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A 67-year-old female underwent a computed tomography angiogram (CTA) of the head in the setting of acute, short-term memory loss. Two lobulated hyperattenuating lesions were incidentally discovered at the base of the tongue and the hyoid bone. Upon further investigation in the outpatient setting including further imaging and ultrasound-guided biopsy, the lesions were confirmed to be ectopic thyroid tissue with dual ectopy. Heterotopic tissue, especially when arising at separate sites, can be concerning for a broad differential diagnosis including malignancy, and further evaluation is certainly recommended. When evaluating possible heterotopic tissue, one must always keep in mind the expected embryologic development of the organ in question. Further, in cases where biopsy is less favorable, consideration of the heterotopic tissue's expected physiology is equally important. With these 2 facts in mind, midline hyperattenuating, enhancing lesions in the neck must always be considered to be a possible developmental anomaly of the thyroid, even when there are multiple lesions.

Moringa concanensis Nimmo. is a regionally important and underutilized medicinal tree of the Indian subcontinent. An in vitro morphogenesis protocol for Moringa concanensis has been developed using seedling-derived explants. The cotyledonary node explants were found to be the most suitable exhibiting cent-percent bud break with each regenerating 2.33±0.76 shoots of 1.32±0.69 cm length within 15 days on 1.0 mg/L 6-benzyl aminopurine (BAP) supplemented modified Murashige and Skoog Medium (MMS) media. The rate of shoot multiplication increased up to 10.17±2.54 shoots/inoculum by sub-culturing of regenerated shoots on 0.5 mg/L BAP along with 0.1 mg/L Indole acetic acid (IAA). The in vitro cloned shoots were rooted using both in vitro and ex-vitro methods by applications of root-inducing auxins, indole butyric acid (IBA), and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). IBA proved to be more effective and induced roots in all in vitro raised shoots. It produced 17.72±4.83 roots/shoot with 2.12±0.88 cm length on 1/4th strength MMS media fortified with 1.0 mg/L of IBA. Ex vitro rooted plantlets with concurrent acclimatization were achieved by pre-treating shoot bases with IBA at 250 ppm for 5 min. Comparative micro-morpho-anatomical evaluation of leaf and stem revealed differentiation of non-glandular trichomes, anomocytic stomata, and vascular tissue development under applied in vitro conditions, which suggests the survivability of plantlets. Sixty percent of the in vitro regenerated plants survived in the field. It is the foremost report on in vitro morphogenesis of Moringa concanensis protocol using cotyledonary nodal explant and ex vitro rooting method. The tissue culture methods defined and developed can be used for large-scale multiplications of Moringa concanensis as non-conventional approaches.

The research was aimed to determine the potential impact of cadmium contamination on Ricinus communis. The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity in the root was highest when exposed to 0.2 mM of Cd, with an increase of 15.63 % and 14.48 % at 0 and 24 h, respectively, compared to its control. However, citrate synthase (CS) activity declined in leaves, in contrast, to root, i.e., 12.22 % at 48 h of Cd stress. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) activity was maximum in leaves at 0.2 mM of Cd at 0 and 24 h, i.e., 12.36 % and 13.08 % respectively, and later decreased in activity was seen in roots and leaves as the Cd stress increased. Moreover, the level of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) declined in leaves as the Cd level increased, while activity increased in roots at 0.4 mM of Cd i.e., 17.21 %, 17.52 %, and 10.53 % at 0, 24, and 48 h respectively. The important metabolite, glutathione level in the roots of SKP 84 was higher than in the leaf extract. A decline in biomass of up to 28.70 % and 30.91 % and plant length of up to 20.80 % and 26.10 % in shoot and roots, respectively, tolerance index was maximum at 0.2 mM, i.e., 98.62 % was seen. The leaves had 35.40 % catalase (CAT) activity, while the roots had 78.26 % guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activity at 0.6 mM of Cd. At 0.2 mM of Cd, the maximum activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) was observed, with 67.32 % and 62.85 % activity in roots and leaves respectively. However, a reduction in the SOD activity was seen as the Cd stress increased. Increased Cd levels decreased chlorophyll but increased MDA and proline content in leaves at 0.8 mM of Cd, i.e., 82.92 % and 21.7 %, respectively. It indicated that R. communis SKP 84, a fusarium wilt resistance line, is also tolerant to Cd and can be used for phytoremediation in Cd-contaminated areas.

Medial arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS) is an anatomoclinical entity underestimated in most situations due to the lack of specific signs. However, the consequences can be disastrous if the diagnosis is not seriously considered and investigations are not fully undertaken to confirm this hypothesis. We report a case of Median Arcuate Ligament Syndrome in a young woman who presented to the Emergency Department with moderate postprandial pain. All investigations were carried out promptly, with no abnormalities, and the diagnosis was retained on the evidence of a well-performed and appropriately interpreted abdominal CT. This case illustrates a rare cause of epigastralgia simulating a surgical emergency. This condition should be considered when biological and often radiological investigations are inconclusive. The relative youth of the patient is often suggestive, but confirmation is based on a CT scan with injection of a well-technical contrast product, or angiography. Treatment is debatable between a conservative approach and surgery. Surgical approach is discussed depending on the degree of vascular stenosis and the impact on the digestive tract. However, the recurrence of symptoms may be a contributory factor in the therapeutic decision. The impact could be lethal depending on the degree of stenosis and consequently on the repercussions on the digestive tract. A multidisciplinary approach is required for its management.

