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187 results on '"Hatzes, A P"'

1. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Revisiting the GJ 581 multi-planetary system with new Doppler measurements from CARMENES, HARPS, and HIRES

Author: von Stauffenberg, A., primary, Trifonov, T., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Reffert, S., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Kürster, M., additional, Twicken, J. D., additional, Rapetti, D., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Béjar, S. V. J., additional, Cifuentes, C., additional, Góngora, S., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Montes, D., additional, Morales, J. C., additional, and Schweitzer, A., additional
Published: 2024
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2. TOI-4438 b: a transiting mini-Neptune amenable to atmospheric characterization

Author: Goffo, E., primary, Chaturvedi, P., additional, Murgas, F., additional, Morello, G., additional, Orell-Miquel, J., additional, Acuña, L., additional, Peña-Moñino, L., additional, Pallé, E., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Geraldía-González, S., additional, Pozuelos, F. J., additional, Lanza, A. F., additional, Gandolfi, D., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Schlecker, M., additional, Pérez-Torres, M., additional, Lodieu, N., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, Hellier, C., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Duque-Arribas, C., additional, Cifuentes, C., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Daspute, M., additional, Dubois, F., additional, Dufoer, S., additional, Esparza-Borges, E., additional, Fukui, A., additional, Hayashi, Y., additional, Herrero, E., additional, Mori, M., additional, Narita, N., additional, Parviainen, H., additional, Tal-Or, L., additional, Vanaverbeke, S., additional, Hermelo, I., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Lillo-Box, J., additional, Luque, R., additional, Mallorquín, M., additional, Nagel, E., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Reffert, S., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Schöfer, P., additional, Tabernero, H. M., additional, and Zechmeister, M., additional
Published: 2024
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3. Teegarden's Star revisited. A nearby planetary system with at least three planets

Author: Dreizler, S., primary, Luque, R., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Koseleva, V., additional, Ruh, H. L., additional, Nagel, E., additional, Pozuelos, F. J., additional, Zechmeister, M., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Bean, J. L., additional, Brady, M., additional, Cifuentes, C., additional, Gillon, M., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Kasper, D., additional, Montes, D., additional, Morales, J. C., additional, Murray, C. A., additional, Pallé, E., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Seifahrt, A., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, Stürmer, J., additional, Stefánsson, G., additional, and Vico Linares, J. I., additional
Published: 2024
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4. Planetary companions orbiting the M dwarfs GJ 724 and GJ 3988. A CARMENES and IRD collaboration

Author: Gorrini, P., primary, Kemmer, J., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, Burn, R., additional, Hirano, T., additional, Pozuelos, F. J., additional, Kuzuhara, M., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Harakawa, H., additional, Kudo, T., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Chaturvedi, P., additional, Cifuentes, C., additional, Galadí-Enríquez, D., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Kotani, T., additional, Kürster, M., additional, Livingston, J. H., additional, López González, M. J., additional, Montes, D., additional, Morales, J. C., additional, Murgas, F., additional, Omiya, M., additional, Pallé, E., additional, Rodríguez, E., additional, Sato, B., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, Shan, Y., additional, Takarada, T., additional, Tal-Or, L., additional, Tamura, M., additional, Vievard, S., additional, Zapatero Osorio, M. R., additional, and Zechmeister, M., additional
Published: 2023
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5. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs

Author: Nagel, E., primary, Czesla, S., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Zechmeister, M., additional, Tal-Or, L., additional, Schmitt, J. H. M. M., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, García López, A., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Cortés-Contreras, M., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Kürster, M., additional, Lafarga, M., additional, López-Puertas, M., additional, Montes, D., additional, Morales, J. C., additional, Pedraz, S., additional, and Schweitzer, A., additional
Published: 2023
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6. V.3 Present and future space missions for ultraprecision photometry

Author: Hatzes, A. P., primary, Weiss, W. W., additional, Rauer, H., additional, and Grotsch-Noels, A., additional
Published: 2020
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7. GJ 806 (TOI-4481): A bright nearby multi-planetary system with a transiting hot low-density super-Earth

Author: Palle, E., primary, Orell-Miquel, J., additional, Brady, M., additional, Bean, J., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Morello, G., additional, Morales, J. C., additional, Murgas, F., additional, Molaverdikhani, K., additional, Parviainen, H., additional, Sanz-Forcada, J., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Sreenivas, K. R., additional, Schlecker, M., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Perdelwitz, V., additional, Tal-Or, L., additional, Pérez-Torres, M., additional, Luque, R., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, Fuhrmeister, B., additional, Aceituno, F., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Anglada-Escudé, G., additional, Caldwell, D. A., additional, Charbonneau, D., additional, Cifuentes, C., additional, de Leon, J. P., additional, Collins, K. A., additional, Dufoer, S., additional, Espinoza, N., additional, Essack, Z., additional, Fukui, A., additional, Chew, Y. Gómez Maqueo, additional, Gómez-Muñoz, M. A., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Herrero, E., additional, Jeffers, S.V., additional, Jenkins, J., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Kasper, J., additional, Kunimoto, M., additional, Latham, D., additional, Lillo-Box, J., additional, López-González, M. J., additional, Montes, D., additional, Mori, M., additional, Narita, N., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Pedraz, S., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Rodríguez, E., additional, Rodríguez-López, C., additional, Sabin, L., additional, Schanche, N., additional, Schwarz, R.-P., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, Seifahrt, A., additional, Stefansson, G., additional, Sturmer, J., additional, Trifonov, T., additional, Vanaverbeke, S., additional, Wells, R. D., additional, Zapatero-Osorio, M. R., additional, and Zechmeister, M., additional
Published: 2023
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8. Two sub-Neptunes around the M dwarf TOI-1470

Author: González-Álvarez, E., primary, Zapatero Osorio, M. R., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Cifuentes, C., additional, Fukui, A., additional, Herrero, E., additional, Kawauchi, K., additional, Livingston, J. H., additional, López-González, M. J., additional, Morello, G., additional, Murgas, F., additional, Narita, N., additional, Pallé, E., additional, Passegger, V. M., additional, Rodríguez, E., additional, Rodríguez-López, C., additional, Sanz-Forcada, J., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, Tabernero, H. M., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Charbonneau, D., additional, Ciardi, D. R., additional, Cikota, S., additional, Collins, K. A., additional, Conti, D. M., additional, Fausnaugh, M., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Hedges, C., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Jenkins, J. M., additional, Latham, D. W., additional, Massey, B., additional, Moldovan, D., additional, Montes, D., additional, Panahi, A., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Ricker, G. R., additional, Seager, S., additional, Shporer, A., additional, Srdoc, G., additional, Tenenbaum, P., additional, Vanderspek, R., additional, Winn, J. N., additional, Fukuda, I., additional, Ikoma, M., additional, Isogai, K., additional, Kawai, Y., additional, Mori, M., additional, Tamura, M., additional, and Watanabe, N., additional
Published: 2023
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9. TOI-1130: A photodynamical analysis of a hot Jupiter in resonance with an inner low-mass planet

Author: Korth, J., primary, Gandolfi, D., additional, Šubjak, J., additional, Howard, S., additional, Ataiee, S., additional, Collins, K. A., additional, Quinn, S. N., additional, Mustill, A. J., additional, Guillot, T., additional, Lodieu, N., additional, Smith, A. M. S., additional, Esposito, M., additional, Rodler, F., additional, Muresan, A., additional, Abe, L., additional, Albrecht, S. H., additional, Alqasim, A., additional, Barkaoui, K., additional, Beck, P. G., additional, Burke, C. J., additional, Butler, R. P., additional, Conti, D. M., additional, Collins, K. I., additional, Crane, J. D., additional, Dai, F., additional, Deeg, H. J., additional, Evans, P., additional, Grziwa, S., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Hirano, T., additional, Horne, K., additional, Huang, C. X., additional, Jenkins, J. M., additional, Kabáth, P., additional, Kielkopf, J. F., additional, Knudstrup, E., additional, Latham, D. W., additional, Livingston, J., additional, Luque, R., additional, Mathur, S., additional, Murgas, F., additional, Osborne, H. L. M., additional, Palle, E., additional, Persson, C. M., additional, Rodriguez, J. E., additional, Rose, M., additional, Rowden, P., additional, Schwarz, R. P., additional, Seager, S., additional, Serrano, L. M., additional, Sha, L., additional, Shectman, S. A., additional, Shporer, A., additional, Srdoc, G., additional, Stockdale, C., additional, Tan, T.-G., additional, Teske, J. K., additional, Van Eylen, V., additional, Vanderburg, A., additional, Vanderspek, R., additional, Wang, S. X., additional, and Winn, J. N., additional
Published: 2023
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10. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs

Author: González-Álvarez, E., primary, Kemmer, J., additional, Chaturvedi, P., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Cifuentes, C., additional, Herrero, E., additional, Kossakowski, D., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Rodríguez, E., additional, Rodríguez-López, C., additional, Sanz-Forcada, J., additional, Shan, Y., additional, Stock, S., additional, Tabernero, H. M., additional, Tal-Or, L., additional, Osorio, M. R. Zapatero, additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Henning, Th., additional, López-González, M. J., additional, Montes, D., additional, Morales, J. C., additional, Pallé, E., additional, Pedraz, S., additional, Perger, M., additional, Reffert, S., additional, Sabotta, S., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, and Zechmeister, M., additional
Published: 2023
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11. TOI-733 b: A planet in the small-planet radius valley orbiting a Sun-like star

