC DNA by polymerase chain reaction. Overall, none of 200 samples (0%) from women with invasive cervical cancer contained herpes simplex virus type 2 Xho -2 or Bgl IIC DNA (95% CI, 0.0-1.8)., Conclusion: Although herpes simplex virus type 2 Bgl IIN transforms epithelial cells in vitro, it was not detected in cervical cancer specimens.

Objective: The authors describe an ocular lesion combining the characteristics of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) and a retinal tumor in an infant with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)., Study Design: Case report., Methods: Immunohistochemistry and cytogenetic studies were performed on TSC cells from an intraocular tumor in a 6-week-old infant., Results: Histopathologic examination showed a thick fibrovascular membrane between the aspect of the lens and the astrocytic component of the mass. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) showed a variable intracytoplasmic reaction in the astrocytic proliferation, involving approximately 50% of the cells. Tissue culture studies showed a fairly rapid proliferation of fusiform cells, consistent with bipolar astrocytic cells. Cytogenetic studies showed one abnormal clone consisting of three hyperdiploid cells with a loss of chromosome 9 and a gain of chromosomes 6 and 12., Conclusion: The atypical localization of the retinal tumor could be explained by the fact that it was trapped during its proliferation by the retinal detachment associated with the PHPV.

Objective: To describe the clinical, radiologic and histopathological features of two cases of carcinoma metastatic to the optic nerve with different pathways of spread., Design: Chart review., Setting: Oncology clinic in Montreal., Patients: One patient previously treated for breast carcinoma and one patient previously treated for small-cell carcinoma of the lung., Results: The patient with breast carcinoma was found to have an elevated mass involving her right optic nerve head. This finding was confirmed by B-scan ultrasonography. The other patient initially presented with left retinal metastasis and subsequently manifested massive secondary involvement of the ipsilateral optic nerve, documented by computed tomography. Both patients were initially treated with radiotherapy to the eye and orbit, but postmortem histopathological study showed that this treatment had little effect on the tumour., Conclusions: The histopathological observations suggest that if radiotherapy is to be used in the treatment of metastasis to the optic nerve, the dosage of radiation should be higher than that recommended for the treatment of choroidal metastasis.

A 29-year-old man with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was found to have a retinochoroiditis and optic neuritis of his left eye. Results of fundus examination showed inflammatory and hemorrhagic retinal lesions consistent with retinitis due to cytomegalovirus infection. A computed tomographic (CT) scan demonstrated enlargement of the optic nerve. The eye was enucleated and results of histopathologic examination showed retinal necrosis with underlying choroiditis and an optic neuritis. Numerous encysted Toxoplasma gondii organisms were present in the retina and tachyzoites were present in the optic nerve. To the authors' knowledge this is the second histologically documented case of Toxoplasma optic neuritis in a patient with AIDS.

Reticulohistiocytoma is a rare, benign histiocytic lesion usually occurring as an isolated skin nodule or as part of a systemic disorder known as "multicentric reticulohistiocytosis." The clinical and histopathologic findings of two women who presented with a single, painless mass localized to the cornea and limbus without skin lesions or systemic disease are reported. Histopathologically, the lesions were composed predominantly of large mononuclear and a few multinucleated cells with finely granular, "ground-glass" cytoplasm and large nuclei with prominent nucleoli. Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies conformed the histiocytic nature of these cells. Reticulohistiocytoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of epibulbar benign histiocytic lesions.