Background: Arbor vitae cerebelli (tree-like branching white matter of the cerebellum) has a complex spatial configuration that is challenging to assess using conventional morphometric methods. This study proposes a fractal approach to describe and quantify the anatomy of Arbor vitae cerebelli. For this purpose, a new “contour scaling” method for fractal analysis of cerebellar white matter was developed. Material and methods: The cerebella of 100 cadavers (50 male and 50 female) who died from causes unrelated to brain pathology, aged 20–95 years, were examined. Mid-sagittal sections of the cerebellar vermis were studied. The fractal dimension values of the cerebellar white matter were determined using both the developed fractal analysis method and the conventional “box counting” method, along with measurements of non-fractal parameters including cerebellar weight, area and perimeter of the vermis cross-section, perimeter-to-area ratio, and circularity. Results: Considering the cerebellar white matter as a tree-like fractal, it was found to have 7 or 8 primary branches, which subdivide into 10-18 second-iteration branches, 19–38 third-iteration branches, and 34–53 fourth-iteration branches. Females more often had 8 primary branches compared to males, while males had a greater number of branches in the second to fourth iterations. The mean fractal (Hausdorff) dimension was 1.697 (1.721 in males, 1.674 in females, P = 0.01). The fractal dimension correlated most strongly with the perimeter and area of the vermis cross-section and had no significant relationship with age. Conclusion: The fractal (Hausdorff) dimension, determined using the novel “contour scaling” method, quantitatively assesses the degree of branching of the cerebellar white matter. An increase in the absolute size of the cerebellum leads to a higher degree of branching of its white matter and an increase in the number of its constitutive components – white matter branches and folia.

Introduction: The development of anatomy can be contributed to in various ways. Throughout history, anatomy has essentially been governed by men. Little is said about the women without whom the teaching of anatomy would not have been possible - women who donated their bodies so that others could learn from them – women donors. Aims: This study aims to analyse the donor base, focusing on women donors who joined the Conscious Body Donation Programme at the Medical University of Silesia in Katowice and declared donation of their bodies for scientific and teaching purposes. The principles of the Conscious Body Donation Programme in Poland are also discussed using the example of the Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, which initiated the programme in 2003. Materials and methods: The analysis covered the donors database maintained at the Medical University of Silesia from 2000 till now. The study included such aspects as the number of declarations made, gender, age of donors, number of resignations from the body donation program, and the number of withdrawals by the university from accepting a donor's body. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: Among 2091 donors, 53.12 % were female (n = 1589) and 46.88 % were male (n = 1402). The number of declarations has been steadily increasing since 2000. Analysing the number of declarations made by women - the highest number of declarations was made in 2009 (n = 112), 2017 (n = 191), and 2023 (n = 123 declarations). The average age at which women made declarations was 63.12 ± 13.82 years. The mean age of death was 78 ± 10.48 years with the mean age of death of all donors being 75.7 ± 10.81 years. The minimum age of declaration was 18 years, the maximum was 98 years. When analysing the age ranges in which pledges were made, women were most likely to pledge between 60 and 70 years of age (525 declarations). By 2024, 51 women had resigned from becoming donors. The average age of resignation is 63.75 ± 13.52 years. The minimum age of resignation was 26 years and the maximum was 87 years. Conclusions: Currently, medical knowledge is growing rapidly. The nobility of donors, including female donors, who choose to donate their bodies for scientific and teaching purposes, reaches far beyond the grave. Such women live on forever remembered by students and then by doctors, physiotherapists, nurses and midwives in a variety of working circumstances often saving human lives, because no teaching aid can illustrate the human body as perfectly as the human body.

Healthcare students perceive anatomy as a difficult subject to study, yet there is limited literature to explain why students think that anatomy is difficult to learn. Studies have assessed student opinion of anatomy teaching strategies, but there is no specific research regarding healthcare students' perception of pedagogical frameworks utilised in anatomy curricula. Considering the importance of student experience, the design of anatomy curricula should include the perspectives of students. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a framework which aims to optimise learning opportunities. There is no specific research on healthcare students' awareness or perception of UDL in anatomy curricula. A questionnaire was administered to first-year undergraduate medical, dental, occupational therapy (OT) and speech and language therapy (SLT) students studying anatomy. Demographic data and participants’ perception of UDL were gathered. The response rate was 83%. The majority of participants were female (69%) and studied medicine (59%). Ninety-seven percent of participants had not heard of UDL. After a brief explanation of UDL, 91% thought that UDL had been implemented in anatomy laboratory sessions and 52% thought UDL had been implemented in anatomy lectures. Although the majority of participants were not aware of UDL, they identified aspects of UDL in their anatomy curriculum. UDL helps create an inclusive learning experience. The discussion about the design and delivery of anatomy curricula should include the opinions and perspectives of healthcare students.

Introduction: The oblique retinacular ligament (ORL) has fascinated researchers since its first detailed description by Landsmeer in 1949. Integral to the sophisticated mechanics of finger movements, its anatomical presence and function have sparked extensive debate. Despite initial doubts about its existence, it is now recognized as a crucial structure within the hand's biomechanical system. Materials and methods: A review was conducted to collate primary studies on the ORL, focusing on cadaveric anatomy and biomechanical analyses. Modern dissection techniques and equipment have facilitated the identification of the ORL in virtually all examined samples, moving past earlier challenges of isolating such minute structures. Results: Research elucidates the ORL's dynamic role in coordinating movements between the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints, contradicting earlier theories that deemed it a mere static stabilizer. Recent findings, especially those by Balakrishnan et al., highlight a complex cross structure that allows the ORL to maintain its functional relevance across various joint positions. This challenges previous notions and underscores its significance in finger extension mechanisms. Conclusion: The journey to understand the ORL underscores its pivotal role in hand biomechanics, transforming from a structure of ambiguous existence to a key element in finger movement coordination. This shift in understanding opens new possibilities for therapeutic approaches to hand deformities, emphasizing the ORL's critical function in both anatomical and clinical contexts. As research progresses, it continues to reveal the ORL's complex contributions to hand dynamics, offering insights that promise to enhance outcomes in hand surgery and rehabilitation.