Author: Georgieva, Iskra Y., primary, Persson, Carina M., additional, Goffo, Elisa, additional, Acuña, Lorena, additional, Aguichine, Artyom, additional, Serrano, Luisa M., additional, Lam, Kristine W. F., additional, Gandolfi, Davide, additional, Collins, Karen A., additional, Howell, Steven B., additional, Dai, Fei, additional, Fridlund, Malcolm, additional, Korth, Judith, additional, Deleuil, Magali, additional, Barragán, Oscar, additional, Cochran, William D., additional, Csizmadia, Szilárd, additional, Deeg, Hans J., additional, Guenther, Eike, additional, Hatzes, Artie P., additional, Jenkins, Jon M., additional, Livingston, John, additional, Luque, Rafael, additional, Mousis, Olivier, additional, Osborne, Hannah L. M., additional, Palle, Enric, additional, Redfield, Seth, additional, Van Eylen, Vincent, additional, Twicken, Joseph D., additional, Winn, Joshua N., additional, Alqasim, Ahlam, additional, Collins, Kevin I., additional, Gnilka, Crystal L., additional, Latham, David W., additional, Lewis, Hannah M., additional, Relles, Howard M., additional, Ricker, George R., additional, Rowden, Pamela, additional, Seager, Sara, additional, Shporer, Avi, additional, Tan, Thiam-Guan, additional, Vanderburg, Andrew, additional, and Vanderspek, Roland, additional
Published: 2023
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12. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: Line-by-line sensitivity to activity in M dwarfs

Author: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Lafarga, M., Ribas, Ignasi, Zechmeister, Mathias, Reiners, Ansgar, López-Gallifa, Á., Montes, D., Quirrenbach, Andreas, Amado, Pedro J., Caballero, J. A., Azzaro, M., Béjar, Victor J. S., Hatzes, Artie P., Henning, Thomas, Jeffers, Sandra V., Kaminski, A., Kürster, M., Schöfer, P., Schweitzer, Andreas, Tabernero, H. M., Zapatero Osorio, María Rosa, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Lafarga, M., Ribas, Ignasi, Zechmeister, Mathias, Reiners, Ansgar, López-Gallifa, Á., Montes, D., Quirrenbach, Andreas, Amado, Pedro J., Caballero, J. A., Azzaro, M., Béjar, Victor J. S., Hatzes, Artie P., Henning, Thomas, Jeffers, Sandra V., Kaminski, A., Kürster, M., Schöfer, P., Schweitzer, Andreas, Tabernero, H. M., and Zapatero Osorio, María Rosa
Abstract: Context. Radial velocities (RVs) measured from high-resolution stellar spectra are routinely used to detect and characterise orbiting exoplanet companions. The different lines present in stellar spectra are created by several species, which are non-uniformly affected by stellar variability features such as spots or faculae. Stellar variability distorts the shape of the spectral absorption lines from which precise RVs are measured, posing one of the main problems in the study of exoplanets. Aims. In this work we aim to study how the spectral lines present in M dwarfs are independently impacted by stellar activity. Methods. We used CARMENES optical spectra of six active early- and mid-type M dwarfs to compute line-by-line RVs and study their correlation with several well-studied proxies of stellar activity. Results. We are able to classify spectral lines based on their sensitivity to activity in five M dwarfs displaying high levels of stellar activity. We further used this line classification to compute RVs with activity-sensitive lines and less sensitive lines, enhancing or mitigating stellar activity effects in the RV time series. For specific sets of the least activity-sensitive lines, the RV scatter decreases by ~2 to 5 times the initial one, depending on the star. Finally, we compare these lines in the different stars analysed, finding the sensitivity to activity to vary from star to star. Conclusions. Despite the high density of lines and blends present in M dwarf stellar spectra, we find that a line-by-line approach is able to deliver precise RVs. Line-by-line RVs are also sensitive to stellar activity effects, and they allow for an accurate selection of activity-insensitive lines to mitigate activity effects in RV. However, we find stellar activity effects to vary in the same insensitive lines from star to star. © The Authors 2023.
Published: 2023

13. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: A long-period planet around GJ 1151 measured with CARMENES and HARPS-N data

Author: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, European Research Council, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Junta de Andalucía, Max Planck Society, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), European Space Agency, Generalitat de Catalunya, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Blanco-Pozo, J., Perger, M., Damasso, M., Anglada-Escudé, Guillem, Ribas, Ignasi, Baroch, David, Caballero, J. A., Cifuentes, C., Jeffers, Sandra V., Lafarga, M., Kaminski, Adrian, Kaur, Simranpreet, Nagel, Evangelos, Perdelwitz, Volker, Pérez-Torres, Miguel A., Sozzetti, Alessandro, Viganò, Daniele, Amado, Pedro J., Andreuzzi, G., Béjar, Victor J. S., Brown, E. L., Del Sordo, F., Dreizler, S., Galadí-Enriquez, D., Hatzes, Artie P., Kürster, M., Lanza, A. F., Melis, A., Molinari, Emilio, Montes, D., Murgia, M., Pallé, Enric, Peña-Moñino, Luis, Perrodin, D., Pilia, Maura, Poretti, Ennio, Quirrenbach, Andreas, Reiners, Ansgar, Schweitzer, Andreas, Zapatero Osorio, María Rosa, Zechmeister, Mathias, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, European Research Council, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Junta de Andalucía, Max Planck Society, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), European Space Agency, Generalitat de Catalunya, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Blanco-Pozo, J., Perger, M., Damasso, M., Anglada-Escudé, Guillem, Ribas, Ignasi, Baroch, David, Caballero, J. A., Cifuentes, C., Jeffers, Sandra V., Lafarga, M., Kaminski, Adrian, Kaur, Simranpreet, Nagel, Evangelos, Perdelwitz, Volker, Pérez-Torres, Miguel A., Sozzetti, Alessandro, Viganò, Daniele, Amado, Pedro J., Andreuzzi, G., Béjar, Victor J. S., Brown, E. L., Del Sordo, F., Dreizler, S., Galadí-Enriquez, D., Hatzes, Artie P., Kürster, M., Lanza, A. F., Melis, A., Molinari, Emilio, Montes, D., Murgia, M., Pallé, Enric, Peña-Moñino, Luis, Perrodin, D., Pilia, Maura, Poretti, Ennio, Quirrenbach, Andreas, Reiners, Ansgar, Schweitzer, Andreas, Zapatero Osorio, María Rosa, and Zechmeister, Mathias
Abstract: [Context] Detecting a planetary companion in a short-period orbit through radio emission from the interaction with its host star is a new prospect in exoplanet science. Recently, a tantalising signal was found close to the low-mass stellar system GJ 1151 using LOFAR observations., [Aims] We studied spectroscopic time-series data of GJ 1151 in order to search for planetary companions, investigate possible signatures of stellar magnetic activity, and to find possible explanations for the radio signal., [Methods] We used the combined radial velocities measured from spectra acquired with the CARMENES, HARPS-N, and HPF instruments, extracted activity indices from those spectra in order to mitigate the impact of stellar magnetic activity on the data, and performed a detailed analysis of Gaia astrometry and all available photometric time series coming from the MEarth and ASAS-SN surveys., [Results] We found a M > 10.6 M⊕ companion to GJ 1151 in a 390d orbit at a separation of 0.57 au. Evidence for a second modulation is also present; this could be due to long-term magnetic variability or a second (substellar) companion. The star shows episodes of elevated magnetic activity, one of which could be linked to the observed LOFAR radio emission. We show that it is highly unlikely that the detected GJ 1151 c, or any additional outer companion is the source of the detected signal. We cannot firmly rule out the suggested explanation of an undetected short-period planet that could be related to the radio emission, as we establish an upper limit of 1.2 M⊕ for the minimum mass.
Published: 2023

14. Determination of small-scale magnetic fields on Sun-like stars in the near-infrared using CRIRES

Author: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Swedish Research Council, Hahlin, A., Kochukhov, O., Rains, A. D., Lavail, A., Hatzes, Artie P., Piskunov, N., Reiners, Ansgar, Seemann, U., Boldt-Christmas, L., Guenther, E. W., Heiter, U., Nortmann, L., Yan, F., Shulyak, D., Smoker, J. V., Rodler, F., Bristow, P., Dorn, R. J., Jung, Y., Marquart, T., Stempels, E., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Swedish Research Council, Hahlin, A., Kochukhov, O., Rains, A. D., Lavail, A., Hatzes, Artie P., Piskunov, N., Reiners, Ansgar, Seemann, U., Boldt-Christmas, L., Guenther, E. W., Heiter, U., Nortmann, L., Yan, F., Shulyak, D., Smoker, J. V., Rodler, F., Bristow, P., Dorn, R. J., Jung, Y., Marquart, T., and Stempels, E.
Abstract: Aims. We aim to characterise the small-scale magnetic fields of a sample of 16 Sun-like stars and investigate the capabilities of the newly upgraded near-infrared (NIR) instrument CRIRES+ at the Very Large Telescope in the context of small-scale magnetic field studies. Our targets also had their magnetic fields studied with optical spectra, which allowed us to compare magnetic field properties at different spatial scales on the stellar surface and to contrast small-scale magnetic field measurements at different wavelengths. Methods. We analysed the Zeeman broadening signature for six magnetically sensitive and insensitive Fe I lines in the H-band to measure small-scale magnetic fields on the stellar surfaces of our sample. We used polarised radiative transfer modelling and non-local thermodynamic equilibrium departure coefficients in combination with Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling to determine magnetic field characteristics and non-magnetic stellar parameters. We used two different approaches to describe the small-scale magnetic fields. The first is a two-component model with a single magnetic region and a free magnetic field strength. The second model contains multiple magnetic components with fixed magnetic field strengths. Results. We found average magnetic field strengths ranging from ∼0.4 kG down to < 0.1 kG. The results align closely with other results from high-resolution NIR spectrographs, such as SPIRou. It appears that the typical magnetic field strength in the magnetic region is slightly stronger than 1.3 kG, and for most stars in our sample, this strength is between 1 and 2 kG. We also found that the small-scale fields correlate with the large-scale fields and that the small-scale fields are at least ten times stronger than the large-scale fields inferred with Zeeman Doppler imaging. The two- and multi-component models produce systematically different results, as the strong fields from the multi-component model increase the obtained mean magnetic fiel
Published: 2023

15. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. A sub-Neptunian mass planet in the habitable zone of HN Lib

