Search

A pilot plant study has been carried out to compare the effectiveness of different low pressure membrane systems (microfiltration and ultrafiltration) as pretreatments for a reverse osmosis system producing high quality reclaimed water from the effluent of a municipal wastewater treatment plant receiving a high percentage of industrial wastewater. The reclaimed water will be used to substitute fresh water in a paper mill. Although the implemented systems showed several problems derived from the unstable quality of the feed water, they were solid enough to keep a constant permeate quality; i.e. percentages of salt rejection above 99%, efficiencies in the removal of microorganisms to lower values than 1 CFU/100 mL, and final COD results below the detection limit (

This paper presents an optimization strategy for a broke system design and operation in papermaking process. A multiobjective stochastic optimization model is presented featuring (i) a stochastic two-state Markov process based submodel for the broke tower, (ii) an operational submodel for the optimization of the broke dosage, and (iii) a multiobjective design problem. An efficient optimization strategy is also proposed involving a quadratic optimization step for the operational subproblem and an effective multiobjective design optimization step.

This chapter now moves back to the world where sketches are interactive and they can be experienced first-hand. Curiously enough, to start things off, this chapter goes back to where it started: with traditional sketches on paper. With the Tektronix oscilloscope example, this chapter shows an example of interaction with a static sketch. Next it introduces paper interfaces that are dynamic—that is, what is seen in the sketch changes depending on one's interactions with the drawn interface. Like the Tektronix example, the technique requires someone who assumes the role of the target user, and someone from the design team, the facilitator, to guide that user's experience. The example that is used next here was done by a graduate student at the University of Toronto. The student's brief was to do an interactive paper sketch of a home climate control system. The system had to enable the user to do things like program the temperature for different times of day and for different days, such as weekends and weekdays, summer versus winter, and so on. The exercise was intended to simulate a system where one touches things on the display to exercise control.

In passive radio frequency identification systems (RFID), data and power is transferred between a reader and an identification device wirelessly by means of electromagnetic waves, Finkenzeller (2003) . Antenna solutions, in both the identification device and the reader, are crucial to the performance of radio frequency identification systems. To improve the performance of these RFID systems application specific antennas can be used for challenging items including metals, liquids or lossy material. This paper describes the simulation model for radio wave attenuation in paper reel. Simulated values for propagation in different grades of paper are presented. Theoretical background is also discussed.

Libraries have been serving users since antiquity but their purpose remains relatively unchanged – they serve the information needs of people. This chapter discusses how technology has enhanced the way libraries do what they have always done: but bigger, better and faster. Contemporary national trends of public, academic and school libraries in the US are summarized. The science of systems thinking is introduced and posited as a fundamental way in which to meet the basic information-seeking needs of people in a systematic way, and provide well-aligned resources and services that form the foundation of user services excellence.

IN THE LAST CHAPTER we looked at hard surfaces - metal, wood and stone. Paper and fabric, by contrast, are floppy, malleable substances that bend, crease and crumple. It's getting these creases and wrinkles right that's the key to making paper look like it's really made of paper, and that includes banknotes as well as letters and documents.

Paper prototype or mock-up interviews are two-on-one interviews conducted in the user's workspace that focuses on observations of the user using the prototype to do their own work. The interviewer offers suggested design changes based on the user's response, and together they change the prototype that better suit the work's needs. Paper prototype interviews require two interviewers. One interviewer runs the interview, another takes notes. In the interview the notetaker is a silent observer and the primary interaction remains one-on-one between the interviewer and the user. This chapter explores how to run and interpret a paper prototype field interview. It covers the types of information required in an interview and how to approach users. It also covers how to conduct a mock-up interpretation session. The key concepts for paper prototype interviews include: context, partnership, interpretation, and focus. Paper prototype or mock-up interviews essentially help the designers understand why design elements work or fail, and also identify new function.