Background: In-person cadaveric anatomy laboratories allow for students to learn the intricacies of the human body but also develop skills related to communication, clinical reasoning, and interprofessional collaboration. However, the COVID-19 pandemic caused a shift from in-person course delivery to an online medium. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop and evaluate the implementation and use of an online anatomy laboratory as a replacement for an in-person laboratory component. Methods: An anatomy course for allied heath students (pharmacy and respiratory therapy) that included an in-person cadaveric laboratory was modified for online delivery. The laboratory component utilized cadaveric images presented by the instructor and breakout rooms for small group discussion to simulate in-person anatomy laboratory experiences. Results: Online anatomical studies had no academic advantage or disadvantage compared to in-person instruction. Additionally, students indicated that the online laboratories were enjoyable and helpful for learning anatomy, rated the guided cadaveric image portion very highly and responded positively to the helpfulness of breakout room sessions in learning anatomy. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, online delivery of an anatomy laboratory, that was developed to simulate important aspects of in-person learning, can act as a viable alternative-learning platform for anatomical laboratory education.

Background: Hemifacial microsomia (HFM) results from the malformation of facial structures derived from the first and second pharyngeal arches. The ramus of the mandible is the most deformed part of the mandible in HFM, which subsequently affects the linear measurements of the different parts of the mandible. This study evaluated the anatomical differences between the affected and contralateral mandibular ramus and body (MRB) in a select cohort of HFM patients in South Africa. Methods: This is a serial retrospective study of 20 HFM patients. They were categorised into mild or severe groups by the Pruzansky-Kaban grading and into three age-dependent groups (1–5, 6–12 and 13–19 years old). Linear and angular measurements of the MRB components were recorded from preoperative computed tomography scans to compare severity, age groups, ramus and body index (RBI), and the affected to contralateral (A/C) sides ratio. Result: Significant differences existed in the linear and angular measurements of the mandible and RBI between affected and contralateral sides, except for the MBL. The mean differences between the mild and severe RBI deformities were insignificant. The A/C ratio was insignificantly smaller in the severe group than in the mild group. Age grouping did not significantly affect the A/C ratio in the mandible ramus and body. Conclusion: Mandibular asymmetry is more noticeable in HFM patients between 13 and 19 years old. The A/C ratio of the MRB did not worsen with different age groups and severity grading in this study. Hence, clinicians should postpone surgery until HFM patients attain skeletal maturity.

Analyzing the structures of living specimens has always been an interest for human beings. Anatomy is one of the most important pillars of medicine, and its name comes from the Greek word anatomē which means to cut. The extended and rich history of anatomy is a reminder for modern generations about the value of the work of all the previous physicians, philosophers, and researchers and appreciation of the impact they have made in this field. Considering the importance and the role of anatomy as a pillar of medicine, every small step into establishing knowledge about the anatomical structures and their variations is crucial in developing science. Nowadays, the pace of both general scientific development and anatomical research itself is greater than ever before. Researchers, in their daily practices, mostly focus on three main types of articles published in the field of anatomy: (1) Case Reports, (2) Original Studies, and (3) Synthesis Studies. In the present article, the authors provide the brief history of human anatomy, and emphasize about the significance of this scientific discipline. The possible future shape of anatomical research and education is also discussed.

Purpose: To examine the lateral rectus muscle pulley and its bony insertion concerning the orbital rim and periorbita. Design: Prospective. An observational anatomic study. Methods: Study population: Twenty postmortem orbits (10 right, 10 left) of 10 Caucasian cadavers (8 females, 2 males; age range at death, 57–100 years; median age, 79.5 years) fixed by the Thiel method.Intervention: The floor of the temporal fossa was exposed, and a bone window on the lateral wall of the orbit, posterior to the sphenozygomatic suture, was created, keeping the periorbita intact. The lateral canthus and lateral palpebral ligament were isolated and opened, and the eyelids were folded back. The frontozygomatic suture was identified, and the orbital septum opened adjacent to the orbital rim. The conjunctiva was opened at the limbus, and the lateral rectus insertion was isolated. The bone pillar containing the frontozygomatic suture and the insertion of the periorbita and the pulley was isolated and removed en bloc. The lateral rectus muscle was isolated and excised.Main outcome measures: Position of the pulley ring on the lateral rectus muscle belly and its bony attachment area in the lateral wall of the orbit. Results: The pulley bony attachment was roughly quadrilateral with an approximate area of 90 mm2, 3 mm (mean, range 1–5 mm) posteroinferior to the frontozygomatic suture and 1 mm posterior to the orbital rim. The anterior margin of the pulley sleeve was found at 21.0 mm (median, p25-75 20.0–22.8) from the scleral insertion. Conclusions: The lateral rectus pulley is stereotyped in its position in the muscle belly and its bony insertion, coinciding with the point of greatest adhesion of the periorbita to the anterior part of the lateral wall of the orbit.

