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In the present study a variety of fruit juices (pomegranate, strawberry, apple, plums and blackberries) each was mixed with equal amounts of orange juice (1:1) and different levels of rosemary extract (5, 10, 15, ml/L) were developed. Sensory evaluation tests were performed to choose the most acceptable level of rosemary added to the fruit-orange juices. Physicochemical and bioactive determinations were also assessed. Sensory evaluation tests showed that 10ml/L rosemary extract added to all tested fruit-orange juices was highly appreciated by panelists except blackberry-orange juice at 5ml/L. The physicochemical tests as measured by TTA%, pH and TSS revealed that the addition of rosemary extract did not significantly affect most of the tested parameters for all tested fruit-orange juices and their controls, and they were at the normal range of commercial juices. Vitamin C the total sugar content showed a variation ranging between 2.54 -28.11mg/100ml and 6.51-19.35%, respectively. Results also indicated that the addition of rosemary extract significantly enhanced the increase in total phenolics (TP) and flavonoids (TF), where blackberry (BO5), strawberry (SO10) and pomegranate (PO10) exhibited the highest TP values, respectively whereas, SO10, BO10 and RO10 exhibited the highest TF values, respectively. SO10, exhibited the highest anthocyanin content (800mg/L) as compared to all other fruit- orange juices. The antioxidant activity (% inhibition) measured by DPPH radical scavenging assay showed that SO10, PO10, and RO10 (plum) exhibited the highest antioxidant activities as compared to their controls and the other fruit-orange mixes. The study postulates that these beverages could provide health promoting benefits against oxidative stress related diseases.

INTRODUCTION: Odontogenic tumors are diverse groups of lesions derived from odontogenic tissues. Clinical behavior of these lesions varies widely, ranging from benign to malignant with differences in recurrence rate and growth pattern. A better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms will help to predict the course of odontogenic tumors and lead to the development of new therapeutic applications. Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) are loops of DNA that codify the ribosomal RNA and are considered important for protein synthesis. The NORs stained histochemicaly by silver are named argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR). Quantification of AgNOR represents a valuable parameter of cell kinetics and therefore cell proliferation. The number of AgNOR sites in malignant cells is significantly greater than those in their normal or benign counterparts. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a useful marker of cellular proliferation and DNA replication. Malignant tissue is characterized by an uncoordinated proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the cell proliferation rate using the expression of Argyrophilic Organizing Region counts and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen in epithelial odontogenic tumors and to assess the usefulness of AgNOR and PCNA as markers in malignant potential of epithelial odontogenic tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was done on 45 surgical specimens of epithelial odontogenic tumors and one control specimen from normal tooth germ.The tissue biopsies were processed and paraffin sections were prepared. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections were examined for diagnosis. Other sections were subjected to AgNORhistochemical technique and immunohistochemical staining for PCNA. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using a Labeled Strept-Avidin Biotin complex method (LSAB). RESULTS: The mean AgNOR count of tooth germ was 1.21 and the benign odontogenic tumors was 1.862.The highest AgNOR count was recorded in Ameloblastic carcinoma and lowest was seen in adenomatoid odontogenic tumor. Statistically significant difference in AgNOR counts of ameloblastoma and adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, ameloblastoma and calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor, benign odontogenic tumors and ameloblastic carcinoma were seen. AgNORs in ameloblastic carcinoma were more in number and more widely distributed.The highest mean value of PCNA-positive cell percentage was demonstrated in ameloblastic carcinoma followed by ameloblastoma. A significant difference was noted when the PCNA value of ameloblastoma was compared with that of ameloblastic carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: AgNOR technique may be considered a good indicator of cell proliferation in epithelial odontogenic tumors.The PCNA expression, along with the clinical features, can predict the aggressiveness, chances of recurrence and malignant potential of these tumors.

Introduction: Oral cancer is a major health problem, causing high morbidity and mortality rates. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for 90-95% of all oral malignancies. During the last decade, significant evidence has suggested that inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in tumorigenesis. The inflammatory cells and their signals are indispensable participants in the neoplastic process, fostering proliferation, survival, and migration of cancer cells. The macrophages are the most abundant and important stromal cells in the TME, which orchestrate the inflammatory response. They control the cellular proliferation and survival by stimulating the immune cells and by promoting integrated processes of inflammation and tissue repair. Therefore, the tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) may be of great prognostic significance in different types of tumors. Objectives: This study was conducted to assess the TAMs density in OSCC using CD163 in metastasizing and non-metastasizing OSCC. Moreover, the correlation of TAM density with the lymph node status and the different histopathological grades of OSCC was assessed. Materials and methods: The density of TAM was calculated in 30 surgical specimens taken from OSCC patients. Biopsies were taken from the primary tumor of 15 cases with lymph node metastasis and 15 cases with no lymph node metastasis. Fifteen normal mucosal tissues were taken from healthy individuals indicated for alveoloplasty as a control group. Immunohistochemical staining using the CD163 antibody was performed, using Labeled Strept-Avidin Biotin complex method. Positive cells were counted using the Image J free software package. Results:CD163 was expressed in human OSCC and the TAMs count was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis and with the tumor differentiation. Higher density was detected in metastatic tumors and in the poorly differentiated OSCC than in the well and moderately differentiated cases. Conclusions: CD163 positive TAMs could be a prognostic factor in OSCC cases as TAM density was significantly correlated with the lymph node status and the grade of differentiation of OSCC.