A paper prototype refers to paper representation of the product. It is generally constructed out of post-it notes, other pieces of paper, or any other material. It allows to test the design with the user interactively. Everything in the prototype needs to be movable and changeable so that one can add user content, change the interface structure, and otherwise modify it in response to the customer trying to use it. The paper prototype is used in a paper prototype field interview conducted with the user at their work site. This chapter explores how to build a paper prototype. The key concepts described in this chapter include: paper mock-up, paper prototype interview, wire frame, and visual design. The paper prototype interview is a two-on-one interview where one person interviews and the other take notes. Following the interview, the interpretation session captures key issues that the team needs to address. Multiple rounds of interviews with two to four users are recommended in order to allow the team to iterate the design based on user feedback.

In this paper, a general multi-level decomposition based framework has been proposed for integration of planning and scheduling in a multi-site, multi-product plant, with applications to paper manufacturing. The problem involves complex issues relating to large-scale production in a hybrid flowshop configuration, decisions relating to minimizing trim losses, while maintaining on-time delivery of orders. Due to these complexities, the overall problem of integrated planning and scheduling is logically partitioned into several levels, depending on the problem size. As followed in other decomposition-based approaches, the upper level models are equipped with appropriate abstractions of the lower level constraints. Also from a reactive scheduling point of view, some pro-active measures are embedded into the multi-level structure. The proposed multi-level decomposition scheme is demonstrated on a representative planning and scheduling problem.

It's not necessary to have a usability lab to test a paper prototype. The main purpose of usability testing is to provide data to other members of the team so that they can make the product better. The biggest problem with usability labs is that some are optimized for computer-based testing—the rooms are small, or there is restrictive furniture (such as a kneehole desk) that makes it hard for several people to gather around. This chapter discusses the things that the facilitator and computer should do in a paper prototype usability test. The ways he/she sets up the room, greets users, introduces the concept of paper prototyping, and facilitates the session are all important. The facilitator can sit either next to the users or across the table, next to the computer. It's easier for the facilitator to converse with users when they’re across the table, but there may be a subtle psychological benefit to having the facilitator literally “on the users” side.” In addition, videotaping a paper prototype should be skipped if possible; a computer- based test is considered as a better option.

This chapter focuses on the planning of a usability study with a paper prototype. It also provides two examples of companies that do a lot of prototyping and usability testing and hence, tend to evolve into an iterative process that uses small, frequent usability tests throughout the development cycle rather than one or two large efforts. Planning a Usability Study with a Paper Prototype includes an action plan of the activities, people, and a schedule. It determines the goals of the testing, create tasks around things that a user do, and holds internal walkthroughs to prepare for testing. Paper prototyping is a multidisciplinary activity and should include people in addition to those who are directly responsible for the interface design/development. In particular, those who have direct contact with users such as sales, marketing, and tech support, and trainers should be included. These people often have valuable insights about the requirements of the users and the reasons that confuse them.

The quasi-periodic irregularity that appears on the running surface of rails, which is known as rail corrugation, is reviewed here. The review concentrates on particular characteristics of different types of corrugation, understanding its root causes and proposing practical methods for avoiding or alleviating the phenomenon. Different types of corrugation can be identified by their ‘wavelength-fixing’ and ‘damage’ mechanisms. Six different types of corrugation are thus identified, for four of which wear is the ‘damage mechanism’. The most common wavelength-fixing mechanism is the P2 resonance of a vehicle’s unsprung mass on the track stiffness, which is significant for three of the six types of corrugation. An understanding of this phenomenon and development of efficacious treatments have advanced significantly in the last 15 years as a result of research having been applied and the effects accurately and comprehensively monitored.

In the present paper multi-product, multi-purpose, daily, short-term production planning in the paper converting industry is considered. In the actual production process finite intermediate storage is used and in the discrete operations, successive operations may start before proceeding stages have been completely finished. Such features enable flexible manufacturing as well as efficient production plans. The scheduling problem is, thus, a challenging problem to solve, especially since the number of orders to process, even in the short-term production plan typically exceeds 100. With the presented decomposition method even problems this large can be solved.