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the locations of the inferior epigastric arteries in a group of Uygur by ultrasound and explore the anatomical characteristics of vessels in the management of inferior epigastric bleeding. Methods: The study included 61 patients. The locations of inferior epigastric arteries through ultrasound were determined at three levels, and the distance from the midline was correlated with patients’ demographics by Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: This study included 52 males and nine females, with a mean age of 37.56 years (± SD 3.16) and a mean BMI of 24.34 kg/m2 (± SD 3.71). At the symphysis pubis level, the average distance from the inferior epigastric artery to the midline was 5.98 ± 0.13 cm on the right and 7.32 ± 0.15 cm on the left. At the anterior superior iliac spine level, the average distance of the inferior epigastric artery on the right was 4.12 ± 0.15 cm and 5.2 ± 0.15 cm on the left. The inferior epigastric arteries were 3.86 ± 0.17 cm on the right and 5.06 ± 0.16 cm on the left of the midline at the level midway between the umbilicus and anterior superior iliac spine. Conclusion: Inferior epigastric arteries were located between 3.5 and 8 cm from the midline, with the right vessel being closer to the midline than the left. The invasive operations through the abdominal wall should avoid these areas to reduce vascular injury. The anatomical characteristics of inferior epigastric arteries may potentially manage inferior epigastric bleeding.

Introduction: Headholders or skull clamps serve as indispensable tools in neurosurgery, facilitating the precise positioning and stabilization of the head for surgery. The realm of neurosurgical training in cadaver labs presents a clear challenge due to the lack of suitable non-clinical headholders. Research question: We describe a 3D printed stainless-steel headholder for use in neurosurgical cadaver lab training. Material and methods: Computer-aided design software was used to design a headholder, utilizing a three-pin skull fixation. Through an iterative process involving a plastic 3D printed prototype, ultimately a robust model was manufactured using a 3D stainless-steel printer. Results: The headholder was fixed to a multi-angle adjustable vise, enabling optimal positioning to support simulation of neurosurgical approaches and dissection training by neurosurgical residents and staff in the cadaver lab. Discussion and conclusion: This custom-made headholder offers an effective solution for secure fixation of cadaver skulls during neurosurgical training, contributing to practicality and efficiency in cadaver dissection. Despite the lack of evidence-based guidelines for neurosurgical headholder use, this device provides a valuable tool for neurosurgical trainees to practice proper placement, understand associated complications, and improve their hands-on skills. The digitally available 3D model can be optimized, shared, and further improved by other neurosurgical units and trainees, fostering collaborative advancements in neurosurgical training.

Ex-situ conservation programs are useful tools for preserving endangered species, and knowledge of their reproductive physiology is essential for achieving conservation objectives in captive breeding programs. The North African houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata) is a vulnerable bird species bred in captivity to restore its natural populations. To better understand the reproductive biology of this species, we first described the anatomy and histology of the reproductive tracts of male and female North African houbara bustards. We described and classified the normal and abnormal sperm morphologies for the species. The reproductive tracts of males and females were collected during the breeding season (BS) (21 males and 14 females) and the non-breeding season (NBS) (four males and two females). Pictures and measurements of the testes and oviducts were taken, and testis colour was graded from 1 (black) to 6 (white). Organs were fixed and processed for histological analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The testis, epididymis, oviduct size, testicular capsule thickness, seminiferous tubule (ST) diameter, and histological layers of the oviduct were compared between the BS and NBS groups. Sperm morphometry was evaluated using fixed ejaculates (n=22, from 22 males). Ejaculates (n=417, 166 males) were collected and fixed during the BS, and their morphology and morphometry were evaluated using phase-contrast microscopy. Ejaculate mixes (n=12) were fixed and analysed using SEM and TEM. Overall, the anatomical structure and histology of the male and female reproductive tracts were similar to those of other avian species. The testes were symmetric, and a regression of testis and oviduct size, the thickness of the mucosa and serosa of the oviduct, and ST diameter (p

This review summarizes the available literature on the knowledge of reproduction in white whales or belugas (Delphinapterus leucas). We discuss reproductive anatomy, physiology, endocrinology, and behavior prior to conception. Following a description of these basic reproductive parameters for each sex, the review describes the mating system of belugas as it is currently understood and summarizes the ontogeny of reproductive behavior and its relationship with hormones. Finally, we highlight gaps that currently exist in our functional understanding of reproductive behavior in belugas. Future research emphasizes the need to understand mate choice in belugas and how it manifests across the lifespan and potentially settings. Specifically, does the quality of belugas’ display behaviors influence reproductive success? Managing wild populations of belugas and caring for belugas in human care both benefit from the knowledge that can be gained from the research topics discussed in this review.

Introduction: The transorbital route has been proposed for addressing orbital and paramedian skull base lesions. It can be complemented by further marginotomies, as per “extended-transorbital approach” and combined with others ventro-basal approaches featuring the concept of “multiportal surgery”. Nevertheless, it cannot address some anatomical regions like the clinoid, carotid bifurcation and the Sylvian fissure. Therefore, we propose a combined transorbital and a supraorbital approach, attainable by a single infra-brow incision, and we called it “Uniportal multicorridor” approach. Research question: The aim of our study is to verify its feasibility and deep anatomical targets through a cadaveric study. Materials and methods: Anatomic dissections were performed at the Laboratory of ICLO Teaching and Research Center (Verona, Italy) on four formalin-fixed cadaveric heads injected with colored neoprene latex (8 sides). A stepwise dissection of the supraorbital and transorbital approaches (with an infra-brow skin incision) to the anterior tentorial incisura, clinoid area, lateral wall of the cavernous sinus, middle temporal fossa, posterior fossa, and Sylvian fissure is described. Results: We analyzed the anatomic areas reached by the transorbital corridor dividing them as follow: lateral wall of the cavernous sinus, middle temporal fossa, posterior fossa, and Sylvian fissure; while the anatomic areas addressed by the supraorbital craniotomy were the clinoid area and the anterior tentorial incisura. Conclusions: The described uniportal multi-corridor approach combines a transorbital corridor and a supraorbital craniotomy, providing a unique intra and extradural control over the anterior, middle, and posterior fossa, tentorial incisura and the Sylvian fissure, via an infra-brow skin incision.

