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1. Direct imaging and spectroscopy of exoplanets with the ELT/HARMONI high-contrast module

Author

M. Houllé, Jean-François Sauvage, Gilles Otten, Elodie Choquet, Mark W. Phillips, Christoph Mordasini, Noah Schwartz, Isabelle Baraffe, Alexis Carlotti, Alexandre Emsenhuber, Faustine Cantalloube, Arthur Vigan, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, School of Physics and Astronomy [Exeter], University of Exeter, DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Châtillon], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, UK Astronomy Technology Centre (UK ATC), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Bern, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), University of Arizona, Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA), NASA GODDARD INSTITUTE FOR SPACE STUDIES NEW YORK USA, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Langages HUmanités Médiations Apprentissages Interactions Numérique (LHUMAIN), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM), DOTA, ONERA [Salon], ONERA, École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)

Subjects
planets and satellites: detection, [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], 530 Physics, Instrumentation, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, Telescope, Integral field spectrograph, instrumentation: high angular resolution, Planet, law, Extremely Large Telescope, infrared: planetary systems, Adaptive optics, Spectroscopy, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, 520 Astronomy, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Exoplanet, techniques: imaging spectroscopy, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Combining high-contrast imaging with medium-resolution spectroscopy has been shown to significantly boost the direct detection of exoplanets. HARMONI, one of the first-light instruments to be mounted on ESO's ELT, will be equipped with a single-conjugated adaptive optics system to reach the diffraction limit of the ELT in H and K bands, a high-contrast module dedicated to exoplanet imaging, and a medium-resolution (up to R = 17 000) optical and near-infrared integral field spectrograph. Combined together, these systems will provide unprecedented contrast limits at separations between 50 and 400 mas. In this paper, we estimate the capabilities of the HARMONI high-contrast module for the direct detection of young giant exoplanets. We use an end-to-end model of the instrument to simulate observations based on realistic observing scenarios and conditions. We analyze these data with the so-called "molecule mapping" technique combined to a matched-filter approach, in order to disentangle the companions from the host star and tellurics, and increase the S/N of the planetary signal. We detect planets above 5-sigma at contrasts up to 16 mag and separations down to 75 mas in several spectral configurations of the instrument. We show that molecule mapping allows the detection of companions up to 2.5 mag fainter compared to state-of-the-art high-contrast imaging techniques based on angular differential imaging. We also demonstrate that the performance is not strongly affected by the spectral type of the host star, and that we reach close sensitivities for the best three quartiles of observing conditions at Armazones, which means that HARMONI could be used in near-critical observations during 60 to 70% of telescope time at the ELT. Finally, we simulate planets from population synthesis models to further explore the parameter space that HARMONI and its high-contrast module will soon open., Accepted for publication in A&A (14 pages, 9 figures)

Published
2021
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2. Direct characterization of young giant exoplanets at high spectral resolution by coupling SPHERE and CRIRES+

Author

M. El Morsy, P. Cristofari, Jean-François Sauvage, M. Houllé, Anne Costille, C. Mordasini, Ulf Seemann, M. Lopez, R. Pourcelot, J. L. Beuzit, Ansgar Reiners, Gilles Otten, Reinhold J. Dorn, Y. Charles, Mark W. Phillips, Mamadou N'Diaye, Kjetil Dohlen, Arthur Vigan, Markus Kasper, Elodie Choquet, Isabelle Baraffe, Eduard Muslimov, Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NASA GODDARD INSTITUTE FOR SPACE STUDIES NEW YORK USA, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur (OCA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), and N'Diaye, Mamadou