Is it a dream or a nightmare? You finally have it made—full production facilities for your project. The crew is looking at you expectantly, the talent is standing around waiting for direction, and behind you is a producer looking at all these expensive people and demanding to know what you are going to do. This is no time to be considering your alternatives.

It is not within the scope of this text to provide the background necessary to achieve a mastery of the sensitometric techniques applicable to the platinum/palladium (Pt/Pd) processes. Therefore, it is necessary that you read the sections on film and paper in the books recommended in the bibliography, particularly Phil Davis' Beyond the Zone System (1998). Better yet, take a BTZS (Beyond the Zone System) workshop. They are scheduled through the View Camera Store. (See Sources.)

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the industry sector and the steps that must be undertaken when developing their greenhouse gas (GHG) management plan. Companies that emit less GHG emissions during that time period, over time, will be at a comparative advantage and will be able to sell the difference of emissions avoided as these become carbon credits. Therefore, it will be important for companies to include a GHG management plan as GHG emissions will eventually have an impact in the financial accounting systems of companies. The chapter reviews the steps needed to develop a GHG management plan including choosing a methodology for calculating GHGs, establishing GHG inventories in order to measure any reductions produced, as companies may take measures to reduce such emissions. In order to present the importance of a GHG management plan and illustrate the steps that it takes to develop such a plan, tow case studies are discussed, one of a pulp and paper mill and another of a coal plant and its related coal mine, both located in Slovenia. Furthermore, a well developed GHG management plan ensure companies passing GHG audits, that is necessary in order to get official recognition for GHG emission reductions claimed by any company in an industry sector.

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses how an organization is far more critical than often recognized in mechanistic science and philosophical accounts of mechanistic explanation. Vitalists and holists play an important function when they remind mechanists of the shortfalls of the mechanistic accounts on offer. Ideas such as negative feedback, self-organizing positive feedback, and cyclic organization are critical for explaining the phenomena exhibited by living organisms. Moreover, the importance of these modes of organization can be appreciated when the relevance of notions such as being closed to efficient causation is taken into account and it is appreciated that, as organized systems, living systems are far from equilibrium and require ways of channeling matter and energy extracted from their environment to maintain themselves far from equilibrium. These critical features are nicely captured in Moreno's conception of basic autonomy in which we recognize living systems as so organized to metabolize inputs to extract matter and energy and direct these to building and repairing themselves. The notion of basic autonomy provides a framework for relating organization tightly to the matter and energy of the system as the organization of interest is one which, given the energy and material to be utilized, is able to be built and maintained by the living system.

This paper discusses the mathematical modeling, dynamic simulation and validation of the entire digester area at the Tumut Mill: the Lo-LevelTM feed line, the Lo-LevelTM heat exchange and recovery system, and the digester itself—a Lo-SolidsTM EMCCTM singlevessel hydraulically-full heterogeneous reactor. The mathematical description of the digester is a modification of the extended Purdue model, a rigorous framework based on the fundamental principles of mass and energy conservation. The heat exchange units —shell-and-tube heat exchangers, condensers and kettle reboiler—are introduced considering an interlinked-cell model approach. The underlying mathematical formulation consists of a large number of differential-algebraic equations (DAES) which result from the lumped-parameter approximation used to describe the several process units. An open architecture solution is developed, and the set of equations are codified using gPROMS and C++ programming languages. The agreement between the model predictions and the experimental information from plant data is reasonable, thus providing a model-based framework for future research.

An equation solver data reconciliation software has been used to build a validated model of a waste paper deinking plant, by combining control rooms measurements and design specifications. An optimal sensor system configuration that allows validating key performance indicators by using only control room measurements has been determined by identifying, with genetic algorithm programming, the additional sampling points and corresponding sensors required for a minimum cost sensor system configuration.