الملخص: أهداف البحث: لاختبار ما إذا كان تعلم الأنسجة عن طريق الرسم متفوقًا في بعض الجوانب على التعلم من خلال الرؤية من خلال المجهر فقط. طريقة البحث: تم تقسيم طلاب السنة الثانية في كلية الطب عن طريق أخذ عينات عشوائية بسيطة في المجموعة ''أ'' و ''ب''. كل مجموعة تتألف من 50 طالبا. تم التخطيط لهذه الدراسة ذات الطرق المختلطة في وحدة مدتها ثمانية أسابيع. خلال الأسابيع الأربعة الأولى من الوحدة الدراسية ، تعلم الطلاب في المجموعة ''أ'' علم الأنسجة عن طريق الرسم بينما تعلمت المجموعة ''ب'' من خلال رؤية النص والصور المجهرية. خلال الأسابيع الأربعة التالية، تم تبديل المجموعات بالتصميم المتقاطع. تم تقييم تأثير التعلم عن طريق الرسم بواسطة اختبارالاختيار من متعدد الأول والاختبار الثاني في نهاية أربعة وثمانية أسابيع على التوالي. تم تحليل الدرجات التي تم الحصول عليها في الاختبار الأول والاختبار الثاني عن طريق اختبار t للعينة المستقلة. تم تطبيق اختبار t للعينة الزوجية على الدرجات التي حصل عليها نفس الموضوع عندما يتعلمون بالرسم وبدون إستراتيجية الرسم. من أجل استكشاف تأثير الرسم على تعلم الأنسجة، أجريت دراسة جماعية مركزة. تم اختيار المشاركين الستة بأخذ عينات هادفة. تم تحليل البيانات الخاصة بأسئلة المقابلة شبه المنظمة من خلال تقنيات البحث النوعي للترميز والتصنيف وتوليد الموضوعات. النتائج: أظهر اختبار t للعينة المستقلة أنه لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة إحصائية في متوسط الدرجات التي حصلت عليها المجموعة ''أ'' والمجموعة ''ب'' في الاختبار الأول والاختبار الثاني. ومع ذلك، كان هناك فرق ذو دلالة إحصائية عندما يتم تعليم علم الأنسجة عن طريق الرسم مقارنة باستراتيجية عدم الرسم، كما هو موضح في اختبار t الزوجي. كشفت دراسة المجموعة المركزة أن الرسم له تأثير إيجابي على الاحتفاظ بالمعرفة وفهم المفاهيم الأساسية للأنسجة لتطبيقها في الأهمية السريرية. الاستنتاجات: يساعد الرسم القائم على التعلم في علم الأنسجة في تطبيق المعرفة الأساسية في السياق السريري. Abstract: Objectives: To determine if learning histology by drawing is superior to learning by looking through a microscope only. Methods: Second year MBBS students were divided by simple random sampling into Groups A and B. Each group comprised 50 students. This mixed-methods study was conducted in an 8-week module. For the first 4 weeks, students in Group A learned histology by drawing, whereas Group B learned by seeing the text and microscopic images. For the last 4 weeks, groups were swapped by crossover design. The impact of learning by drawing was assessed by multiple choice question (MCQ) test I and test II at the end of 4 and 8 weeks, respectively. Statistical analyses of the data were conducted with SPSS version 23. The scores obtained in test I and test II were analyzed by the independent samples t-test. The paired samples t-test was applied to scores obtained by the same subject when they learned with drawing and no drawing strategies. To assess the impact of drawing on learning histology, a focus group study was conducted in six participants selected by purposive sampling. Responses to the semi-structured interview questions were analyzed by qualitative research techniques of coding, categorizing, and generation of themes. Results: The independent samples t-test showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the mean scores obtained by Groups A and B in test I and test II. However, there was a statistically significant difference when the subject learned histology by drawing compared to no drawing, as shown by the paired samples t-test. The results from the focus group study revealed that drawing had a positive impact on knowledge retention and understanding the basic concepts of histology for its application in the clinical context. Conclusion: Drawing-based learning in histology helps with the application of basic knowledge in the clinical context.

Vascular complications from soft tissue fillers can have catastrophic consequences for patients. Adverse events are rare, but they are increasing, and their appearance may be the result of intravascular injection. A comprehensive understanding of the 2-dimensional anatomy (distribution) and 3-dimensional anatomy (depth) of the facial vasculature is fundamental for the safe delivery of nonsurgical cosmetic procedures. The purpose of this review is to provide an illustrated approach to examine surgical anatomy specific to the facial vascular system and the anatomical considerations clinicians need to give in specific danger during injectable cosmetic procedures. A grounding in safety and anatomy will help the new injector to mitigate the risk of vascular complications.