Author: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, González-Álvarez, E., Kemmer, J., Chaturvedi, P., Caballero, J. A., Quirrenbach, Andreas, Amado, Pedro J., Béjar, Victor J. S., Cifuentes, C., Herrero, E., Kossakowski, D., Reiners, Ansgar, Ribas, Ignasi, Rodríguez Martínez, Eloy, Rodríguez López, C., Sanz-Forcada, J., Shan, Y., Stock, S., Tabernero, H. M., Tal-Or, L., Zapatero Osorio, María Rosa, Hatzes, Artie P., Henning, Thomas, López González, Maria J., Montes, D., Morales, Juan Carlos, Pallé, Enric, Pedraz, S., Perger, M., Reffert, S., Sabotta, S., Schweitzer, Andreas, Zechmeister, Mathias, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, González-Álvarez, E., Kemmer, J., Chaturvedi, P., Caballero, J. A., Quirrenbach, Andreas, Amado, Pedro J., Béjar, Victor J. S., Cifuentes, C., Herrero, E., Kossakowski, D., Reiners, Ansgar, Ribas, Ignasi, Rodríguez Martínez, Eloy, Rodríguez López, C., Sanz-Forcada, J., Shan, Y., Stock, S., Tabernero, H. M., Tal-Or, L., Zapatero Osorio, María Rosa, Hatzes, Artie P., Henning, Thomas, López González, Maria J., Montes, D., Morales, Juan Carlos, Pallé, Enric, Pedraz, S., Perger, M., Reffert, S., Sabotta, S., Schweitzer, Andreas, and Zechmeister, Mathias
Abstract: We report the discovery of HN Lib b, a sub-Neptunian mass planet orbiting the nearby (d ≈ = 6.25 pc) M4.0 V star HN Lib detected by our CARMENES radial-velocity (RV) survey. We determined a planetary minimum mass of Mb sin i = 5.46 ± 0.75 M⊕ and an orbital period of Pb = 36.116 ± 0.029 d, using ~5 yr of CARMENES data, as well as archival RVs from HARPS and HIRES spanning more than 13 yr. The flux received by the planet equals half the instellation on Earth, which places it in the middle of the conservative habitable zone (HZ) of its host star. The RV data show evidence for another planet candidate with M[c] sin i = 9.7 ± 1.9 M⊕ and P[c] = 113.46 ± 0.20 d. The long-term stability of the signal and the fact that the best model for our data is a two-planet model with an independent activity component stand as strong arguments for establishing a planetary origin. However, we cannot rule out stellar activity due to its proximity to the rotation period of HN Lib, which we measured using CARMENES activity indicators and photometric data from a ground-based multi-site campaign as well as archival data. The discovery adds HN Lib b to the shortlist of super-Earth planets in the habitable zone of M dwarfs, but HN Lib [c] probably cannot be inhabited because, if confirmed, it would most likely be an icy giant. © The Authors 2023.
Published: 2023

16. Two temperate earth-mass planets orbiting the nearby star GJ 1002

Author: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), Junta de Andalucía, Swiss National Science Foundation, Gobierno de Canarias, Suárez Mascareño, A., González-Álvarez, E., Zapatero Osorio, María Rosa, Lillo-Box, Jorge, Faria, J. P., Passegger, V.M., González Hernández, Jonay I., Figueira, Pedro, Sozzetti, Alessandro, Rebolo López, Rafael, Pepe, F., Santos, Nuno C., Cristiani, Stefano, Lovis, Christophe, Silva, André, Ribas, Ignasi, Amado, Pedro J., Caballero, J. A., Quirrenbach, Andreas, Reiners, Ansgar, Zechmeister, Mathias, Adibekyan, Vardan, Alibert, Y., Béjar, Victor J. S., Benatti, S., D'Odorico, Valentina, Damasso, M., Delisle, J. -B., Di Marcantonio, P., Dreizler, S., Ehrenreich, David, Hatzes, Artie P., Hara, N. C., Henning, Thomas, Kaminski, Adriaan, López González, Maria J., Martins, C.J.A.P., Micela, Giusi, Montes, D., Pallé, Enric, Pedraz, S., Rodríguez Martínez, Eloy, Rodríguez-López, Cristina, Tal-Or, L., Sousa, S. G., Udry, Stephane, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), Junta de Andalucía, Swiss National Science Foundation, Gobierno de Canarias, Suárez Mascareño, A., González-Álvarez, E., Zapatero Osorio, María Rosa, Lillo-Box, Jorge, Faria, J. P., Passegger, V.M., González Hernández, Jonay I., Figueira, Pedro, Sozzetti, Alessandro, Rebolo López, Rafael, Pepe, F., Santos, Nuno C., Cristiani, Stefano, Lovis, Christophe, Silva, André, Ribas, Ignasi, Amado, Pedro J., Caballero, J. A., Quirrenbach, Andreas, Reiners, Ansgar, Zechmeister, Mathias, Adibekyan, Vardan, Alibert, Y., Béjar, Victor J. S., Benatti, S., D'Odorico, Valentina, Damasso, M., Delisle, J. -B., Di Marcantonio, P., Dreizler, S., Ehrenreich, David, Hatzes, Artie P., Hara, N. C., Henning, Thomas, Kaminski, Adriaan, López González, Maria J., Martins, C.J.A.P., Micela, Giusi, Montes, D., Pallé, Enric, Pedraz, S., Rodríguez Martínez, Eloy, Rodríguez-López, Cristina, Tal-Or, L., Sousa, S. G., and Udry, Stephane
Abstract: We report the discovery and characterisation of two Earth-mass planets orbiting in the habitable zone of the nearby M-dwarf GJ 1002 based on the analysis of the radial-velocity (RV) time series from the ESPRESSO and CARMENES spectrographs. The host star is the quiet M5.5 V star GJ 1002 (relatively faint in the optical, V ~ 13.8 mag, but brighter in the infrared, J ~ 8.3 mag), located at 4.84 pc from the Sun. We analyse 139 spectroscopic observations taken between 2017 and 2021. We performed a joint analysis of the time series of the RV and full-width half maximum (FWHM) of the cross-correlation function (CCF) to model the planetary and stellar signals present in the data, applying Gaussian process regression to deal with the stellar activity. We detect the signal of two planets orbiting GJ 1002. GJ 1002 b is a planet with a minimum mass mp sin i of 1.08 ± 0.13 M⊕ with an orbital period of 10.3465 ± 0.0027 days at a distance of 0.0457 ± 0.0013 au from its parent star, receiving an estimated stellar flux of 0.67 F⊕. GJ 1002 c is a planet with a minimum mass mp sin i of 1.36 ± 0.17 M⊕ with an orbital period of 20.202 ± 0.013 days at a distance of 0.0738 ± 0.0021 au from its parent star, receiving an estimated stellar flux of 0.257 F⊕. We also detect the rotation signature of the star, with a period of 126 ± 15 days. We find that there is a correlation between the temperature of certain optical elements in the spectrographs and changes in the instrumental profile that can affect the scientific data, showing a seasonal behaviour that creates spurious signals at periods longer than ~200 days. GJ 1002 is one of the few known nearby systems with planets that could potentially host habitable environments. The closeness of the host star to the Sun makes the angular sizes of the orbits of both planets (~9.7 mas and ~15.7 mas, respectively) large enough for their atmosphere to be studied via high-contrast high-resolution spectroscopy with instruments such as the future spectrog
Published: 2023

17. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs

Author: Blanco-Pozo, J., primary, Perger, M., additional, Damasso, M., additional, Anglada Escudé, G., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Baroch, D., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Cifuentes, C., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Lafarga, M., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Kaur, S., additional, Nagel, E., additional, Perdelwitz, V., additional, Pérez-Torres, M., additional, Sozzetti, A., additional, Viganò, D., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Andreuzzi, G., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Brown, E. L., additional, Del Sordo, F., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, Galadí-Enríquez, D., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Kürster, M., additional, Lanza, A. F., additional, Melis, A., additional, Molinari, E., additional, Montes, D., additional, Murgia, M., additional, Pallé, E., additional, Peña-Moñino, L., additional, Perrodin, D., additional, Pilia, M., additional, Poretti, E., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, Zapatero Osorio, M. R., additional, and Zechmeister, M., additional
Published: 2023
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18. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: Variability on long timescales as seen in chromospheric indicators

Author: Fuhrmeister, B., Czesla, S., Perdelwitz, V., Nagel, E., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., Jeffers, S. V., Caballero, J. A., Zechmeister, M., Montes, D., Reiners, A., López-Gallifa, Á., Ribas, I., Quirrenbach, A., Amado, P. J., Galadí-Enríquez, D., Béjar, V. J. S., Danielski, C., Hatzes, A. P., Kaminski, A., Kürster, M., Morales, J. C., Osorio, M. R. Zapatero, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, and German Research Foundation
Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Stars: activity, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Stars: late-type, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Stars: chromospheres, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: This is an Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited., It is clearly established that the Sun has an 11-yr cycle that is caused by its internal magnetic field. Such a cycle is also observed in a sample of M dwarfs. In the framework of exoplanet detection or atmospheric characterisation of exoplanets, the activity status of the host star plays a crucial role, and inactive states are preferable for such studies. This means that it is important to know the activity cycles of these stars. We study systematic long-term variability in a sample of 211 M dwarfs observed with CARMENES, the high-resolution optical and near-infrared spectrograph at Calar Alto Observatory. In an automatic search using time series of different activity indicators, we identified 26 stars with linear or quadratic trends or with potentially cyclic behaviour. Additionally, we performed an independent search in archival R′HK data collected from different instruments whose time baselines were usually much longer. These data are available for a subset of 186 of our sample stars. Our search revealed 22 cycle candidates in the data. We found that the percentage of stars showing long-term variations drops dramatically to the latest M dwarfs. Moreover, we found that the pseudo-equivalent width (pEW) of the Hα and Ca II infrared triplet more often triggers automatic detections of long-term variations than the TiO index, differential line width, chromatic index, or radial velocity. This is in line with our comparison of the median relative amplitudes of the different indicators. For stars that trigger our automatic detection, this leads to the highest amplitude variation in R′HK, followed by pEW(Hα), pEW(CaII IRT), and the TiO index. © The Authors 2023., B.F. acknowledges funding by the DFG under Schm 1032/69-1. CARMENES is an instrument for the Centro Astronómico Hispanoen Andalucía de Calar Alto (CAHA, Almería, Spain). We acknowledge financial support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) through the priority programme SPP 1992 “Exploring the Diversity of Extra-solar Planets” (JE 701/5-1), and from the Agencia Estatal de Investigación 10.13039/501100011033 of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and the ERDF “A way of making Europe” through projects PID2019-109522GB- C5[1:4], PGC2018-098153-B-C33, and the Centre of Excellence “Severo Ochoa” and “María de Maeztu” awards to the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (CEX2019-000920-S), Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709), and Centro de Astrobiología (MDM-2017-0737), and the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. CARMENES is funded by the German Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG), the Spanish Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), the European Union through FEDER/ERF FICTS-2011-02 funds, and the members of the CARMENES Consortium (Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Landessternwarte Königstuhl, Institut de Ciències de l'Espai, Institut für Astrophysik Göttingen, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Hamburger Sternwarte, Centro de Astrobiología and Centro Astronómico Hispano-Alemán), with additional contributions by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, the German Science Foundation through the Major Research Instrumentation Programme and DFG Research Unit FOR2544 “Blue Planets around Red Stars”, the Klaus Tschira Stiftung, the states of Baden-Württemberg and Niedersachsen, and by the Junta de Andalucía., With funding from the Spanish government through the "Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence" accreditation (CEX2021-001131-S).
Published: 2023

19. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Line-by-line sensitivity to activity in M dwarfs

Author: Lafarga, M., primary, Ribas, I., additional, Zechmeister, M., additional, Reiners, A., additional, López-Gallifa, Á., additional, Montes, D., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Azzaro, M., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Kürster, M., additional, Schöfer, P., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, and M, H., additional
Published: 2023
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20. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs

Author: Fuhrmeister, B., primary, Czesla, S., additional, Perdelwitz, V., additional, Nagel, E., additional, Schmitt, J. H. M. M., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Zechmeister, M., additional, Montes, D., additional, Reiners, A., additional, López-Gallifa, Á., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Galadí-Enríquez, D., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Danielski, C., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Kürster, M., additional, Morales, J. C., additional, and Zapatero Osorio, M. R., additional
Published: 2023
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21. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs

Author: Ribas, I., primary, Reiners, A., additional, Zechmeister, M., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Morales, J. C., additional, Sabotta, S., additional, Baroch, D., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Abril, M., additional, Aceituno, J., additional, Anglada-Escudé, G., additional, Azzaro, M., additional, Barrado, D., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Benítez de Haro, D., additional, Bergond, G., additional, Bluhm, P., additional, Calvo Ortega, R., additional, Cardona Guillén, C., additional, Chaturvedi, P., additional, Cifuentes, C., additional, Colomé, J., additional, Cont, D., additional, Cortés-Contreras, M., additional, Czesla, S., additional, Díez-Alonso, E., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, Duque-Arribas, C., additional, Espinoza, N., additional, Fernández, M., additional, Fuhrmeister, B., additional, Galadí-Enríquez, D., additional, García-López, A., additional, González-Álvarez, E., additional, González Hernández, J. I., additional, Guenther, E. W., additional, de Guindos, E., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Herrero, E., additional, Hintz, D., additional, Huelmo, Á. L., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Johnson, E. N., additional, de Juan, E., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Kemmer, J., additional, Khaimova, J., additional, Khalafinejad, S., additional, Kossakowski, D., additional, Kürster, M., additional, Labarga, F., additional, Lafarga, M., additional, Lalitha, S., additional, Lampón, M., additional, Lillo-Box, J., additional, Lodieu, N., additional, López González, M. J., additional, López-Puertas, M., additional, Luque, R., additional, Magán, H., additional, Mancini, L., additional, Marfil, E., additional, Martín, E. L., additional, Martín-Ruiz, S., additional, Molaverdikhani, K., additional, Montes, D., additional, Nagel, E., additional, Nortmann, L., additional, Nowak, G., additional, Pallé, E., additional, Passegger, V. M., additional, Pavlov, A., additional, Pedraz, S., additional, Perdelwitz, V., additional, Perger, M., additional, Ramón-Ballesta, A., additional, Reffert, S., additional, Revilla, D., additional, Rodríguez, E., additional, Rodríguez-López, C., additional, Sadegi, S., additional, Sánchez Carrasco, M. Á., additional, Sánchez-López, A., additional, Sanz-Forcada, J., additional, Schäfer, S., additional, Schlecker, M., additional, Schmitt, J. H. M. M., additional, Schöfer, P., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, Seifert, W., additional, Shan, Y., additional, Skrzypinski, S. L., additional, Solano, E., additional, Stahl, O., additional, Stangret, M., additional, Stock, S., additional, Stürmer, J., additional, Tabernero, H. M., additional, Tal-Or, L., additional, Trifonov, T., additional, Vanaverbeke, S., additional, Yan, F., additional, and Zapatero Osorio, M. R., additional
Published: 2023
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22. Two temperate Earth-mass planets orbiting the nearby star GJ 1002,,

Author: Suárez Mascareño, A., primary, González-Álvarez, E., additional, Zapatero Osorio, M. R., additional, Lillo-Box, J., additional, Faria, J. P., additional, Passegger, V. M., additional, González Hernández, J. I., additional, Figueira, P., additional, Sozzetti, A., additional, Rebolo, R., additional, Pepe, F., additional, Santos, N. C., additional, Cristiani, S., additional, Lovis, C., additional, Silva, A. M., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Zechmeister, M., additional, Adibekyan, V., additional, Alibert, Y., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Benatti, S., additional, D’Odorico, V., additional, Damasso, M., additional, Delisle, J.-B., additional, Di Marcantonio, P., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, Ehrenreich, D., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Hara, N. C., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, López-González, M. J., additional, Martins, C. J. A. P., additional, Micela, G., additional, Montes, D., additional, Pallé, E., additional, Pedraz, S., additional, Rodríguez, E., additional, Rodríguez-López, C., additional, Tal-Or, L., additional, Sousa, S., additional, and Udry, S., additional
Published: 2023
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23. Companions to Kepler giant stars: A long-period eccentric sub-stellar companion to KIC 3526061 and a stellar companion to HD 187878

Author: Karjalainen, Marie, primary, Karjalainen, Raine, additional, Hatzes, Artie P., additional, Lehmann, Holger, additional, Kervella, Pierre, additional, Hekker, Saskia, additional, Van Winckel, Hans, additional, Überlauer, Jakub, additional, Vítková, Michaela, additional, Skarka, Marek, additional, Kabáth, Petr, additional, Prins, Saskia, additional, Tkachenko, Andrew, additional, Cochran, William D., additional, and Jorissen, Alain, additional
Published: 2022
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24. TOI-1468: A system of two transiting planets, a super-Earth and a mini-Neptune, on opposite sides of the radius valley

Author: Chaturvedi, P., primary, Bluhm, P., additional, Nagel, E., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Morello, G., additional, Brady, M., additional, Korth, J., additional, Molaverdikhani, K., additional, Kossakowski, D., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Guenther, E. W., additional, Pallé, E., additional, Espinoza, N., additional, Seifahrt, A., additional, Lodieu, N., additional, Cifuentes, C., additional, Furlan, E., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Barclay, T., additional, Bean, J., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Bergond, G., additional, Boyle, A. W., additional, Ciardi, D., additional, Collins, K. A., additional, Collins, K. I., additional, Esparza-Borges, E., additional, Fukui, A., additional, Gnilka, C. L., additional, Goeke, R., additional, Guerra, P., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Herrero, E., additional, Howell, S. B., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Jenkins, J. M., additional, Jensen, E. L. N., additional, Kasper, D., additional, Kodama, T., additional, Latham, D. W., additional, López-González, M. J., additional, Luque, R., additional, Montes, D., additional, Morales, J. C., additional, Mori, M., additional, Murgas, F., additional, Narita, N., additional, Nowak, G., additional, Parviainen, H., additional, Passegger, V. M., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Reffert, S., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Ricker, G. R., additional, Rodriguez, E., additional, Rodríguez-López, C., additional, Schlecker, M., additional, Schwarz, R. P., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, Seager, S., additional, Stefánsson, G., additional, Stockdale, C., additional, Tal-Or, L., additional, Twicken, J. D., additional, Vanaverbeke, S., additional, Wang, G., additional, Watanabe, D., additional, Winn, J. N., additional, and Zechmeister, M., additional
Published: 2022
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25. Precise mass determination for the keystone sub-Neptune planet transiting the mid-type M dwarf G 9-40

Author: Luque, R., primary, Nowak, G., additional, Hirano, T., additional, Kossakowski, D., additional, Pallé, E., additional, Nixon, M. C., additional, Morello, G., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Albrecht, S. H., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Cifuentes, C., additional, Cochran, W. D., additional, Deeg, H. J., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, Esparza-Borges, E., additional, Fukui, A., additional, Gandolfi, D., additional, Goffo, E., additional, Guenther, E. W., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Henning, T., additional, Kabath, P., additional, Kawauchi, K., additional, Korth, J., additional, Kotani, T., additional, Kudo, T., additional, Kuzuhara, M., additional, Lafarga, M., additional, Lam, K. W. F., additional, Livingston, J., additional, Morales, J. C., additional, Muresan, A., additional, Murgas, F., additional, Narita, N., additional, Osborne, H. L. M., additional, Parviainen, H., additional, Passegger, V. M., additional, Persson, C. M., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Redfield, S., additional, Reffert, S., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Serrano, L. M., additional, Tamura, M., additional, Van Eylen, V., additional, Watanabe, N., additional, and Osorio, M. R. Zapatero, additional
Published: 2022
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26. A quarter century of spectroscopic monitoring of the nearby M dwarf Gl 514