An ad-hoc data reconciliation procedure developed for the recausticizing section of a new pulp and paper industry is presented in this work. A comprehensive model was formulated to take into account different unit operation modes. It was also extended to incorporate specific knowledge of some pieces of equipment to increase redundancy, and consequently enhance estimate precision and gross error detectability.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses paper-coating rheology. With the advances in theological testing methods and computational tools, the understanding of the blade coating of paper is improved considerably. Coating of high solids gives the paper less chance to roughen upon contact with water and the coating layer does not sink into the paper web. The application of paper coating has a unique aspect in the sense that the clearance between the blade and the web is only one order of magnitude larger than the pigments in the suspension. However, high solids content naturally brings challenging rheological problems. The importance of water retention on the ability of a coating to operate at specific conditions is one significant step. However, paper coating still offers a number of challenges, as high speeds and high solids are desired. Still, the small scale between the blade and the web requires a better understanding of the small-scale microstructures that can form under the blade. A direct comparison of a complex fluid dynamics calculation and pilot scale results has yet to be accomplished. These issues should become clear because efforts are made to understand the role of rheology in the blade coating process.

The management of supply chain systems is one of the major tasks related to co-ordinating ‘product–process–resource’ logistics that a firm has to perform in this global economy. The purpose of this type of system is to disseminate information about the market and available capabilities into co-ordinated plans for production and replenishment of goods and services in the network formed by co-operating units. This (supply chain) network assumes different structures as it adapts to the evolving market dynamics. One of the primary goals of Internet-based management (e-Management) is to facilitate transfer and sharing of data and knowledge among the units, to support these supply chain structures. Knowledge-based modelling tools for supply chain management utilize reusable components and configure knowledge as needed, in order to assist users (agents) in decision-making. This chapter discusses a generic development methodology for e-Management of supply chain. It is based on the principles of domain-independent problem solving and modelling, and domain-dependent analysis and implementation. The purpose of such approach is to ascertain characteristics of the problem independent of the specific problem environment. Consequently, the approach delivers solution(s) or the solution method that are intrinsic to the problem and not its environment. For illustration, applications from the automotive industry have been utilized.

The broad parameters of the international paper business are introduced and the scope of the industry is described in terms of tonnage and value. It consumes about 173 million tonnes of pulp, 100 million tonnes of recovered fibre and 276 million tonnes of paper world-wide, with a global value in 1995 of around US$540 billion, and probably as much again in supporting businesses. The history of papermaking is briefly dealt with, progressing from papyrus in 3000 BC, to hand-made sheets and then to the very big machines and outputs of the twentieth century. The link with sophisticated civilisation is described, followed by a description of the various paper classifications in the business. The chapter finishes by considering the importance of the international paper trade in comparison with other international trades .

In considering the way ahead it is worth pausing to consider the challenges to the industry, and the possible requirement to find alternatives to paper. They come from a number of quarters. First and foremost there is the environmental challenge and it is illustrated by the question ‘How does the industry reconcile the use of the forests with the environmental demands in the new millennium?’ The question of the viability of the product then requires discussion, particularly, ‘Why is paper still continuing to survive, and will it continue to do so, or are there alternative products?’ Finally the changing shape of companies and the effect of paper on the world economy need considering .

We present a new approach for early performance prediction based on MSC specified systems in the context of SDL. Our approach is integrated into existing design methodologies as proposed by commercial tool vendors where communication software is fully specified in SDL and the final implementation is derived from there. Obviously the structure of the SDL specification will influence the performance of the final system. Thus it is very important to make performance estimates for the target system available at design time to steer important design decisions. The key to performance evaluation is the development of performance models, which are evaluated either with analytical, simulation or monitoring techniques. Our approach is scenario-based and uses non-functional annotations of MSCs to formalise additional performance attributes. These MSCs are automatically transformed to an SDL specification which yields a prototype implementation via a code generation tool chain. The resulting implementation is executed on the target machines with the target system software from which many performance characteristics can be evaluated using monitoring techniques. We call the implementation “synthetic” since it is artificially derived from MSC specifications and the generated SDL is not designed to be subsequently reused through functional refinement. This paper describes the automatic transformation from MSC to the SDL specification and its environment with a special focus on dynamic issues.