The sinus node artery can originate from either the right or the left coronary arteries, or even both, and follows a variable course. Being aware of these important variations is of clinical significance during open heart surgery and catheter ablation procedures to avoid injury to the artery. (Level of Difficulty: Advanced.)

In the current study, the biological effects of various solvents concentrations of Artemisia absinthium were assayed on different stages (larva, pupa and adult) of Aedes aegypti under controlled laboratory conditions. The life initiation and mortality for each insect stage were evaluated. Different lethal concentrations were measured. Aedes aegypti L. was susceptible to all plant extract solvents in different conc. ANOVA test, correlation analysis and simple linear regression were used to evaluate the significance. The results correlated with other comparative studies with different Artemisia sp. to put the studied species in the proper way in Asteraceae family. The study gave A. absinthium L. its bright position as a perfect natural insecticide especially as larvicidal due to the low Lc50 degree. Scientists welcome to use natural insecticide at initial stages of insect not in later ones.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of the frontal cell variants according to International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification (IFAC), in the population of a Brazilian tertiary hospital, and analyze the reliability of the classification between observers. Methods: A cross-sectional study in the Hospital de Clínicas of the State University of Campinas, Brazil. One hundred and three Computed Tomography's (CTs) were evaluated by radiologists and otorhinolaryngologist to estimate the prevalence of frontoethmoidal cells according to the IFAC. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) among examinators was used to evaluate reliability of this findings. Results: 103 CT scans, totaling 206 sides, were evaluated independently. The agger nasi cell was the most prevalent, present in 95.63% of cases, 37.86% of the exams contained supra agger cells, frontal supra agger cell showed prevalence 37.37%; suprabular cell was present in 77.18% of the sides. As for the frontal suprabular cell, the prevalence was 30.09%, the supraorbital ethmoid cell was present in 32.03%, and frontal septal cell had a 33.49% prevalence. The ICC among the evaluators was classified as “good reliability” or “excellent reliability” for all cells. Conclusion: This study describes the frontal cell prevalence among a population in tertiary Brazilian hospital, using the IFAC. This classification had a high ICC. Level of evidence: Level 2: Individual cross-sectional study with consistently applied reference standard and blinding.

Introduction: Compression of the labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve by edema has been considered as an important pathology in the majority of the cases of idiopathic facial nerve paralysis. Hence, it is suggested that total decompression of the facial nerve should also include the labyrinthine segment by a middle fossa approach. However, the middle fossa approach requires craniotomy and temporal lobe retraction, which increases the morbidity. The labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve can also be reached through mastoidectomy. However, many ear surgeons are not familiar with this approach due to the lack of anatomical data on this surgical area. Objective: To study the anatomical limitations of decompression of the labyrinthine segment via transmastoid approach. Methods: Complete mastoidectomy was performed in six adult cadavers heads. Dissection was extended in the zygomatic root and posterior bony wall of the external auditory canal to visualize the incudomallear joint completely. The bone between tympanic segment, lateral and superior semicircular canal’s ampullas and middle fossa dural plate was removed. Fine dissection was carried out over tympanic segment of the facial nerve in an anterosuperomedial direction the labyrinthine segment was reached. Results: All the mastoids were well pneumatized. Distances between the labyrinthine segment and middle fossa dura, and between the labyrinthine segment and superior semicircular canal, were 2.5 and 4.5 mm on average, respectively. In addition, distances between the middle fossa dura and dome of the lateral semicircular canal, and between the middle fossa dura and tympanic segment were 4.6 mm and 4.3 mm on average, respectively. Conclusion: It is possible to expose the labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve through mastoidectomy by dissecting the bone in the area between the tympanic segment of the facial nerve, middle fossa dural plate and ampullary ends of the lateral and superior semicircular canals.

Precise appreciation of the 3-dimensional relationship between the edge-to-edge clips and mitral valve apparatus remains clinically challenging. We demonstrate the images of clips observed in situ 4 years after implantation. Detailed observation from this case helps improve our understanding of 3-dimensional clinical cardiac anatomy related to transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.)

Structured Abstract: Background: Eponyms have historically been used in different fields like literature, law, and various sciences including medicine. The continued use of eponyms in medicine has been debated for quite some time. The authors undertook a study to identify the anatomical eponyms in the human body, and to review the literature on the eponym debate. Methods: Internet databases like Google (e.g., Scholar), Wikipedia, Whonamedit and online and print dictionaries were used to identify anatomical eponyms in the human body. During the search, the scope of the study was narrowed to eponyms related to ear and eye structures due to the high concentration of names associated with these organs. Eponyms were cross-referenced across different resources, vetted using inclusion and exclusion criteria and sorted into tables. Results: A total of 169 anatomical eponyms related to ear and eye structures were found. These names were derived from 111 persons, all of whom were male. Most of the eponymous individuals were of German descent and lived during the 19th century. Some anatomical eponyms for the ear and eye provided evidence of both the positive and negative attributes of eponyms in medicine. Conclusion: The ear and eye were found to have the largest number of associated anatomical eponyms in relation to their size. These eponyms did demonstrate some instances where confusion, miscommunication or misleading information could cause problems. Regardless of these issues, the usefulness of many eponyms is also evident. The pervasiveness and notoriety of eponyms make it almost impossible to eliminate the use of eponyms in medicine. Anatomical eponyms should therefore be used as key stop points to discuss the historical achievements in science that they represent.