Author: Damasso, M., primary, Perger, M., additional, Almenara, J. M., additional, Nardiello, D., additional, Pérez-Torres, M., additional, Sozzetti, A., additional, Hara, N. C., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Bonfils, X., additional, Zapatero Osorio, M. R., additional, Astudillo-Defru, N., additional, González Hernández, J. I., additional, Suárez Mascareno, A., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Forveille, T., additional, Lillo-Box, J., additional, Alibert, Y., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Cifuentes, C., additional, Delfosse, X., additional, Figueira, P., additional, Galadí-Enríquez, D., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Mayor, M., additional, Murgas, F., additional, Montes, D., additional, Pinamonti, M., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, and Zechmeister, M., additional
Published: 2022
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27. TOI-2196 b: Rare planet in the hot Neptune desert transiting a G-type star

Author: Persson, Carina M., primary, Georgieva, Iskra Y., additional, Gandolfi, Davide, additional, Acuna, Lorena, additional, Aguichine, Artem, additional, Muresan, Alexandra, additional, Guenther, Eike, additional, Livingston, John, additional, Collins, Karen A., additional, Dai, Fei, additional, Fridlund, Malcolm, additional, Goffo, Elisa, additional, Jenkins, James S., additional, Kabáth, Petr, additional, Korth, Judith, additional, Levine, Alan M., additional, Serrano, Luisa M., additional, Vines, José, additional, Barragan, Oscar, additional, Carleo, Ilaria, additional, Colon, Knicole D., additional, Cochran, William D., additional, Christiansen, Jessie L., additional, Deeg, Hans J., additional, Deleuil, Magali, additional, Dragomir, Diana, additional, Esposito, Massimiliamo, additional, Gan, Tianjun, additional, Grziwa, Sascha, additional, Hatzes, Artie P., additional, Hesse, Katharine, additional, Horne, Keith, additional, Jenkins, Jon M., additional, Kielkopf, John F., additional, Klagyivik, P., additional, Lam, Kristine W. F., additional, Latham, David W., additional, Luque, Rafa, additional, Orell-Miquel, Jaume, additional, Mortier, Annelies, additional, Mousis, Olivier, additional, Narita, Noria, additional, Osborne, Hannah L. M., additional, Palle, Enric, additional, Papini, Riccardo, additional, Ricker, George R., additional, Schmerling, Hendrik, additional, Seager, Sara, additional, Stassun, Keivan G., additional, Van Eylen, Vincent, additional, Vanderspek, Roland, additional, Wang, Gavin, additional, Winn, Joshua N., additional, Wohler, Bill, additional, Zambelli, Roberto, additional, and Ziegler, Carl, additional
Published: 2022
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28. A detailed analysis of the Gl 486 planetary system

Author: Caballero, J. A., primary, González-Álvarez, E., additional, Brady, M., additional, Trifonov, T., additional, Ellis, T. G., additional, Dorn, C., additional, Cifuentes, C., additional, Molaverdikhani, K., additional, Bean, J. L., additional, Boyajian, T., additional, Rodríguez, E., additional, Sanz-Forcada, J., additional, Zapatero Osorio, M. R., additional, Abia, C., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Anugu, N., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Davies, C. L., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, Dubois, F., additional, Ennis, J., additional, Espinoza, N., additional, Farrington, C. D., additional, López, A. García, additional, Gardner, T., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Herrero, E., additional, Herrero-Cisneros, E., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Kasper, D., additional, Klement, R., additional, Kraus, S., additional, Labdon, A., additional, Lanthermann, C., additional, Le Bouquin, J.-B., additional, González, M. J. López, additional, Luque, R., additional, Mann, A. W., additional, Marfil, E., additional, Monnier, J. D., additional, Montes, D., additional, Morales, J. C., additional, Pallé, E., additional, Pedraz, S., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Reffert, S., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Rodríguez-López, C., additional, Schaefer, G., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, Seifahrt, A., additional, Setterholm, B. R., additional, Shan, Y., additional, Shulyak, D., additional, Solano, E., additional, Sreenivas, K. R., additional, Stefánsson, G., additional, Stürmer, J., additional, Tabernero, H. M., additional, Tal-Or, L., additional, ten Brummelaar, T., additional, Vanaverbeke, S., additional, von Braun, K., additional, Youngblood, A., additional, and Zechmeister, M., additional
Published: 2022
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29. The HD 260655 system: Two rocky worlds transiting a bright M dwarf at 10 pc

Author: Luque, R., primary, Fulton, B. J., additional, Kunimoto, M., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Gorrini, P., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, Hellier, C., additional, Henry, G. W., additional, Molaverdikhani, K., additional, Morello, G., additional, Peña-Moñino, L., additional, Pérez-Torres, M., additional, Pozuelos, F. J., additional, Shan, Y., additional, Anglada-Escudé, G., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Bergond, G., additional, Boyle, A. W., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Charbonneau, D., additional, Ciardi, D. R., additional, Dufoer, S., additional, Espinoza, N., additional, Everett, M., additional, Fischer, D., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Hesse, K., additional, Howard, A. W., additional, Howell, S. B., additional, Isaacson, H., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Jenkins, J. M., additional, Kane, S. R., additional, Kemmer, J., additional, Khalafinejad, S., additional, Kidwell, R. C., additional, Kossakowski, D., additional, Latham, D. W., additional, Lillo-Box, J., additional, Lissauer, J. J., additional, Montes, D., additional, Orell-Miquel, J., additional, Pallé, E., additional, Pollacco, D., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Reffert, S., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Ricker, G. R., additional, Rogers, L. A., additional, Sanz-Forcada, J., additional, Schlecker, M., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, Seager, S., additional, Shporer, A., additional, Stassun, K. G., additional, Stock, S., additional, Tal-Or, L., additional, Ting, E. B., additional, Trifonov, T., additional, Vanaverbeke, S., additional, Vanderspek, R., additional, Villaseñor, J., additional, Winn, J. N., additional, Winters, J. G., additional, and Zapatero Osorio, M. R., additional
Published: 2022
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30. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs

Author: Jeffers, S. V., primary, Barnes, J. R., additional, Schöfer, P., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Zechmeister, M., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Fernández, M., additional, Rodríguez, E., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Cardona Guillén, C., additional, Cifuentes, C., additional, Czesla, S., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Kürster, M., additional, Montes, D., additional, Morales, J. C., additional, Pedraz, S., additional, and Sadegi, S., additional
Published: 2022
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31. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: Stable radial-velocity variations at the rotation period of AD Leonis: A test case study of current limitations to treating stellar activity

Author: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Kossakowski, D., Kürster, M., Henning, Thomas, Trifonov, T., Caballero, J. A., Lafarga, M., Bauer, Florian Franz, Stock, S., Kemmer, J., Jeffers, Sandra V., Amado, Pedro J., Pérez-Torres, Miguel A., Béjar, Victor J. S., Cortés-Contreras, M., Ribas, Ignasi, Reiners, Ansgar, Quirrenbach, Andreas, Aceituno, Jesús, Baroch, David, Cifuentes, C., Dreizler, S., Hatzes, Artie P., Kaminski, A., Montes, D., Morales, Juan Carlos, Pavlov, A., Peña-Moñino, Luis, Perdelwitz, Volker, Reffert, S., Revilla, D., Rodríguez López, C., Rosich, A., Sadegi, S., Sanz-Forcada, J., Schöfer, P., Schweitzer, Andreas, Zechmeister, Mathias, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Kossakowski, D., Kürster, M., Henning, Thomas, Trifonov, T., Caballero, J. A., Lafarga, M., Bauer, Florian Franz, Stock, S., Kemmer, J., Jeffers, Sandra V., Amado, Pedro J., Pérez-Torres, Miguel A., Béjar, Victor J. S., Cortés-Contreras, M., Ribas, Ignasi, Reiners, Ansgar, Quirrenbach, Andreas, Aceituno, Jesús, Baroch, David, Cifuentes, C., Dreizler, S., Hatzes, Artie P., Kaminski, A., Montes, D., Morales, Juan Carlos, Pavlov, A., Peña-Moñino, Luis, Perdelwitz, Volker, Reffert, S., Revilla, D., Rodríguez López, C., Rosich, A., Sadegi, S., Sanz-Forcada, J., Schöfer, P., Schweitzer, Andreas, and Zechmeister, Mathias
Abstract: Context. A challenge with radial-velocity (RV) data is disentangling the origin of signals either due to a planetary companion or to stellar activity. In fact, the existence of a planetary companion has been proposed, as well as contested, around the relatively bright, nearby M3.0 V star AD Leo at the same period as the stellar rotation of 2.23 days. Aims. We further investigate the nature of this signal. We introduce new CARMENES optical and near-IR RV data and an analysis in combination with archival data taken by HIRES and HARPS, along with more recent data from HARPS-N, GIANO-B, and HPF. Additionally, we address the confusion concerning the binarity of AD Leo. Methods. We consider possible correlations between the RVs and various stellar activity indicators accessible with CARMENES. We additionally applied models within a Bayesian framework to determine whether a Keplerian model, a red-noise quasi-periodic model using a Gaussian process, or a mixed model would explain the observed data best. We also exclusively focus on spectral lines potentially associated with stellar activity. Results. The CARMENES RV data agree with the previously reported periodicity of 2.23 days, correlate with some activity indicators, and exhibit chromaticity. However, when considering the entire RV data set, we find that a mixed model composed of a stable and a variable component performs best. Moreover, when recomputing the RVs using only spectral lines insensitive to activity, there appears to be some residual power at the period of interest. We therefore conclude that it is not possible to determinedly prove that there is no planet orbiting in synchronization with the stellar rotation given our data, current tools, machinery, and knowledge of how stellar activity affects RVs. We do rule out planets more massive than 27 M⊕ (=0.084 MJup). Likewise, we exclude any binary companion around AD Leo with M sin i greater than 3–6 MJup on orbital periods <14 yr. © D. Kossakowski et al. 2022.
Published: 2022