Advantages and disadvantages of the concept of an industrial complex are discussed. From an environmental standpoint an ideal industrial complex is one containing a group of compatible industrial plants utilizing completely each other's wastes and products as raw materials and manufacturing products with no adverse environmental impact and at a minimum of cost. A typical complex centering about a pulp and papermill is pictured in this paper. This complex produces six products for external sale and four products for internal use. In addition, all major wastes of suspended solids, cooking liquor, fillers, heat and bark are reused within the complex in the manufacture of these products. A literature review evolved typical concentrations of recoverable suspended solids in various process effluents. A mass balance was prepared assuming that the total production of fine paper is 907.2 kg × 103 (1000 tons) per day. Little or no air or water pollution results from this complex. In addition, it is anticipated that no expensive waste-water treatment plant would be required for this complex. Ten additional practices are described which, when used, will reduce operating costs even further. A continuing study with more precise data on the production requirements for the service plants in the complex will yield a more balanced and realistic system.

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines the state of preparations for the launching of a Global Forum on Sustainable Energy (GFSE). The role of energy has often been overlooked in sustainable development strategies. In fact, energy is at the heart of the sustainable development challenge, since the services that societies need (such as light, heat, mobility and commercial and industrial activity) are all dependent upon adequate supplies of energy. Achieving a more sustainable energy path contributes significantly to the realization of the social, economic, and environmental aspects of sustainable development. The forum is intended to bring together major players on the energy scene to build partnerships and consider the actions required by them to modify energy services delivery systems so that the world's energy-related needs can be met in a way that is supportive of sustainable development over the long term. The GFSE creates an integrated multi-stake-holder process that can influence existing institutions and processes and would be complementary to them. It includes the views of those currently excluded from the energy systems and also taps the resources from civil society.

This paper proposes to define a property language based on Message Sequence Charts (MSCs) to express requirements as properties on an SDL specification. To verify the dynamic behaviour of an SDL model, we have to check general properties such as deadlock, livelock and dynamic errors, but we also have to check that the SDL specification is correct with respect to its expected external requirements. For such a verification, we need a language to express these external requirements as properties on the SDL model, and this paper shows the adequacy of MSCs to define such a language. Detection of service interaction, which is a crucial problem for the introduction of new telecommunication services, is the guiding thread of this paper and demonstrates the adequacy of MSCs as a property language.

Certainly language presents in a most striking form the integrative functions that are characteristic of the cerebral cortex and that reach their highest development in human thought processes . Temporal integration is not found exclusively in language ; the coordination of leg movements in insects , the song of birds , the control of trotting and pacing in a gaited horse , the rat running the maze , the architect designing a house , and the carpenter sawing a board present a problem of sequences of action which cannot be explained in terms of successions of external stimuli .

The biotechnological use of xylans and xylanases has grown remarkably. Xylanases have stimulated great interest due to their potential application in several industries. Over the years the number of possible applications of xylanases in the pulp and paper industry has increased steadily, and several applications have been commercialized. Xylanases are being used for prebleaching pulp, modifying fiber, deinking, dedarking, and producing dissolving grade pulp. Apart from its use in the pulp and paper industry, xylanases are also used as food additives to poultry; in wheat flour for improving dough handling and quality of baked products; for the extraction of coffee, plant oils, and starch; in the improvement of nutritional properties of agricultural silage and grain feed; in combination with pectinase and cellulase for clarification of fruit juices; and in the degumming of plant fiber sources such as flax, hemp, jute, and ramie. Use of xylanases could greatly improve the overall economics of processing lignocellulosic materials for the generation of liquid fuels and chemicals. Xylanase and cellulase, together with pectinases, account for 20% of the world enzyme market.

