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Despite Egypt's signing of many trade agreements and joining many international economic blocs that are supposed to contribute to increase trade flow between Egypt and these countries, however, statistics indicate weak economic performance in the field of foreign trade in general and agricultural ones in particular. The total value of exports was estimated at $ 26.2 billion in 2017, while the total value of imports was estimated at $ 66.5 billion in 2017, which means that there is a deficit in the total trade balance estimated at $ 40.2 billion, while the rate of export coverage of imports is estimated at 39.5%. The research aims at studying and analyzing the effects of trade agreements signed by Egypt with some international economic blocs on agricultural foreign trade through studying the current situation of the Egyptian trade balance, studying the current situation of the Egyptian agricultural balance, and the standard estimation of the flow of trade between Egypt and the European Union. The results of gravity model showed the results of the regression model (OLS) during the period (2013-2017) that the overall performance of the model looks good with a coefficient of determination of about 0.56, which means that the gravity model is efficient in explaining the bilateral trade flow of Egypt with the EU. The results of the model showed that the logarithm of the GDP of Egypt with each EU country is highly significant, with a coefficient of this variable estimated at 0.90.

Oocytes cryopreservation in mammalian species has gained a rapid pace during the past couple of decades emphasizing its importance in various assisted reproductive technologies .Aim of this work was to study effects of different cryoprprotectant agents: Ethylene Glycol (EG), Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and combination of them (EG+DMSO) on the viability, mitochondrial distribution and intensity of in vitro matured vitrified/ thawed buffalo oocytes by determine: 1) the effect of different cryoprotectants on the viability and developmental competence of vitrified/thawed in vitro matured buffalo oocytes. 2) The effect of different cryoprotectants on the mitochondria distribution and intensity of vitrified/thawed in vitro matured buffalo oocytes. Ovaries were collected from EL-Warak slaughter house, Cairo, Egypt. Excellent and good oocytes were in vitro matured in TCM-199 +IGF for 22 h in incubator at 38.5 ₒC in 5% CO2 and humidified atmosphere. Morphologically normal matured oocytes with first polar were placed in equilibration solution (VS1) for 1 min then oocytes were transferred to (VS2) for 30 sec. VS1 is half concentration of VS2 which contain EG 40% (EG group) or DMSO 40% (DMSO group) or EG 20%+DMSO 20% (Combination group). Oocytes were loaded in sterile 0.25 ml straws and stores in liquid nitrogen for 7-10 days. Morphological changes (normal and abnormal) of vitrified thawed in vitro mature buffalo oocyte were detected under invertd microscope. Mitotracker red stain and confocal microscope (Zeiss 710) used to study the mitochondrial distribution and Hochest dye to study the viability of in vitro vitrified/ thawed matured buffalo oocytes. The obtained results revealed that using a combination of EG+DMSO for vitrification resulted in the best quality of in vitro vitrified thawed buffalo oocytes which was demonstrated by significantly higher percent of morphologically normal recovered oocytes and transferable embryos when compared with EG and DMSO. More mitochondria were diffusely distributed in the fresh oocytes (93.33%) than in all vitrified groups oocytes: DMSO group (63.33%), EG group (79.99%) and DMSO+ EG group (79.99%). The Mean No. of mitochondrial intensity of recovered mature oocytes vitrified in EG+DMSO group (186.22) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those vitrified in EG group (153.33) and DMSO group (146.98). In conclusion: Combination of EG+DMSO cryoprotectants improve the viability and developmental competence of in vitro matured vitrified/thawed buffalo oocytes.

Background: Mostly Upper eyelid cicatricial entropion (UCE) is a common cause of trichiasis which results from pathological process that causes scarring of the tarsus which leads to inward rotation of the lid margin. Objectives: The aim of the present study is to describe the use of lid crease incision for upper eyelid margin rotation in cicatricial entropion combining internal traction on the anterior lamella , tarsotomy , and tarsal overlap without external sutures. Patients and methods: This is a prospective consecutive interventional analytical study that included 40 eyes of 20 patients with age ranging from 40 to 80 years with trachomatous upper eyelid entropion presenting to the outpatient clinic of “Qena ” university hospital , Group patients were randomly selected according to the inclusion criteria to undergo the transcautenous margin rotation operation at qena university hospital &the surgery was explained to the patients . The study was approved by by the scientific and ethical comittees at faculty of medicine ,south valley university Results: The mean patients' age for was (56.0 ± 18.27) and a range of (40.0- 76.0) years , Among the 20 patients recruited, 9 (45%) were males and 11 (55%) were females , In our study, 20% of eyes among the TMR group underwent entropion correction and blepharoplasty for dermatochalasis in the same sitting. Out of 40 eyes in the study, 70% developed "grade II" and 30% developed "grade I" post operative lid margin position., Trichiasis recurrence rate was 10% in the studied group Recurrence was seen in four eyelids of four patients despite adequate post operative lid margin position. Conclusion: Upper eyelid cicatricial trachomatous entropion can be effectively managed utilizing the TMR , with no significant incidence in entropion or trichiasis recurrence