32. Precise mass determination for the keystone sub-Neptune planet transiting the mid-type M dwarf G 9-40

Author: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Luque, Alejandro, Nowak, G., Hirano, T., Kossakowski, D., Pallé, Enric, Nixon, M. C., Morello, G., Amado, Pedro J., Albrecht, S., Caballero, J. A., Cifuentes, C., Cochran, W.D., Deeg, H. J., Dreizler, S., Esparza-Borges, E., Fukui, A., Gandolfi, D., Goffo, E., Guenther, E. W., Hatzes, Artie P., Henning, Thomas, Kabath, P., Kawauchi, K., Korth, J., Kotani, T., Kudo, T., Kuzuhara, M., Lafarga, M., Lam, K. W. F., Livingston, J., Morales, Juan Carlos, Muresan, A., Murgas, F., Narita, N., Osborne, H. L. M., Parviainen, H., Passegger, V.M., Persson, C.M., Quirrenbach, Andreas, Redfield, S., Reffert, S., Reiners, Ansgar, Ribas, Ignasi, Serrano, L. M., Tamura, M., Van Eylen, V., Watanabe, N., Zapatero Osorio, María Rosa, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Luque, Alejandro, Nowak, G., Hirano, T., Kossakowski, D., Pallé, Enric, Nixon, M. C., Morello, G., Amado, Pedro J., Albrecht, S., Caballero, J. A., Cifuentes, C., Cochran, W.D., Deeg, H. J., Dreizler, S., Esparza-Borges, E., Fukui, A., Gandolfi, D., Goffo, E., Guenther, E. W., Hatzes, Artie P., Henning, Thomas, Kabath, P., Kawauchi, K., Korth, J., Kotani, T., Kudo, T., Kuzuhara, M., Lafarga, M., Lam, K. W. F., Livingston, J., Morales, Juan Carlos, Muresan, A., Murgas, F., Narita, N., Osborne, H. L. M., Parviainen, H., Passegger, V.M., Persson, C.M., Quirrenbach, Andreas, Redfield, S., Reffert, S., Reiners, Ansgar, Ribas, Ignasi, Serrano, L. M., Tamura, M., Van Eylen, V., Watanabe, N., and Zapatero Osorio, María Rosa
Abstract: Context. Despite being a prominent subset of the exoplanet population discovered in the past three decades, the nature and provenance of sub-Neptune-sized planets is still one of the open questions in exoplanet science. Aims. For planets orbiting bright stars, precisely measuring the orbital and planet parameters of the system is the best approach to distinguish between competing theories regarding their formation and evolution. Methods. We obtained 69 new radial velocity observations of the mid-M dwarf G 9–40 with the CARMENES instrument to measure for the first time the mass of its transiting sub-Neptune planet, G 9–40 b, discovered in data from the K2 mission. Results. Combined with new observations from the TESS mission during Sectors 44, 45, and 46, we are able to measure the radius of the planet to an uncertainty of 3.4% (Rb = 1.900 ± 0.065 R⊕) and determine its mass with a precision of 16% (Mb = 4.00 ± 0.63 M⊕). The resulting bulk density of the planet is inconsistent with a terrestrial composition and suggests the presence of either a water-rich core or a significant hydrogen-rich envelope. Conclusions. G 9–40 b is referred to as a keystone planet due to its location in period-radius space within the radius valley. Several theories offer explanations for the origin and properties of this population and this planet is a valuable target for testing the dependence of those models on stellar host mass. By virtue of its brightness and small size of the host, it joins L 98-59 d as one of the two best warm (Teq ~ 400 K) sub-Neptunes for atmospheric characterization with JWST, which will probe cloud formation in sub-Neptune-sized planets and break the degeneracies of internal composition models. © R. Luque et al. 2022.
Published: 2022

33. A quarter century of spectroscopic monitoring of the nearby M dwarf Gl 514. A super-Earth on an eccentric orbit moving in and out of the habitable zone

Author: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Damasso, M., Perger, M., Almenara, J. M., Nardiello, D., Pérez-Torres, Miguel A., Sozzetti, Alessandro, Hara, N. C., Quirrenbach, Andreas, Bonfils, Xavier, Zapatero Osorio, María Rosa, Astudillo-Defru, Nicola, González Hernández, Jonay I., Suárez Mascareño, A., Amado, Pedro J., Forveille, T., Lillo-Box, Jorge, Alibert, Y., Caballero, J. A., Cifuentes, C., Delfosse, X., Figueira, P., Galadí-Enriquez, D., Hatzes, Artie P., Henning, Thomas, Kaminski, A., Mayor, M., Murgas, F., Montes, D., Pinamonti, M., Reiners, Ansgar, Ribas, Ignasi, Béjar, Victor J. S., Schweitzer, Andreas, Zechmeister, Mathias, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Damasso, M., Perger, M., Almenara, J. M., Nardiello, D., Pérez-Torres, Miguel A., Sozzetti, Alessandro, Hara, N. C., Quirrenbach, Andreas, Bonfils, Xavier, Zapatero Osorio, María Rosa, Astudillo-Defru, Nicola, González Hernández, Jonay I., Suárez Mascareño, A., Amado, Pedro J., Forveille, T., Lillo-Box, Jorge, Alibert, Y., Caballero, J. A., Cifuentes, C., Delfosse, X., Figueira, P., Galadí-Enriquez, D., Hatzes, Artie P., Henning, Thomas, Kaminski, A., Mayor, M., Murgas, F., Montes, D., Pinamonti, M., Reiners, Ansgar, Ribas, Ignasi, Béjar, Victor J. S., Schweitzer, Andreas, and Zechmeister, Mathias
Abstract: Context. Statistical analyses based on Kepler data show that most of the early-type M dwarfs host multi-planet systems consisting of Earth- to sub-Neptune-sized planets with orbital periods of up to ~250 days, and that at least one such planet is likely located within the habitable zone. M dwarfs are therefore primary targets to search for potentially habitable planets in the solar neighbourhood. Aims. We investigated the presence of planetary companions around the nearby (7.6 pc) and bright (V = 9 mag) early-type M dwarf Gl 514, analysing 540 radial velocities collected over nearly 25 yr with the HIRES, HARPS, and CARMENES spectrographs. Methods. The data are affected by time-correlated signals at the level of 2–3 m s−1 due to stellar activity, which we filtered out, testing three different models based on Gaussian process regression. As a sanity cross-check, we repeated the analyses using HARPS radial velocities extracted with three different algorithms. We used HIRES radial velocities and Hipparcos-Gaia astrometry to put constraints on the presence of long-period companions, and we analysed TESS photometric data. Results. We find strong evidence that Gl 514 hosts a super-Earth on a likely eccentric orbit, residing in the conservative habitable zone for nearly 34% of its orbital period. The planet Gl 514b has minimum mass mb sin ib = 5.2 ± 0.9 M⊕, orbital period Pb = 140.43 ± 0.41 days, and eccentricity eb = 0.45−0.14+0.15. No evidence for transits is found in the TESS light curve. There is no evidence for a longer period companion in the radial velocities and, based on astrometry, we can rule out a ~0.2 MJup planet at a distance of ~3–10 astronomical units, and massive giant planets and brown dwarfs out to several tens of astronomical units. We discuss the possible presence of a second low-mass companion at a shorter distance from the host than Gl 514 b. Conclusions. Gl 514 b represents an interesting science case for studying the habitability of planets on eccen
Published: 2022

34. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: Benchmarking the impact of activity in high-precision radial velocity measurements

Author: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Jeffers, Sandra V., Barnes, John R., Schöfer, P., Quirrenbach, Andreas, Zechmeister, Mathias, Amado, Pedro J., Caballero, J. A., Fernández, Matilde, Rodríguez Martínez, Eloy, Ribas, Ignasi, Reiners, Ansgar, Cardona Guillén, C., Cifuentes, C., Czesla, S., Hatzes, Artie P., Kürster, M., Montes, D., Morales, Juan Carlos, Pedraz, S., Sadegi, S., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Jeffers, Sandra V., Barnes, John R., Schöfer, P., Quirrenbach, Andreas, Zechmeister, Mathias, Amado, Pedro J., Caballero, J. A., Fernández, Matilde, Rodríguez Martínez, Eloy, Ribas, Ignasi, Reiners, Ansgar, Cardona Guillén, C., Cifuentes, C., Czesla, S., Hatzes, Artie P., Kürster, M., Montes, D., Morales, Juan Carlos, Pedraz, S., and Sadegi, S.
Abstract: Context. Current exoplanet surveys using the radial velocity (RV) technique are targeting M dwarfs because any habitable zone terrestrial-mass planets will induce a high RV and orbit on shorter periods than for more massive stars. One of the main caveats is that M dwarfs show a wide range of activity levels from inactive to very active, which can induce an asymmetry in the line profiles and, consequently, a spurious RV measurement. Aims. We aim to benchmark the impact of stellar activity on high-precision RV measurements using regular-cadence CARMENES visible and near-infrared observations of the active M3.5 dwarf EV Lac. Methods. We used the newly developed technique of low-resolution Doppler imaging to determine the centre-of-light, or spot-induced RV component, for eight observational epochs. Results. We confirm a statistically significant and strong correlation between the independently measured centre-of-light and the chromatic index, which is a measure of the amplitude variation with wavelength of the RVs. We also find circular “closed-loop” relations of several activity indices with RV for a subset of data that covers only several rotation periods. We also investigate the implications of large phase gaps in the periodograms of activity indicators. Finally, by removing the spot-induced RV component we improve the planet-mass sensitivity by a factor of at least three. Conclusions. We conclude that for active M stars, a regular-cadence observing strategy is the most efficient way to identify and eliminate sources of correlated noise. © S. V. Jeffers et al. 2022.
Published: 2022