This paper examines the various tribological aspects of generation and control of tyre to road traction. The basic laws of dry friction of rubber are described and experimental results of boundary lubrication of rubber-solid interface are presented. An analysis is given of the tribo-elastic interaction between frictional properties of rubber and the elastic properties of the tyre to explain the three regimes of traction of a slipping tyre on dry and boundary lubricated roads. The state of the art of wet road traction and the techniques of “delubrication” of surfaces are described and correlated with the different mechanisms of elastohydrodynamic lubrication. Traction on wet roads is considered as a problem of partial EHL. A detailed formulation and analysis of this problem is given based on a simplified model of a “choked film”. The paper ends with a discussion of semi-empirical and pragmatic approaches of modeling traction.

This paper reviews the impact of current and future market and legislative needs on tribological aspects of piston assembly design. Emissions, durability and refinement are highlighted as key issues. The paper commences by discussing the influence of the piston assembly upon hydrocarbon emissions and practical issues associated with crevice volume reduction. The development of theoretical studies of piston ring lubrication is then reviewed briefly, prior to consideration of oil consumption, with particular significance placed upon the very low levels of oil consumption required to satisfy forthcoming particulate emissions legislation for diesel engines. Piston assembly friction accounts for approximately half of total engine friction and is, therefore, a primary target in the quest for lower fuel consumption and the consequential reduction in gaseous emissions. Piston assembly design development to reduce friction is discussed prior to a review of empirical and theoretical studies of piston assembly friction. This leads to a brief discussion of the theoretical analysis of piston dynamic behaviour and skirt form optimisation. Throughout the paper practical problems associated with achieving durability and other performance criteria are highlighted.

Low Elastic Modulus (LEM) coatings are thin polymeric or elastomeric layers bonded onto a rigid substrate. This type of coating offers some distinct advantages in protecting working surfaces from damages. Indeed, a thin, rigidly backed, rubber layer allows the easy formation of a lubricant film in conditions where a very hard steel surface would fail. Additional advantages of LEM coatings are their capacity to attenuate the excitation of vibrations and to reduce the transmission of vibratory forces and shock loads. Furthermore, the ability of rubber coatings to deform rather than to break makes LEM contacts particularly tolerant to the presence of solid contaminants. In this paper, the benefits to be gained from the use of a thin, soft, layer on one of the two surfaces of a rotary or sliding contact are examined, with special reference to the lubrication problem of the guiding contacts of rolling element bearings. The case herewith presented refers particularly to the lubrication of the cage pocket of a medium-size Spherical Roller Bearing. A specially developed Finite Element program is applied to study the EHD lubrication characteristics provided by LEM coatings. The analysis is extended to investigate the effect of variation of a few basic design parameters on the strength of the contact. An important advantage of the present numerical solution is its ability to tackle problems with complex geometries and non-homogeneous materials, usually found in industrial applications. The computational examples discussed in the paper clearly illustrate the power and versatility of the method in dealing with practical design problems.

The focus of the research is to build a compact, high performance lightstripe rangefinder using a Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) smart photosensor array. Rangefinding, the measurement of the three-dimensional profile of an object or scene, is a critical component for many robotic applications, and therefore many techniques were developed. Of these, lightstripe rangefinding is one of the most widely used and reliable techniques available. Though practical, the speed of sampling range data by the conventional light stripe technique is severely limited. A conventional light stripe rangefinder operates in a step-and-repeat manner. A stripe source is projected on an object, a video image is acquired, range data is extracted from the image, the stripe is stepped, and the process repeats. Range acquisition is limited by the time needed to grab the video images, increasing linearly with the desired horizontal resolution. During the acquisition of a range image, the objects in the scene being scanned must be stationary. Thus, the long scene sampling time of step-and-repeat rangefinders limits their application. The fast range sensor proposed is based on the modification of this basic lightstripe ranging technique in a manner described by Sato and Kida. This technique does not require a sampling of images at various stripe positions to build a range map. Rather, an entire range image is acquired in parallel while the stripe source is swept continuously across the scene. Total time to acquire the range image data is independent of the range map resolution. The target rangefinding system will acquire 1,000 100 x 100 point range images per second with 0.5 percent range accuracy. It will be compact and rugged enough to be mounted on the end effector of a robot arm to aid in object manipulation and assembly tasks.

