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Context. It has been suggested that the ratio of total-to-selective extinction RV in dust in the interstellar medium differs in the Galactic bulge from its value in the local neighborhood. Aims. We attempt to test this suggestion. Methods. The mid-infrared hydrogen lines in 16 Galactic bulge PNe measured by the Spitzer Space Telescope are used to determine the extinction corrected Hβ flux. This is compared to the observed Hβ flux to obtain the total extinction at Hβ. The selective extinction is obtained from the observed Balmer decrement in these nebulae. The value of RV can then be found. Results. The ratio of total-to-selective extinction in the Galactic bulge is consistent with the value RV = 3.1, which is the same as has been found in the local neighborhood. Conclusions. The suggestion that RV is different in the Galactic bulge is incorrect. The reasons for this are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. Interstellar dust particles, in particular carbonaceous nano-grains (like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, fullerenes, and amorphous hydrogenated carbon), are critical players for the composition, energy budget, and dynamics of the interstellar medium (ISM). The dust properties, specifically the composition and size of dust grains are not static; instead, they exhibit considerable evolution triggered by variations in local physical conditions such as the density and gas temperature within the ISM, as is the case in photon-dominated regions (PDRs). The evolution of dust and its impact on the local physical and chemical conditions is thus a key question for understanding the first stages of star formation. Aims. From the extensive spectral and imaging data of the JWST PDRs4All program, we study the emission of dust grains within the Orion Bar – a well-known, highly far-UV (FUV)-irradiated PDR situated at the intersection between cold, dense molecular clouds, and warm ionized regions. The Orion Bar because of its edge-on geometry provides an exceptional benchmark for characterizing dust evolution and the associated driving processes under varying physical conditions. Our goal is to constrain the local properties of dust by comparing its emission to models. Taking advantage of the recent JWST data, in particular the spectroscopy of dust emission, we identify new constraints on dust and further previous works of dust modelling. Methods. To characterize interstellar dust across the Orion Bar, we follow its emission as traced by JWST NIRCam (at 3.35 and 4.8 μm) and MIRI (at 7.7, 11.3, 15.0, and 25.5 μm) broad band images, along with NIRSpec and MRS spectroscopic observations. First, we constrain the minimum size and hydrogen content of carbon nano-grains from a comparison between the observed dust emission spectra and the predictions of the Heterogeneous dust Evolution Model for Interstellar Solids (THEMIS) coupled to the numerical code DustEM. Using this dust model, we then perform 3D radiative transfer simulations of dust emission with the SOC code (Scattering with OpenCL) and compare to data obtained along well chosen profiles across the Orion Bar. Results. The JWST data allows us, for the first time, to spatially resolve the steep variation of dust emission at the illuminated edge of the Orion Bar PDR. By considering a dust model with carbonaceous nano-grains and submicronic coated silicate grains, we derive unprecedented constraints on the properties of across the Orion Bar. To explain the observed emission profiles with our simulations, we find that the nano-grains must be strongly depleted with an abundance (relative to the gas) 15 times less than in the diffuse ISM. The NIRSpec and MRS spectroscopic observations reveal variations in the hydrogenation of the carbon nano-grains. The lowest hydrogenation levels are found in the vicinity of the illuminating stars suggesting photo-processing while more hydrogenated nano-grains are found in the cold and dense molecular region, potentially indicative of larger grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. The determination of the physical conditions in molecular clouds is a key step towards our understanding of their formation and evolution of associated star formation. We investigate the density, temperature, and column density of both dust and gas in the photodissociation regions (PDRs) located at the interface between the atomic and cold molecular gas of the NGC 7023 reflection nebula. We study how young stars affect the gas and dust in their environment. Aims. Several Herschel Space Telescope programs provide a wealth of spatial and spectral information of dust and gas in the heart of PDRs. We focus our study on Spectral and Photometric Image Receiver (SPIRE) Fourier-Transform Spectrometer (FTS) fully sampled maps that allow us for the first time to study the bulk of cool/warm dust and warm molecular gas (CO) together. In particular, we investigate if these populations spatially coincide, if and how the medium is structured, and if strong density and temperature gradients occur, within the limits of the spatial resolution obtained with Herschel. Methods. The SPIRE FTS fully sampled maps at different wavelengths are analysed towards the northwest (NW) and the east (E) PDRs in NGC 7023. We study the spatial and spectral energy distribution of a wealth of intermediate rotational 12CO 4 ⩽ Ju ⩽ 13 and 13CO 5 ⩽ Ju ⩽ 10 lines. A radiative transfer code is used to assess the gas kinetic temperature, density, and column density at different positions in the cloud. The dust continuum emission including Spitzer, the Photoconductor Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS), and SPIRE photometric and the Institute for Radio Astronomy in the Millimeter Range (IRAM) telescope data is also analysed. Using a single modified black body and a radiative transfer model, we derive the dust temperature, density, and column density. Results. The cloud is highly inhomogeneous, containing several irradiated dense structures. Excited 12CO and 13CO lines and warm dust grains localised at the edge of the dense structures reveal high column densities of warm/cool dense matter. Both tracers give a good agreement in the local density, column density, and physical extent, leading to the conclusion that they trace the same regions. The derived density profiles show a steep gradient at the cloud edge reaching a maximum gas density of 105-106 cm-3 in the PDR NGC 7023 NW and 104-105 cm-3 in the PDR NGC 7023 E and a subsequent decrease inside the cloud. Close to the PDR edges, the dust temperature (30 K and 20 K for the NW and E PDRs, respectively) is lower than the gas temperature derived from CO lines (65-130 K and 45-55 K, respectively). Further inside the cloud, the dust and gas temperatures are similar. The derived thermal pressure is about 10 times higher in NGC 7023 NW than in NGC 7023 E. Comparing the physical conditions to the positions of known young stellar object candidates in NGC 7023 NW, we find that protostars seem to be spatially correlated with the dense structures. Conclusions. Our approach combining both dust and gas delivers strong constraints on the physical conditions of the PDRs. We find dense and warm molecular gas of high column density in the PDRs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. Interstellar dust is a key element in our understanding of the interstellar medium and star formation. The manner in which dust populations evolve with the excitation and the physical conditions is a first step in comprehending the evolution of interstellar dust. Aims. Within the framework of the Evolution of interstellar dust Herschel key programme, we have acquired PACS and SPIRE spectrophotometric observations of various photodissociation regions, to characterise this evolution. The aim of this paper is to trace the evolution of dust grains in the Orion Bar photodissociation region. Methods. We used Herschel/PACS (70 and 160 μm) and SPIRE (250, 350 and 500 μm) together with Spitzer/IRAC observations to map the spatial distribution of the dust populations across the Bar. Brightness profiles were modelled using the DustEM model coupled with a radiative transfer code. Results. Thanks to Herschel, we are able to probe in great detail the dust emission of the densest parts of the Orion Bar with a resolution from 5.6'' to 35.1'' . These new observations allow us to infer the temperature of the biggest grains at different positions in the Bar, which reveals a gradient from ∼70 K to 35 K coupled with an increase of the spectral emissivity index from the ionization front to the densest regions. Combining Spitzer/IRAC observations, which are sensitive to the dust emission from the surface, with Herschel maps, we were able to measure the Orion Bar emission from 3.6 to 500 μm. We find a stratification in the different dust components that can be quantitatively reproduced by a simple radiative transfer model without dust evolution (diffuse interstellar medium abundances and optical properties). However, including dust evolution is needed to explain the brightness in each band. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) abundance variations, or a combination of PAH abundance variations with an enhancement of the biggest grain emissivity caused by coagulation give good results. Another hypothesis is to consider a length of the Bar along the line of sight different at the ionization front than in the densest parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]