35. A multi-planetary system orbiting the early-M dwarf TOI-1238

Author: European Commission, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), González-Álvarez, E., Zapatero Osorio, María Rosa, Sanz-Forcada, J., Caballero, J. A., Reffert, S., Béjar, Victor J. S., Hatzes, Artie P., Herrero, E., Jeffers, Sandra V., Kemmer, J., López González, Maria J., Luque, R., Molaverdikhani, K., Morello, G., Nagel, Evangelos, Quirrenbach, Andreas, Rodríguez Martínez, Eloy, Rodríguez-López, Cristina, Schlecker, M., Schweitzer, Andreas, Stock, S., Passegger, V.M., Trifonov, T., Amado, Pedro J., Baker, D., Boyd, P. T., Cadieux, Charles, Charbonneau, David, Collins, Karen A., Doyon, R., Dreizler, S., Espinoza, Néstor, Fűrész, G., Furlan, E., Hesse, K., Howell, S.B., Jenkins, Jon M., Kidwell, R. C., Latham, David W., McLeod, K. K., Montes, D., Morales, Juan Carlos, O'Dwyer, T., Pallé, Enric, Pedraz, S., Reiners, Ansgar, Ribas, Ignasi, Quinn, S. N., Schnaible, C., Seager, S., Skinner, B., Smith, J. C., Schwarz, R. P., Shporer, A., Vanderspek, R., Winn, J. N., European Commission, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), González-Álvarez, E., Zapatero Osorio, María Rosa, Sanz-Forcada, J., Caballero, J. A., Reffert, S., Béjar, Victor J. S., Hatzes, Artie P., Herrero, E., Jeffers, Sandra V., Kemmer, J., López González, Maria J., Luque, R., Molaverdikhani, K., Morello, G., Nagel, Evangelos, Quirrenbach, Andreas, Rodríguez Martínez, Eloy, Rodríguez-López, Cristina, Schlecker, M., Schweitzer, Andreas, Stock, S., Passegger, V.M., Trifonov, T., Amado, Pedro J., Baker, D., Boyd, P. T., Cadieux, Charles, Charbonneau, David, Collins, Karen A., Doyon, R., Dreizler, S., Espinoza, Néstor, Fűrész, G., Furlan, E., Hesse, K., Howell, S.B., Jenkins, Jon M., Kidwell, R. C., Latham, David W., McLeod, K. K., Montes, D., Morales, Juan Carlos, O'Dwyer, T., Pallé, Enric, Pedraz, S., Reiners, Ansgar, Ribas, Ignasi, Quinn, S. N., Schnaible, C., Seager, S., Skinner, B., Smith, J. C., Schwarz, R. P., Shporer, A., Vanderspek, R., and Winn, J. N.
Abstract: Context. The number of super-Earth and Earth-mass planet discoveries has increased significantly in the last two decades thanks to the Doppler radial velocity and planetary transit observing techniques. Either technique can detect planet candidates on its own, but the power of a combined photometric and spectroscopic analysis is unique for an insightful characterization of the planets, which in turn has repercussions for our understanding of the architecture of planetary systems and, therefore, their formation and evolution. Aims. Two transiting planet candidates with super-Earth radii around the nearby (d = 70.64 ± 0.06 pc) K7–M0 dwarf star TOI-1238 were announced by NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), which observed the field of TOI-1238 in four different sectors. We aim to validate their planetary nature using precise radial velocities taken with the CARMENES spectrograph. Methods. We obtained 55 CARMENES radial velocity measurements that span the 11 months between 9 May 2020 and 5 April 2021. For a better characterization of the parent star’s activity, we also collected contemporaneous optical photometric observations at the Joan Oró and Sierra Nevada observatories and retrieved archival photometry from the literature. We performed a combined TESS+CARMENES photometric and spectroscopic analysis by including Gaussian processes and Keplerian orbits to account for the stellar activity and planetary signals simultaneously. Results. We estimate that TOI-1238 has a rotation period of 40 ± 5 d based on photometric and spectroscopic data. The combined analysis confirms the discovery of two transiting planets, TOI-1238 b and c, with orbital periods of 0.764597−0.000011+0.000013 d and 3.294736−0.000036+0.000034 d, masses of 3.76−1.07+1.15 M⊕ and 8.32−1.88+1.90 M⊕, and radii of 1.21−0.10+0.11 R⊕ and 2.11−0.14+0.14 R⊕. They orbit their parent star at semimajor axes of 0.0137 ± 0.0004 au and 0.036 ± 0.001 au, respectively.The two planets are placed on opposi
Published: 2022

36. Metallicities in M dwarfs: Investigating different determination techniques

Author: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), European Commission, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Passegger, V.M., Bello-García, A., Ordieres-Meré, J., Antoniadis-Karnavas, A., Marfil, E., Duque-Arribas, C., Amado, Pedro J., Delgado-Mena, E., Montes, D., Rojas-Ayala, B., Schweitzer, Andreas, Tabernero, H. M., Béjar, Victor J. S., Caballero, J. A., Hatzes, Artie P., Henning, Thomas, Pedraz, S., Quirrenbach, Andreas, Reiners, Ansgar, Ribas, Ignasi, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), European Commission, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Passegger, V.M., Bello-García, A., Ordieres-Meré, J., Antoniadis-Karnavas, A., Marfil, E., Duque-Arribas, C., Amado, Pedro J., Delgado-Mena, E., Montes, D., Rojas-Ayala, B., Schweitzer, Andreas, Tabernero, H. M., Béjar, Victor J. S., Caballero, J. A., Hatzes, Artie P., Henning, Thomas, Pedraz, S., Quirrenbach, Andreas, Reiners, Ansgar, and Ribas, Ignasi
Abstract: Deriving metallicities for solar-like stars follows well-established methods, but for cooler stars such as M dwarfs, the determination is much more complicated due to forests of molecular lines that are present. Several methods have been developed in recent years to determine accurate stellar parameters for these cool stars (Teff ≲ 4000 K). However, significant differences can be found at times when comparing metallicities for the same star derived using different methods. In this work, we determine the effective temperatures, surface gravities, and metallicities of 18 well-studied M dwarfs observed with the CARMENES high-resolution spectrograph following different approaches, including synthetic spectral fitting, analysis of pseudo-equivalent widths, and machine learning. We analyzed the discrepancies in the derived stellar parameters, including metallicity, in several analysis runs. Our goal is to minimize these discrepancies and find stellar parameters that are more consistent with the literature values. We attempted to achieve this consistency by standardizing the most commonly used components, such as wavelength ranges, synthetic model spectra, continuum normalization methods, and stellar parameters. We conclude that although such modifications work quite well for hotter main-sequence stars, they do not improve the consistency in stellar parameters for M dwarfs, leading to mean deviations of around 50–200 K in temperature and 0.1–0.3 dex in metallicity. In particular, M dwarfs are much more complex and a standardization of the aforementioned components cannot be considered as a straightforward recipe for bringing consistency to the derived parameters. Further in-depth investigations of the employed methods would be necessary in order to identify and correct for the discrepancies that remain. © ESO 2022.
Published: 2022

37. A tentative detection of He I in the atmosphere of GJ 1214 b

Author: Orell-Miquel, J., primary, Murgas, F., additional, Pallé, E., additional, Lampón, M., additional, López-Puertas, M., additional, Sanz-Forcada, J., additional, Nagel, E., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Casasayas-Barris, N., additional, Nortmann, L., additional, Luque, R., additional, Molaverdikhani, K., additional, Sedaghati, E., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Bergond, G., additional, Czesla, S., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Khalafinejad, S., additional, Montes, D., additional, Morello, G., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Sánchez-López, A., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, Stangret, M., additional, Yan, F., additional, and Zapatero Osorio, M. R., additional
Published: 2022
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38. Discovery and mass measurement of the hot, transiting, Earth-sized planet, GJ 3929 b

Author: Kemmer, J., primary, Dreizler, S., additional, Kossakowski, D., additional, Stock, S., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Collins, K. A., additional, Espinoza, N., additional, Herrero, E., additional, Jenkins, J. M., additional, Latham, D. W., additional, Lillo-Box, J., additional, Narita, N., additional, Pallé, E., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Ricker, G., additional, Rodríguez, E., additional, Seager, S., additional, Vanderspek, R., additional, Wells, R., additional, Winn, J., additional, Aceituno, F. J., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Barclay, T., additional, Bluhm, P., additional, Chaturvedi, P., additional, Cifuentes, C., additional, Collins, K. I., additional, Cortés-Contreras, M., additional, Demory, B.-O., additional, Fausnaugh, M. M., additional, Fukui, A., additional, Gómez Maqueo Chew, Y., additional, Galadí-Enríquez, D., additional, Gan, T., additional, Gillon, M., additional, Golovin, A., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Huang, C., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Kunimoto, M., additional, Kürster, M., additional, López-González, M. J., additional, Lafarga, M., additional, Luque, R., additional, McCormac, J., additional, Molaverdikhani, K., additional, Montes, D., additional, Morales, J. C., additional, Passegger, V. M., additional, Reffert, S., additional, Sabin, L., additional, Schöfer, P., additional, Schanche, N., additional, Schlecker, M., additional, Schroffenegger, U., additional, Schwarz, R. P., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, Sota, A., additional, Tenenbaum, P., additional, Trifonov, T., additional, Vanaverbeke, S., additional, and Zechmeister, M., additional
Published: 2022
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39. V.3 Present and future space missions for ultra-precision photometry

Author: Hatzes, A. P., primary, Weiss, W. W., additional, Rauer, H., additional, and Grotsch-Noels, A., additional
Published: 2016
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40. Metallicities in M dwarfs: Investigating different determination techniques

Author: Passegger, V. M., primary, Bello-García, A., additional, Ordieres-Meré, J., additional, Antoniadis-Karnavas, A., additional, Marfil, E., additional, Duque-Arribas, C., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Delgado-Mena, E., additional, Montes, D., additional, Rojas-Ayala, B., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, Tabernero, H. M., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Pedraz, S., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Reiners, A., additional, and Ribas, I., additional
Published: 2022
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41. A multi-planetary system orbiting the early-M dwarf TOI-1238