This paper reports work carried out at three laboratories, aimed at assessing the repeatability of various test methods used in the study of tribological coatings. The test methods were the ball crater technique for coating thickness, the Vickers microhardness test, the scratch test for adhesion and the pin on disc test for friction and wear. Three different coatings were studied, based on various compounds of titanium, boron, nitrogen and aluminium. Also different novel ionisation assisted PVD methods were used to produce the coatings The paper demonstrates the spread of results obtained by each of the tests on each of the coatings, both within each laboratory and also between laboratories. The results show that assessment of properties such as thickness and hardness can be made with reasonable repeatablity; greater care must be taken however in ascribing quantitive measures to adhesion levels. In particular it is necessary to define the criteria to be used for failure. In the case of friction and wear assessment the laboratories involved demonstrated that considerable variability can be seen, both in friction coefficients and wear rates. Nevertheless we demonstrate that the tests described provide a good basis for the assessment of coating properties and for the investigation of tribological behaviour, permitting further coating development.

When hard coatings are designed to protect substrates against the frictional excitation of asperities, it is important to consider parameters that would affect the integrity of the coating. Thermomechanical cracking and coating delamination are the major failures of hard coating. In analytical modeling, it is important to know the limitation of the model and the validity of the conclusions drawn from the analysis. The paper addresses the postulation of a two-dimensional model, which is used for the mathematical simplicity to study the effects of various parameters. For high speed asperity excitation, thermal stress dominates the analytical criteria. The paper considers the effect of coating thickness and its critical value. Material parameters are grouped into those of mechanical properties and those of thermal properties. The differences of those properties between the coating and the substrate directly affect the integrity of the coating. Irregularities, especially in the neighborhood of the coating/substrate interface, are introduced to study their damaging effects to the coating integrity. The paper also addresses the significance of some unavoidable randomness in coating and the resulting effect on the coating integrity.

An impact-wear testing rig was designed to study the wear occurring between solid materials undergoing repetitive impulsive loading combined or not with simultaneous transverse sliding. The apparatus allows to measure impact forces and relative velocities. Besides, numerical simulations of impact-sliding situations were performed to obtain the relevent internal stress distribution. Both experimental and calculation results will allow to validate an improved impact-sliding wear model. The present paper describes the testing apparatus and procedures and includes preliminary results from the tests and numerical calculations.

For the creep feed grinding of very tough super-alloys for gas turbines a minimized damage is opposed to the demand for higher material removal rates which are necessary to reduce the high machining costs. For grinding with continuous dressing an advanced corundum specification exhibits less wear and entails a higher shape accuracy of the workpiece in comparison with conventionally molten electro-corundum. The process behaviour for grinding with CBN grinding wheels is directly tied up with the grain bond.

Traction drive is the method of transmitting power through the EHL oil film existing between a pair of rotating bodies. A traction drive CVT as an automotive transmission must transmit a large amount of power in a limited space. Therefore, the conditions of such traction drives are very severe. The authors observed the traction surface of a disc after the endurance test by means of a scanning electron microscope and made theoretical examination of the oil film thickness of the traction drive for automobiles as well. By using a basic prototype of the half toroidal CVT, variations of slide/-roll ratio versus high oil temperature were also measured. The test data is presented in this paper.