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Varietal diversity and study of the source material for the breeding process is an important condition when creating a new variety with the necessary economically valuable characteristics, considering the requirements of agricultural producers and the processing industry. The task of breeders at the first stage of cultivar creation is to select from a collection nursery set high-yielding varieties resistant to pests and diseases, able to withstand various climatic stresses, to determine the adaptive ability to identify the positive and negative sides of genotypes, and creatively apply them in the breeding process. During 2018-2021, 94 varieties of spring barley of various ecological and geographical origin were studied. As a result of scientific research and mathematical calculations of the adaptability indicators of varieties, genotypes with a positive combination of high yield and their resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental factors were selected. Depending on the tasks set before breeding, varieties with positive adaptive abilities should be used in crosses: Azov (Russia), Lun (Russia), Medicum 336 (Russia), Corona (Ukraine), Effect (Ukraine), Grace (Germany), Delphine (France), Leon (Germany), Desnina (Germany), Collil (UK).

A remarkable ion energy increase is demonstrated for post acceleration by a laser-plasma booster. An intense short-pulse laser generates a strong current by high-energy electrons accelerated, when this intense short-pulse laser illuminates a plasma target. The strong electric current creates a strong magnetic field along the high-energy electron current in plasma. During the increase phase in the magnetic field, a longitudinal inductive electric field is induced for the forward ion acceleration by the Faraday law. Our 2.5-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations demonstrate a remarkable increase in ion energy by several tens of MeV.

A remarkable improvement is presented on the energy conversion efficiency from laser to protons in a laser-foil interaction by particle simulations. The total laser-proton energy conversion efficiency from laser to protons becomes 16.7%, though a conventional plane foil target serves a rather low efficiency. In our 2.5-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations the Al multihole structure is also employed, and the laser absorption ratio reaches 71.2%. The main physical reason for the enhancement of the conversion efficiency is a reduction of the laser reflection at the target surface area;