Author: González-Álvarez, E., primary, Zapatero Osorio, M. R., additional, Sanz-Forcada, J., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Reffert, S., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Herrero, E., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Kemmer, J., additional, López-González, M. J., additional, Luque, R., additional, Molaverdikhani, K., additional, Morello, G., additional, Nagel, E., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Rodríguez, E., additional, Rodríguez-López, C., additional, Schlecker, M., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, Stock, S., additional, Passegger, V. M., additional, Trifonov, T., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Baker, D., additional, Boyd, P. T., additional, Cadieux, C., additional, Charbonneau, D., additional, Collins, K. A., additional, Doyon, R., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, Espinoza, N., additional, Fűrész, G., additional, Furlan, E., additional, Hesse, K., additional, Howell, S. B., additional, Jenkins, J. M., additional, Kidwell, R. C., additional, Latham, D. W., additional, McLeod, K. K., additional, Montes, D., additional, Morales, J. C., additional, O’Dwyer, T., additional, Pallé, E., additional, Pedraz, S., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Quinn, S. N., additional, Schnaible, C., additional, Seager, S., additional, Skinner, B., additional, Smith, J. C., additional, Schwarz, R. P., additional, Shporer, A., additional, Vanderspek, R., additional, and Winn, J. N., additional
Published: 2022
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42. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs

Author: Fuhrmeister, B., primary, Czesla, S., additional, Nagel, E., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Schmitt, J. H. M. M., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Shulyak, D., additional, Johnson, E. N., additional, Zechmeister, M., additional, Montes, D., additional, López-Gallifa, Á., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Galadí-Enríquez, D., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Kürster, M., additional, Danielski, C., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Morales, J. C., additional, and Zapatero Osorio, M. R., additional
Published: 2022
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43. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs

Author: Shan, Y., primary, Reiners, A., additional, Fabbian, D., additional, Marfil, E., additional, Montes, D., additional, Tabernero, H. M., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Aceituno, J., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Cortés-Contreras, M., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Kürster, M., additional, Lafarga, M., additional, Morales, J. C., additional, Nagel, E., additional, Pallé, E., additional, Passegger, V. M., additional, Rodriguez-López, C., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, and Zechmeister, M., additional
Published: 2021
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44. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs

Author: Baroch, D., primary, Morales, J. C., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Reffert, S., additional, Cardona Guillén, C., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Anglada-Escudé, G., additional, Colomé, J., additional, Cortés-Contreras, M., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, Galadí-Enríquez, D., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Herrero, E., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Kürster, M., additional, Lafarga, M., additional, Lodieu, N., additional, López-González, M. J., additional, Montes, D., additional, Pallé, E., additional, Perger, M., additional, Pollacco, D., additional, Rodríguez-López, C., additional, Rodríguez, E., additional, Rosich, A., additional, Schöfer, P., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, Shan, Y., additional, Tal-Or, L., additional, and Zechmeister, M., additional
Published: 2021
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45. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs

Author: Sabotta, S., primary, Schlecker, M., additional, Chaturvedi, P., additional, Guenther, E. W., additional, Muñoz Rodríguez, I., additional, Muñoz Sánchez, J. C., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Shan, Y., additional, Reffert, S., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Klahr, H., additional, Morales, J. C., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, Pallé, E., additional, Perger, M., additional, Azzaro, M., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Kürster, M., additional, Lafarga, M., additional, Montes, D., additional, Passegger, V. M., additional, and Zechmeister, M., additional
Published: 2021
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46. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs

Author: Lafarga, M., primary, Ribas, I., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Azzaro, M., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Cortés-Contreras, M., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Kürster, M., additional, Montes, D., additional, Morales, J. C., additional, Oshagh, M., additional, Rodríguez-López, C., additional, Schöfer, P., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, and Zechmeister, M., additional
Published: 2021
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47. Simultaneous photometric and CARMENES spectroscopic monitoring of fast-rotating M dwarf GJ 3270

Author: Johnson, E. N., primary, Czesla, S., additional, Fuhrmeister, B., additional, Schöfer, P., additional, Shan, Y., additional, Cardona Guillén, C., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Lalitha, S., additional, Luque, R., additional, Rodríguez, E., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Tal-Or, L., additional, Zechmeister, M., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Cortés-Contreras, M., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, Fukui, A., additional, López-González, M. J., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Kürster, M., additional, Lafarga, M., additional, Montes, D., additional, Morales, J. C., additional, Murgas, F., additional, Narita, N., additional, Pallé, E., additional, Parviainen, H., additional, Pedraz, S., additional, Pollacco, D., additional, and Sota, A., additional
Published: 2021
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48. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs

Author: Amado, P. J., primary, Bauer, F. F., additional, Rodríguez López, C., additional, Rodríguez, E., additional, Cardona Guillén, C., additional, Perger, M., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, López-González, M. J., additional, Muñoz Rodríguez, I., additional, Pozuelos, F. J., additional, Sánchez-Rivero, A., additional, Schlecker, M., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Almenara, J., additional, Astudillo-Defru, N., additional, Azzaro, M., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Bohemann, R., additional, Bonfils, X., additional, Bouchy, F., additional, Cifuentes, C., additional, Cortés-Contreras, M., additional, Delfosse, X., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, Forveille, T., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Kürster, M., additional, Lafarga, M., additional, Lodieu, N., additional, Lovis, C., additional, Mayor, M., additional, Montes, D., additional, Morales, J. C., additional, Morales, N., additional, Murgas, F., additional, Ortiz, J. L., additional, Pallé, E., additional, Pepe, F., additional, Perdelwitz, V., additional, Pollaco, D., additional, Santos, N. C., additional, Schöfer, P., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, Ségransan, N. C., additional, Shan, Y., additional, Stock, S., additional, Tal-Or, L., additional, Udry, S., additional, Zapatero Osorio, M. R., additional, and Zechmeister, M., additional
Published: 2021
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49. An ultra-short-period transiting super-Earth orbiting the M3 dwarf TOI-1685

Author: Bluhm, P., primary, Pallé, E., additional, Molaverdikhani, K., additional, Kemmer, J., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Kossakowski, D., additional, Stock, S., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Lillo-Box, J., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Soto, M. G., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Brown, P., additional, Cadieux, C., additional, Cloutier, R., additional, Collins, K. A., additional, Collins, K. I., additional, Cortés-Contreras, M., additional, Doyon, R., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, Espinoza, N., additional, Fukui, A., additional, González-Álvarez, E., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Horne, K., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Jenkins, J. M., additional, Jensen, E. L. N., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Kielkopf, J. F., additional, Kusakabe, N., additional, Kürster, M., additional, Lafrenière, D., additional, Luque, R., additional, Murgas, F., additional, Montes, D., additional, Morales, J. C., additional, Narita, N., additional, Passegger, V. M., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Schöfer, P., additional, Reffert, S., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Ricker, G. R., additional, Seager, S., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, Schwarz, R. P., additional, Tamura, M., additional, Trifonov, T., additional, Vanderspek, R., additional, Winn, J., additional, Zechmeister, M., additional, and Zapatero Osorio, M. R., additional
Published: 2021
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50. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Not-so-fine hyperfine-split vanadium lines in cool star spectra

Author: European Commission, Austrian Science Fund, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Shan, Y., Reiners, Ansgar, Fabbian, D., Marfil, E., Montes, D., Tabernero, H. M., Ribas, Ignasi, Caballero, J. A., Quirrenbach, Andreas, Amado, Pedro J., Aceituno, Jesús, Béjar, Victor J. S., Cortés-Contreras, M., Dreizler, S., Hatzes, Artie P., Henning, Thomas, Jeffers, Sandra V., Kaminski, A., Kürster, M., Lafarga, M., Morales, Juan Carlos, Nagel, Evangelos, Pallé, Enric, Passegger, V.M., Rodríguez-López, Cristina, Schweitzer, Andreas, Zechmeister, Mathias, European Commission, Austrian Science Fund, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Shan, Y., Reiners, Ansgar, Fabbian, D., Marfil, E., Montes, D., Tabernero, H. M., Ribas, Ignasi, Caballero, J. A., Quirrenbach, Andreas, Amado, Pedro J., Aceituno, Jesús, Béjar, Victor J. S., Cortés-Contreras, M., Dreizler, S., Hatzes, Artie P., Henning, Thomas, Jeffers, Sandra V., Kaminski, A., Kürster, M., Lafarga, M., Morales, Juan Carlos, Nagel, Evangelos, Pallé, Enric, Passegger, V.M., Rodríguez-López, Cristina, Schweitzer, Andreas, and Zechmeister, Mathias
Abstract: Context. M-dwarf spectra are complex and notoriously difficult to model, posing challenges to understanding their photospheric properties and compositions in depth. Vanadium (V) is an iron-group element whose abundance supposedly closely tracks that of iron, but has origins that are not completely understood. Aims. Our aim is to characterize a series of neutral vanadium atomic absorption lines in the 800-910 nm wavelength region of high signal-to-noise, high-resolution, telluric-corrected M-dwarf spectra from the CARMENES survey. Many of these lines are prominent and exhibit a distinctive broad and flat-bottom shape, which is a result of hyperfine structure (HFS). We investigate the potential and implications of these HFS split lines for abundance analysis of cool stars. Methods. With standard spectral synthesis routines, as provided by the spectroscopy software iSpec and the latest atomic data (including HFS) available from the VALD3 database, we modeled these striking line profiles. We used them to measure V abundances of cool dwarfs. Results. We determined V abundances for 135 early M dwarfs (M0.0 V to M3.5 V) in the CARMENES guaranteed time observations sample. They exhibit a [V/Fe]-[Fe/H] trend consistent with that derived from nearby FG dwarfs. The tight (±0.1 dex) correlation between [V/H] and [Fe/H] suggests the potential application of V as an alternative metallicity indicator in M dwarfs. We also show hints that neglecting to model HFS could partially explain the temperature correlation in V abundance measurements observed in previous studies of samples involving dwarf stars with Teff 5300 K. Conclusions. Our work suggests that HFS can impact certain absorption lines in cool photospheres more severely than in Sun-like ones. Therefore, we advocate that HFS should be carefully treated in abundance studies in stars cooler than ∼5000 K. On the other hand, strong HFS split lines in high-resolution spectra present an opportunity for precision chemical analyses o
Published: 2021

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