Subjects
530 Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, [PHYS] Physics [physics], law.invention, [SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics], 010309 optics, Apparent magnitude, instrumentation: high angular resolution, law, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Spectral resolution, infrared: planetary systems, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Coronagraph, Spectrograph, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, instrumentation: spectrographs, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), [PHYS]Physics [physics], Physics, Very Large Telescope, 520 Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 620 Engineering, Exoplanet, Stars, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Studies of atmospheres of directly imaged exoplanets with high-resolution spectrographs have shown that their characterization is predominantly limited by noise on the stellar halo at the location of the studied exoplanet. An instrumental combination of high-contrast imaging and high spectral resolution that suppresses this noise and resolves the spectral lines can therefore yield higher quality spectra. We study the performance of the proposed HiRISE fiber coupling between the SPHERE and CRIRES+ at the VLT for spectral characterization of directly imaged planets. Using end-to-end simulations of HiRISE we determine the S/N of the detection of molecular species for known exoplanets in $H$ and $K$ bands, and compare them to CRIRES+. We investigate the ultimate detection limits of HiRISE as a function of stellar magnitude, and we quantify the impact of different coronagraphs and of the system transmission. We find that HiRISE largely outperforms CRIRES+ for companions around bright hosts like $��$ Pic or 51 Eri. For an $H=3.5$ host, we observe a gain of a factor of up to 16 in observing time with HiRISE to reach the same S/N on a companion at 200 mas. More generally, HiRISE provides better performance than CRIRES+ in two-hour integration times between 50-350 mas for hosts with $H, 21 pages, 17 figures. 2 tables. Originally accepted for publication in A&A. Revised version after error in sky background was discovered (too high) and corrected in proofing stage. Revisions made in Abstract, Sections 3-6 and Figures 6-12,C1,C2 that address the changes in performance. Resubmitted to A&A

Published
2021
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3. Retrieving scattering clouds and disequilibrium chemistry in the atmosphere of HR 8799e

Author

Frank Eisenhauer, Th. Henning, P. Mollière, Jingxiu Wang, E. F. van Dishoeck, T. Molyarova, Jinyi Shangguan, Pierre Kervella, Tomas Stolker, Alexandra Z. Greenbaum, Mathias Nowak, Sylvestre Lacour, Alice Zurlo, E. Nasedkin, Gabriel-Dominique Marleau, Gilles Otten, D. Semenov, Anne-Lise Maire, Ignas Snellen, Laurent Pueyo, Sasha Hinkley, Arthur Vigan, Laura Kreidberg, Benjamin Charnay, Paulo J. V. Garcia, Julien Girard, P. T. de Zeeuw, R. Garcia Lopez, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, European Southern Observatory (ESO), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Opacity, FOS: Physical sciences, Context (language use), Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, methods: numerical, Atmosphere, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, Radiative transfer, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, instrumentation: spectrographs, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), planets and satellites: atmospheres, Physics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Scattering, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Exoplanet, radiative transfer, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Clouds are ubiquitous in exoplanet atmospheres and represent a challenge for the model interpretation of their spectra. Complex cloud models are too numerically costly for generating a large number of spectra, while more efficient models may be too strongly simplified. We aim to constrain the atmospheric properties of the directly imaged planet HR 8799e with a free retrieval approach. We use our radiative transfer code petitRADTRANS for generating spectra, which we couple to the PyMultiNest tool. We added the effect of multiple scattering which is important for treating clouds. Two cloud model parameterizations are tested: the first incorporates the mixing and settling of condensates, the second simply parameterizes the functional form of the opacity. In mock retrievals, using an inadequate cloud model may result in atmospheres that are more isothermal and less cloudy than the input. Applying our framework on observations of HR 8799e made with the GPI, SPHERE and GRAVITY, we find a cloudy atmosphere governed by disequilibrium chemistry, confirming previous analyses. We retrieve that ${\rm C/O}=0.60_{-0.08}^{+0.07}$. Other models have not yet produced a well constrained C/O value for this planet. The retrieved C/O values of both cloud models are consistent, while leading to different atmospheric structures: cloudy, or more isothermal and less cloudy. Fitting the observations with the self-consistent Exo-REM model leads to comparable results, while not constraining C/O. With data from the most sensitive instruments, retrieval analyses of directly imaged planets are possible. The inferred C/O ratio of HR 8799e is independent of the cloud model and thus appears to be a robust. This C/O is consistent with stellar, which could indicate that the HR 8799e formed outside the CO$_2$ or CO iceline. As it is the innermost planet of the system, this constraint could apply to all HR 8799 planets., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A, 28 pages, 13 figures, updated author list

Published
2020
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4. MASCARA-1 b

Author

G. J. J. Talens, V. Van Eylen, Ignas Snellen, A.-L. Lesage, Don Pollacco, Gilles Otten, Remko Stuik, Frank Grundahl, James McCormac, H. Van Winckel, Julien Spronck, M. Fredslund Andersen, Simon Albrecht, and Victoria Antoci

Subjects
Physics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Hot Jupiter, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Mascara, Planetary system, Orbit (control theory), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Published
2018
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