INTRODUCTION: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most widely occurring cancer worldwide. It represents the tenth most common cancer affecting the world population. Like all other tumors, malignant epithelial cells of the OSCC need adequate blood supply and thus tend to recruit new blood vessels by Angiogenesis (the formation of new vessels by sprouting of the pre-existing endothelium). The major regulators of blood and lymph vessel development are the members of the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) family. These are multifunctional proteins mainly involved in normal and pathologic angiogenesis. Accordingly, there is an increasing interest in evaluating the diagnostic and prognostic value of VEGF family OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the expression of VEGF-A in OSCC and to correlate it with both histopathological grading and clinical data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study includes 20 patients with OSCC. The lesions of concern were clinically examined and biopsied. The tissue biopsies, as well as five negative control specimens, were processed and paraffin sections were prepared. Hematoxylin and eosinstained sections were examined for grading of the carcinoma. The immunohistochemical expression of VEGF was evaluated by the use of Anti-VEGF-A Antibody using the Strept-Avidin-Biotin method on paraffin sections. Immunohistochemical results were evaluated using an image analyzer. Results were recorded and statistically analyzed and correlated with both clinical and histological grading of the tumors. RESULTS: The expression of VEGF was found to be significantly related to the grade of differentiation of the tumor, where the poorer the differentiation, the more the expression the antibody. On the contrary, no significant relation between VEGF expression and clinical data was found. CONCLUSIONS: The expression of VEGF is of a great value as a means of diagnosis concerning histological grading of the tumor, but cannot be used as a sole method for evaluating the case prognosis

Quality of medical care should be the highest priority with every department in every hospital, and this is especially true for the emergency department [ED], Guidelines should be seen as only one strategy that can help improve the quality of care that patients receive. This study conducted to determine the effect of development and dissemination of practice guidelines on the quality of care provided to patients presenting with three selected complaints, namely: dyspnea, abdominal pain, and chest pain at ED of Abou Kir General Hospital. The study was carried out at ED of Abou Kir General Hospital in Alexandria, a 180-bed hospital affiliated to Ministry of Health and Population. The study was a quasiexpermental, before and after approach and consisted of three phases. Comparison of process of care before and after intervention was done. The intervention was educational. Observation check lists were used for assessment of adherence to certain elements of process of care based on the developed and validated clinical practice guidelines of dyspnea, abdominal pain, and chest pain during pre- and post-intervention phase. The guidelines were presented to emergency physicians during the three-week interval between the pre- and post-intervention phases and after conduction of workshop. All physicians [18 physicians] working in ED were included in the study. All [258] patients presenting at ED with the three selected complaints: dyspnea, abdominal pain, or chest pain, were included in the study. The study concluded that development and implementation of guidelines for patients presenting at ED with acute dyspnea, acute chest pain, and acute abdominal pain improved compliance of physicians with these guidelines and improve the process of care. The lowest compliance weighted mean score percent concerning the three selected conditions was for history items during both pre-intervention phase [ranging between 4.7% and 28.4%] and post-intervention phase [ranging between 19.7% and 48.9%]. With respect to physical examination area, there was statistically significant improvement in weighted mean score percent for the three selected conditions with highest improvement for abdominal pain [from 30.7% to 50.4%]. As regards management area, there was no statistically significant improvement in weighted mean score percent for the three selected conditions. With highest improvement for dyspnea [from 88.7% to 99.0%]. Based on this study it is recommended to target improvement of the overall knowledge and skills of Emergency Department physicians, as most physicians are not emergency medicine specialists. More time must be allocated to training in the accident and emergency departments than at present; this should be supported by making available more detailed and comprehensive clinical guidelines. Also greater use of complementary educational methods such as practical skill training, case presentation, and clinical audit are very important.

The drug dependency problem in Egypt and worldwide is currently one of the major issues of concern to the public as well as the professionals. This study was conducted on all addicts with acute poisoning by drugs and or substances abuse (n= 149). They were admitted to Alexandria Poison Center (APC) and critical care unit (CCU) at Alexandria Main University Hospital (AMUH) during six months period from January to June 2003. In this study, all addicts were clinically examined. Routine investigations, arterial blood gases and acid base status were done with detection of drug or substance of abuse in urine by Axsym and gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for negative urine samples. The study showed that 71.2 % of addicts were encountered in the age group 20