Worldwide, Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic crisis, causing many morbidities, mortality, and devastating impact on economies, so the current outbreak of the CoV-2 is a major concern for global health. The infection spread quickly and caused chaos in many countries around the world. The slow discovery of CoV-2 and the limited treatment options are among the main challenges. Therefore, the development of a drug that is safe and effective against CoV-2 is urgently needed. The present overview briefly summarizes CoV-2 drug targets ex: RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), papain-like protease (PLpro), 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), transmembrane serine protease enzymes (TMPRSS2), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), structural protein (N, S, E, and M), and virulence factors (NSP1, ORF7a, and NSP3c) for which drug design perspective can be considered. In addition, summarize all anti-COVID-19 medicinal plants and phytocompounds and their mechanisms of action to be used as a guide for further studies.

Background: Facial paralysis has a debilitating impact on facial function, especially the eyebrow. Static procedures have long been the standard treatment strategy, but in more recent years, dynamic procedures are being developed. To reconstruct the upper branches of the facial nerve (temporal and zygomatic branches), the deep temporal nerve (DTN) and its branches, with its close proximity to the eyebrow, can be used as a possible donor nerve for reinnervation. This systematic review provides an overview of the DTN anatomy and possible surgical treatment strategies. Materials and methods: A PubMed systematic literature search was performed in October 2021. Studies on cadavers and clinical studies providing anatomical or surgical information on the dissection of the DTN as well as surgical treatment strategies using the DTN were included. Results: The literature search produced 311 results, including 36 duplicates. After screening on title and abstract, 11 studies were found possibly relevant and underwent a full-text critical appraisal, resulting in 4 exclusions. In total seven studies were included. The data gathered were used to adequately describe the DTN anatomy, surgical approaches and landmarks used during surgery. Conclusion: The DTN and its branches prove to be a viable donor for the reconstruction of facial nerve branches, since the location and anatomical consistency can be relied upon through a multitude of studies, especially of the middle branch. Our study describes anatomy and nerve characteristics for its use in facial reanimation.

Introduction: Risks associated with the lateral approach for lumbar interbody fusion have been well-characterized. While much attention has been devoted to the identification and the avoidance of the lumbar plexus, there remains a significant risk to the anterior vascular and visceral structures, especially when patients present with aberrant anatomical features. Methods: Retrospective chart review was performed to describe a case report of the preoperative presentation of a patient with aberrant vascular anatomy. Findings: The patient is a 48-year-old female who presented with multi-level lumbar disc degeneration with a large right para-central disc protrusion. She was considered for lateral lumber interbody fusion. During routine preoperative axial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) review, she was noted to have large, bilateral sub-psoas vessels. A hypoplastic inferior vena cava was identified which gave rise to large, ascending lumbar veins originating from the iliac veins—one each on the lateral aspect of the mid-lateral vertebral body through the lumbar to thoracic spine. A lateral transpsoas approach at this level was felt to be associated with increased risk for a vascular injury, and a one-level TLIF at L3-L4 was performed without complication. Conclusion: This rare case highlights a vascular anomaly and illustrates the need for a preoperative axial MRI evaluation of all cases to be performed in a transpsoas manner to identify soft tissue structures which may challenge the surgical approach.

One way to help plants deal with unfavorable temperatures is to graft elite cultivars onto adaptable rootstocks. Citrus macrophylla is a newly introduced rootstock in Egypt. Still, it needs to be evaluated in terms of its response to chilling stress compared to the most widely used rootstock (Citrus volkameriana). Thus, the present work assessed the physiological, biochemical, and anatomical responses of C. volkameriana (Volkamer) and C. macrophylla (Alemow) rootstocks and the cultivars ‘Olinda Valencia orange’ and ‘Murcott Tangerine’ grafted onto them to chilling stress. Plants were subjected to low-night temperatures for 48 h at 20/4 °C ± 1 (day/night), followed by three days of recovery at 30/25 °C ± 1 (day/night). Under low-night temperatures, all plants recorded a significant increment in malondialdehyde (MDA), peroxidase (POX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), proline, and leaf diffusion resistance (LDR). At the same time, a significant reduction was found in the photosynthetic apparatus (stomatal conductance (GS), transpiration (TR), and chlorophyll), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and catalase (CAT). Moreover, anatomical damage was observed in total leaf thickness, palisade tissue thickness, spongy tissue thickness, midvein vascular bundle thickness, upper epidermis thickness, lower epidermis thickness, and spongy ratio (SR). Our results also indicated that the Volkamer, Olinda Valencia orange/Volkamer, and Murcott Tangerine/Volkamer were slightly damaged and showed a relatively high level of antioxidant activity (SOD and POX), LDR, and a more significant decrease in TR. However, they were less affected anatomically than Alemow rootstock and the scions grafted on it. These results demonstrated that grafting on Volkamer could improve the physiological, biochemical, and anatomical structural responses of the scions grafted on it to low-night temperature stress compared with grafting on Alemow.

الملخص: أهداف البحث: تم تصميم هذه الدراسة لاستكشاف تصور الطلاب للتغييرات التعليمية الرئيسة والتحديات التي واجهوها أثناء الوباء وفيما يتعلق بفعالية تدريس علم التشريح عبر الإنترنت. تم استخدام ردود الفعل من الطلاب في إصلاح الجلسات عبر الإنترنت في علم التشريح وجعلها أكثر جاذبية. طرق البحث: شملت هذه الدراسة القائمة على الملاحظة ٢٥۰ طالبا من طلاب السنة الأولى بكلية الطب الذين حضروا فصول علم التشريح عبر الإنترنت خلال الوباء. تم تصميم استبانة جزئية الهيكلة للحصول على إجابات الطلاب. وشملت: طريقة / ساعات التفاعل، والعوامل الميسرة / المعوقة، والنهج العملي، والتقييم في تدريس علم التشريح عبر الإنترنت. تم التعبير عن النتائج الكمية بالنسب المئوية. تم استخدام تحليل التباين أحادي الاتجاه لتحليل أسئلة الترتيب. تم إخضاع الأسئلة المفتوحة للتحليل النوعي وتم تحديد المواضيع. النتائج: أظهر عدد الساعات التي تم قضاؤها في جلسات عبر الإنترنت يوميًا زيادة خلال الوباء. غالبا ما تفاعل الطلاب مع أقرانهم (العدد = ١٢٤) من خلال وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي (العدد = ۹۷) لتوضيح الاستفسارات. اختار الطلاب التعلم من خلال كلا الوضعين غير المتزامن (٥٥ ٪) والمتزامن (٤٥ ٪). كما حدد التحليل النوعي الموضوعات التالية تحت الفئات التالية: عوامل التيسير، والعوامل المعيقة والتدابير المتخذة للتغلب على العوامل التي تعيق تعلم علم التشريح عبر الإنترنت. الأستنتاجات: يجب أن يكون هناك توازن بين طرق التدريس المتزامنة وغير المتزامنة لتوفير وتيرة تعلم أفضل. سيساعد دمج المزيد من استراتيجيات التعلم الموجه ذاتيا الطلاب على بقائهم متحمسين للتعلم. وخلصت الدراسة إلى أن التدريس عبر الإنترنت يجب أن يصمم بحيث يضع ملاحظات الطلاب في الاعتبار وأن يكون مصمما ليناسب احتياجات التعلم للطلاب. Abstract: Objectives: This study is designed to explore students' perception of major educational changes and challenges encountered during the pandemic, as well as the effectiveness of Anatomy online teaching. Feedback from the students will be utilized to reform the online sessions in Anatomy, and make them more engaging. Methods: This observational study includes 250 first-year undergraduate medical students attending online Anatomy classes during the pandemic. A semi-structured questionnaire was designed to seek student responses, including mode/hours of interaction, facilitating/hindering factors, and assessment in online teaching. The quantitative findings were expressed in percentages. The open-ended questions were subjected to qualitative analysis, and themes were identified. Results: The number of hours spent on online sessions per day showed an increase during the pandemic. Students most often interacted with peers (n=124) through social media (n = 97) to clarify queries. Students opted for both asynchronous (55%) and synchronous modes (45%) of learning. The qualitative analysis identified the following thematic categories: facilitating factors, hindering factors, and measures taken to overcome hindering factors in online learning. Conclusion: There should be a balance between synchronous and asynchronous teaching methods to provide a better learning pace. Incorporation of more self-directed learning strategies would motivate students to learn better. The study concludes that online teaching should be designed to keep student feedback in mind, and tailored to suit student learning needs.

Objective: Cervical artery dissection (CAD) is considered one of these complications in the treatment of cervical spine manipulation (CSM), which can lead to severe complications such as stroke or death. This study aimed to explore the common manifestations and probable mechanisms of CAD caused by CSM according to the imaging findings. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and imaging data of all patients diagnosed with CAD in the PACs system during the past 2 years in our hospital. All patients with cervical massage-induced CAD were included in this study. The imaging data was analyzed to determine the location and extent of the dissection and whether there were intracranial complications. Results: A total of 7 patients and 8 dissected vessels participated in the final cohort study, including 4 internal carotid artery dissections (ICADs) and 4 vertebral artery dissections (VADs). All patients had corresponding stroke manifestations. Through imaging analysis of each patient, we found that the C1 segment of the internal carotid artery was involved in all patients with ICAD and the V3 segment of the vertebral artery dissection was involved in all patients with VAD. Conclusions: The C1 segment of the internal carotid artery and the V3 segment of the vertebral artery may be the sites most frequently involved in CAD caused by CSM, and more evidence is needed to support the results of this study in the future.

Summary: Background: Anthropomorphic phantoms are used in surgical planning and intervention. Ideal accuracy and high efficiency are prerequisites for its clinical application. We aimed to develop a fully automated artificial intelligence-based three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction system (AI system) to assist thoracic surgery and to determine its accuracy, efficiency, and safety for clinical use. Methods: This AI system was developed based on a 3D convolutional neural network (CNN) and optimized by gradient descent after training with 500 cases, achieving a Dice coefficient of 89.2%. Accuracy was verified by comparing virtual structures predicted by the AI system with anatomical structures of patients in retrospective (n = 113) and prospective cohorts (n = 139) who underwent lobectomy or segmentectomy at the Peking University Cancer Hospital. Operation time and blood loss were compared between the retrospective cohort (without AI assistance) and prospective cohort (with AI assistance) for safety evaluation. The time consumption for reconstruction and the quality score were compared between the AI system and manual reconstruction software (Mimics®) for efficiency validation. This study was registered at https://www.chictr.org.cn as ChiCTR2100050985. Findings: The AI system reconstructed 13,608 pulmonary segmental branches from retrospective and prospective cohorts, and 1573 branches of interest corresponding to phantoms were detectable during the operation for verification, achieving 100% and 97% accuracy for segmental bronchi, 97.2% and 99.1% for segmental arteries, and 93.2% and 98.8% for segmental veins, respectively. With the assistance of the AI system, the operation time was shortened by 24.5 min for lobectomy (p